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</div><h2>SL Paper 3</h2><div class="specification">
<p>The process of converting heat to electricity is limited by its thermal (Carnot) efficiency.</p>
<p>\({\text{Thermal efficiency}} = \frac{{{\text{temp. of steam at source (K) }}-{\text{ temp. heat sink (K)}}}}{{{\text{temp. of steam at source (K)}}}} \times 100\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the thermal efficiency of a steam turbine supplied with steam at 540°C and using a river as the choice of sink at 23 °C.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Power plants generating electricity by burning coal to boil water operate at approximately 35% efficiency.</p>
<p>State what this means and suggest why it is lower than the thermal efficiency.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Chemical energy from redox reactions can be used as a portable source of electrical energy. A hybrid car uses a lithium ion battery in addition to gasoline as fuel.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Calculate the specific energy of the lithium ion battery, in MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>, when 80.0 kg of fuel in the battery releases 1.58 × 10<sup>7</sup> J. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The specific energy of gasoline is 46.0 MJ kg<sup>−1</sup>. Suggest why gasoline may be considered a better energy source than the lithium ion battery based on your answer to part (a) (i).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) The energy density of gasoline is 34.3 MJ dm<sup>−3</sup>. Calculate the volume of gasoline, in dm<sup>3</sup>, that is equivalent to the energy in 80.0 kg of fuel in the lithium ion battery. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The efficiency of energy transfer by this lithium ion battery is four times greater than that of gasoline. Determine the distance, in km, the car can travel on the lithium ion battery power alone if the gasoline-powered car uses 1.00 dm<sup>3</sup> gasoline to travel 32.0 km.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The sun is the main source of energy used on earth.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>One fusion reaction occurring in the sun is the fusion of deuterium, \({}_1^2H\), with tritium, \({}_1^3H\), to form helium, \({}_2^4He\). State a nuclear equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain why this fusion reaction releases energy by using section 36 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the technique used to show that the sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Coloured molecules absorb sunlight. Identify the bonding characteristics of such molecules.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>In the 20th Century, both fission and fusion were considered as sources of energy but fusion was economically and technically unattainable.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast fission and fusion in terms of binding energy and the types of nuclei involved.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two</strong> advantages that fusion has over fission.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The amount of <sup>228</sup>Ac in a sample decreases to one eighth \(\left( {\frac{1}{8}} \right)\) of its original value in about 18 hours due to β-decay. Estimate the half-life of <sup>228</sup>Ac.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One method of comparing fuels is by considering their specific energies.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the specific energy of octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>, in kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A typical wood has a specific energy of 17 × 10<sup>3</sup> kJ kg<sup>–1</sup>. Comment on the usefulness of octane and wood for powering a moving vehicle, using your answer to (a).</p>
<p>If you did not work out an answer for (a), use 45 × 10<sup>3</sup> kJ kg<sup>–1</sup> but this is not the correct answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the name of <strong>one</strong> renewable source of energy other than wood.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion of petrol.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the molecular mechanism by which carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss the significance of <strong>two </strong>greenhouse gases, other than carbon dioxide, in causing global warming or climate change.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One suggestion for the reduction of carbon footprints is the use of biofuels, such as vegetable oils, as a substitute for petroleum based fuels.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline the major technical problem affecting the direct use of vegetable oils as fuels in internal combustion engines and the chemical conversion that has overcome this.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the formula of a fuel that might be produced from the vegetable oil whose formula is shown.</p>
<p> <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why biofuels are considered more environmentally friendly, even though they produce more carbon dioxide per kJ of energy than petroleum based fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Crude oil is a useful energy resource.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline <strong>two </strong>reasons why oil is one of the world’s significant energy sources.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation for the cracking of C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>34</sub> into two products with eight carbon atoms each.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify, giving a reason, which product in (b)(i) could be used in petrol (gasoline).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how higher octane fuels help eliminate “knocking” in engines.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The performance of hydrocarbons as fuels can be improved by catalytic reforming.</p>
<p>Outline how catalytic reforming increases a fuel’s octane rating.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify one naturally occurring greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide or water vapour, and its natural source.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Formulate an equation that shows how aqueous carbon dioxide produces hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>(aq).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are much greater than those of greenhouse gases. Outline why these gases do not absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>A link between the combustion of fossil fuels and an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere was proposed over a century ago.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why it is only in recent years that specific predictions of the future effects of fossil fuel combustion have been made.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Carbon dioxide has two different bond stretching modes illustrated below.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-25_om_13.09.53.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/17.b"></p>
<p>Predict, with an explanation, whether these stretching modes will absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline, giving the appropriate equation(s), how increasing levels of carbon dioxide will affect the pH of the oceans.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many combustion processes also release particulate matter into the atmosphere. Suggest, giving your reason, how this might affect the temperature of the Earth’s surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Although fossil fuels are considered significant sources of energy, the energy conversion associated with the production of electricity is a very inefficient process, often in the region of only 40% of total possible energy conversion.</p>
<p>Fuel cells provide a much more efficient process, often with a 70% conversion factor.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the energy change conversion involved in a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify the two half-equations that take place at the positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an <strong>alkaline</strong> electrolyte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Positive electrode (cathode) half-equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Negative electrode (anode) half-equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the overall reaction, identifying the states of all species involved.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iii) Outline the function of the thin polymer membrane used in the corresponding hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an <strong>acidic </strong>electrolyte.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(iv) Other than cost, state <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalysts may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Distinguish between <em>homogeneous </em>and <em>heterogeneous </em>catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors which need to be considered when selecting a catalyst for a particular chemical process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify the catalyst used in the catalytic cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and state <strong>one </strong>other condition needed.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State an equation for the catalytic cracking of the straight chain hydrocarbon pentadecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{15}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{32}}}}\), to produce <strong>two </strong>products with similar masses.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Much of our energy needs are still provided by the refined products of crude oil.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>“Knocking” in an automobile (car) engine can be prevented by increasing the octane number of the fuel. Explain, including an equation with structural formulas, how heptane, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub>, could be chemically converted to increase its octane number.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many like to refer to our “carbon footprint”. Outline one difficulty in quantifying such a concept.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Climate change or global warming is a consequence of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Explain how the greenhouse effect warms the surface of the earth.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how water and carbon dioxide absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is thought to result from the increased combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify an element, other than carbon and hydrogen, found at significant concentrations in fossil fuels.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Petroleum contains many hydrocarbons. Explain how these are separated by fractional distillation.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the specific energy and energy density of petrol (gasoline), using data from sections 1 and 13 of the data booklet. Assume petrol is pure octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>. Octane: molar mass = 114.26 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, density = 0.703 g cm<sup>−3</sup>.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the energy available from an engine will be less than these theoretical values.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are well known greenhouse gases. Nitrogen trifluoride, \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\), is thousands of times more effective at warming the atmosphere than an equal mass of carbon dioxide. \({\text{N}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{3}}}\) can be used in the manufacture of computer chips and thin-film solar photovoltaic cells.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>two </strong>greenhouse gases not mentioned above. One of the gases that you identify should contain a nitrogen atom. For each gas, state its source.</p>
<p class="p1">Greenhouse gas 1:</p>
<p class="p1">Source:</p>
<p class="p1">Greenhouse gas 2:</p>
<p class="p1">Source:</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The methane produced by sheep and cows can contribute to global warming. In Australia, it is considered that sheep and cows produce approximately 14% of the country’s total greenhouse emissions. Explain how this methane is formed.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following graph shows the annual increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide recorded at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_06.41.27.png" alt="M11/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/E1.c"></p>
<p class="p1">Explain why the graph is not smooth but involves annual fluctuations (shown in grey).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>effect of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear power is another source of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Compare and contrast the process of nuclear fusion with nuclear fission.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Dubnium-261 has a half-life of 27 seconds and rutherfordium-261 has a half-life of 81 seconds.</p>
<p>Estimate what fraction of the dubnium-261 isotope remains in the same amount of time that \(\frac{3}{4}\)<span> of rutherfordium-261 decays.</span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear fission of <sup>235</sup>U is one source of electrical energy that has a minimal carbon footprint.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Natural uranium needs to be enriched to increase the proportion of <sup>235</sup>U. Suggest a technique that would determine the relative abundances of <sup>235</sup>U and <sup>238</sup>U.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain how <sup>235</sup>U fission results in a chain reaction, including the concept of critical mass.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest one reason why there is opposition to the increased use of nuclear fission reactors.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>One method of producing biodiesel is by a transesterification process.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the transesterification reaction of pentyl octanoate, C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>15</sub>COOC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub>, with methanol.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the ester product of this reaction is a better diesel fuel than pentyl octanoate.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Petroleum (mineral oil) can be used either as a fuel or a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Name <strong>two </strong>fuels that are obtained from petroleum.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe <strong>one </strong>environmental problem that can result from the combustion of these fuels in the internal combustion engine and identify the specific combustion product responsible.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Plastic litter is an environmental problem that results from the use of petroleum as a chemical feedstock. Identify the property of plastics that is responsible for this.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One product that is made from crude oil is the chemical feedstock that can be used to synthesize commercial liquid-crystal displays. Discuss the properties that a substance must have to make it suitable for use as a liquid-crystal display.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Nuclear reactions transform one nuclide into another. Fission, splitting a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, releases vast amounts of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Explain why fusion, combining two smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus, releases vast amounts of energy. Use section 36 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline <strong>one</strong> advantage of fusion as a source of energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Radioactive phosphorus, <sup>33</sup>P, has a half-life of 25.3 days.</p>
<p>(i) Calculate <sup>33</sup>P decay constant λ and state its unit. Use section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) Determine the fraction of the <sup>33</sup>P sample remaining after 101.2 days.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon is produced by fusion reactions in stars.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The main fusion reaction responsible for the production of carbon is:</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>X</strong> + \(_2^4{\text{He}} \to _{\;6}^{12}{\text{C}}\)</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the spectra of light from stars can be used to detect the presence of carbon.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the identity of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why this reaction results in a release of energy.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Nuclear fusion reactors are predicted to become an important source of electrical energy in the future. State <strong>two</strong> advantages of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking are all used to convert alkane molecules into smaller molecules. Identify which <strong>one </strong>of the three types of cracking is used to crack a hexane molecule, C<sub><span class="s1">6</span></sub>H<sub><span class="s1">14</span></sub>, into propane and an alkene molecule, and state the equation involved.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Auto-ignition of hydrocarbon fuel in a car engine causes “knocking”. The tendency of a fuel to knock depends on its molecular structure.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Discuss how the octane number changes with the molecular structure of the alkanes.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Catalytic reforming and cracking reactions are used to produce more efficient fuels. Deduce the equation for the conversion of heptane to methylbenzene.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy that can be used in applications ranging from spacecraft to remote weather stations.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the composition of the electrodes in a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equation at each electrode in the hydrogen-oxygen <strong>alkaline </strong>cell.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Hexane, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub>, is not a suitable fuel for internal combustion engines as it has a tendency to auto-ignite, a cause of “knocking”.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Hexane can be converted to different organic products in a reforming process. Identify <strong>one</strong> of these products.</p>
<p>(ii) Suggest why the product in (a)(i) has a lesser tendency to auto-ignite than hexane.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Octane, C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub>, can undergo complete combustion under suitable conditions. Calculate the specific energy of octane, in kJg<sup>−1</sup>, using sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>(ii) The specific energy of ethanol is 29.7kJg<sup>−1</sup>. Evaluate the addition of ethanol to octane (or its isomers) for use as a fuel in motor vehicles, giving <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage.</p>
<p>Advantage:<br><br></p>
<p>Disadvantage:<br> </p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Coal can be heated with steam to produce synthetic natural gas. Formulate an equation to show the formation of methane, CH<sub>4</sub>(g), from coal, C(s), and steam, H<sub>2</sub>O(g).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Although crude oil is considered an extremely important energy source, it cannot be used directly as a resource.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest why crude oil needs to be refined before it can be used.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking can all be used to convert molecules of alkanes into alkenes.</p>
<p>(i) State the type of cracking which can be used to crack ethane into ethene, the chemical equation for the process and <strong>one </strong>reaction condition required.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Type of cracking:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Chemical equation:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Reaction condition:</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) Suggest <strong>one </strong>use for the other product formed in this reaction in addition to ethene.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Fuel cells and rechargeable batteries are both convenient ways of providing portable electric power.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare fuel cells and rechargeable batteries giving <strong>one </strong>similarity and <strong>one </strong>difference.</p>
<p class="p1">Similarity:</p>
<p class="p1">Difference:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">One common type of rechargeable cell is the nickel–cadmium (NiCad) battery. For each terminal of this battery state the initial and final oxidation number of the element when the cell is delivering a current. Hence deduce which electrode is acting as the anode and which the cathode.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-31_om_15.34.41.png" alt="M12/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/C2.b"></p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A common type of fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen with an acidic electrolyte. State the half-equations for the reactions at the two electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode:</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The electrodes of fuel cells and rechargeable batteries have a feature in common with heterogeneous catalysts. Identify this feature and state why it is important for them to work efficiently.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide and water vapour are greenhouse gases produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain the effect of the increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the acidity of oceans.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Describe the changes that occur at the molecular level when atmospheric carbon dioxide gas absorbs infrared radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface.</p>
<p>(ii) Other than changes to the acidity of oceans, suggest why the production of carbon dioxide is of greater concern than the production of water vapour.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The greenhouse effect maintains the earth’s temperature, which makes the planet habitable. However, over the last 100 years the average temperature of the earth has increased by almost 1 °C. Most climate scientists believe this warming is due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Two of the major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are methane and carbon dioxide. State <strong>two </strong>other major greenhouse gases.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss which <strong>two </strong>gases from the four gases in part (a) are the most significant for global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>effects of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Coal is often converted to liquid hydrocarbon fuels through initial conversion to carbon monoxide and hydrogen.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State how these gases are produced, giving the appropriate equation(s).</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how the carbon monoxide is then converted to a hydrocarbon fuel.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the characteristics and sources of low-level nuclear waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The disposal of nuclear waste in the sea is now banned in many countries. Discuss <strong>one</strong> method of storing high-level nuclear waste and <strong>two </strong>problems associated with it.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Landfill sites are used to dispose of about 90% of the world’s domestic waste, but incineration is being increasingly used in some countries.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why some biodegradable plastics do not decompose in landfill sites.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">High-level and low-level wastes are two types of radioactive waste. Compare the half-lives and the methods of disposal of the two types of waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">the oil industry surplus long-chain hydrocarbons are converted into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons by various kinds of cracking.</p>
<p class="p1">State whether each of the following are examples of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis.</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Steam cracking:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking:</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">Hydrocracking:</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>, is a greenhouse gas. Outline, in molecular terms, how carbon dioxide molecules absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The temperature of the Earth is increasing. There is considerable scientific evidence to suggest this is due to an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases as a result of human activity.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how this enhanced greenhouse effect causes the average temperature of the Earth to increase.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Compare the contributions of carbon dioxide and methane to the enhanced greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Lead–acid batteries are heavy. Much lighter rechargeable cells are nickel–cadmium batteries used in electronic equipment.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A fuel cell can be made using an electrolyte of aqueous sodium hydroxide with porous electrodes which allow the passage of water, hydrogen and oxygen. State the equations for the reactions that occur at the positive and negative electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">(+) electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">(–) electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Electricity can also be generated from a lead–acid storage battery. The electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid and the electrodes are made of lead and lead(IV) oxide. State the equations for the reactions that occur at the positive and negative electrodes.</p>
<p class="p1">(+) electrode (cathode):</p>
<p class="p1">(–) electrode (anode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why fuel cells are less damaging to the environment than nickel–cadmium batteries.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Other than cost, state <strong>one </strong>major difference between fuel cells and nickel–cadmium cells.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the negative electrode (anode) and the positive electrode (cathode) in an alkaline hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.</p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">A different type of cell has the half-equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{L}}{{\text{i}}^ + }{\text{(polymer)}} + {\text{Mn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{LiMn}}{{\text{O}}_2}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Identify this type of cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Both fuel cells and rechargeable batteries offer great potential for the future. Compare these two power sources.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest <strong>two </strong>problems associated with using hydrogen gas in a fuel cell.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The high activity of lithium metal leads to the formation of an oxide layer on the metal which decreases the contact with the electrolyte in a battery.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how this is overcome in the lithium-ion battery.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe the migration of ions taking place at the two electrodes in the lithium-ion battery when it produces electricity.</p>
<p class="p1">Anode (–):</p>
<p class="p1">Cathode (+):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>one </strong>similarity and <strong>one </strong>difference between fuel cells and rechargeable batteries.</p>
<p class="p1">Similarity:</p>
<p class="p1">Difference:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and water are examples of greenhouse gases.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how these gases contribute to the greenhouse effect.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>(i) Identify by chemical formula <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas not mentioned above.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>(ii) State the source of this gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Many scientists claim that global warming is associated with the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Other than temperature change, state <strong>two</strong> effects of global warming.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">It is now widely accepted that the increased production of carbon dioxide is leading to global warming.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Describe how carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss the influence of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases on the environment.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) Explain why the nitrogen molecule, \({{\text{N}}_2}\), does not absorb infrared radiation.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Describe <strong>two </strong>vibrations in the water molecule that absorb infrared radiation.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries are used in portable electrical equipment and emergency lighting.</p>
<p class="p1">The <strong>discharge </strong>process can be summarized by the equation below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[{\text{2NiO(OH)(s)}} + {\text{Cd(s)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O(l)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{2Ni(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}} + {\text{Cd(OH}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(s)}}\]</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the change in oxidation number of the cadmium and deduce if it is acting as the positive or negative electrode during the discharge process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify a physical property of Cd(OH)<sub><span class="s1">2 </span></sub>which allows this process to be reversed and the battery recharged.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Cracking is the process by which long-chain alkanes found in oil are broken down into smaller molecules.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The following reaction occurs during the cracking of tetradecane, \({{\text{C}}_{{\text{14}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{30}}}}\).</p>
<p class="p1">\[{{\text{C}}_{14}}{{\text{H}}_{30}}{\text{(g)}} \to {{\text{C}}_{10}}{{\text{H}}_{22}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{C}}_2}{{\text{H}}_4}{\text{(g)}}\]</p>
<p class="p1">Suggest a use for each of the products formed in the reaction.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{{\text{10}}}}{{\text{H}}_{{\text{22}}}}\):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">\({{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}}\):</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the main type of product obtained from steam cracking.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses silica as a heterogeneous catalyst. Explain the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State <strong>one </strong>advantage of using a heterogeneous catalyst rather than a homogeneous catalyst.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Discuss <strong>two </strong>factors that need to be considered when choosing a catalyst for a process.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">e.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Radioactive waste must be disposed of with care.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State what is meant by the term <em>high-level </em>radioactive waste.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) Explain why high-level waste should <strong>not </strong>be disposed of by landfill or incineration.</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) State the name of <strong>one </strong>method of disposal used for high-level waste and explain why such a method is better than landfill and incineration.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The main ore used to produce aluminium by electrolysis is bauxite. Bauxite is mainly aluminium hydroxide, and contains iron(III) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide as impurities.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how pure aluminium oxide is obtained from bauxite.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain why sodium hexafluoroaluminate, \({\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{Al}}{{\text{F}}_{\text{6}}}\), (cryolite) is added to the aluminium oxide before electrolysis takes place to produce aluminium.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">State the half-equations for the reactions taking place at the positive and negative electrodes during the production of aluminium by electrolysis.</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Positive electrode (anode):</p>
<p class="p2"> </p>
<p class="p1">Negative electrode (cathode):</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.iii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Before the introduction of the electrolytic method by Hall and Héroult in the 1880s it was very difficult to obtain aluminium metal from its ores. Suggest <strong>one </strong>way in which it was achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The worldwide production of aluminium by electrolysis makes a significant impact on global warming. Suggest <strong>two </strong>different ways in which the process increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">One type of molecular vibration that occurs when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules are exposed to IR radiation is illustrated in the diagram below.</p>
<p class="p2" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-07_om_09.00.32.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/A2.a"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>two </strong>other types of molecular vibrations that occur when \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) molecules are exposed to IR radiation. Illustrate your answer with appropriate diagrams.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Climate change is a current global topic of debate.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Water and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases present in significant quantities in the atmosphere. Identify <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas and its source.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.i.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest the <strong>two </strong>factors that influence the relative greenhouse effect of a gas.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.ii.</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how the greenhouse effect causes the atmosphere of the Earth to increase in temperature.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify <strong>one</strong> greenhouse gas other than \({\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{O}}\) and suggest a significant source.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The temperature of the Earth’s surface is currently increasing. Many scientists attribute this to an increase in the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human activity.</p>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how the interaction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere with radiation could lead to an increase in the temperature of the Earth’s surface.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Suggest why carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas most frequently connected with the effect of human activity.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
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<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Other than carbon dioxide and water, identify <strong>one </strong>other greenhouse gas and state its source.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Disposal of radioactive waste is a major ecological concern.</p>
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<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) State <strong>one </strong>source of low-level radioactive waste and <strong>one </strong>source of high-level radioactive waste.</p>
<p class="p1">Low-level waste:</p>
<p class="p1">High-level waste:</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Consider the following types of radioactive waste.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-13_om_08.11.46.png" alt="M10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ2/E2.b"></p>
<p class="p1">Identify which method can be used for the disposal of radioactive wastes <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1">(i) Vitrification followed by long-term underground storage:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) Storage in a non-shielded container for two months followed by the disposal as normal (non-radioactive) waste:</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) Ion-exchange and adsorption on iron(II) hydroxide, storage in a shielded container for 50 years, then mixing with concrete and shallow land burial:</p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">“Oil should not be used as a source of energy because it has more important uses.” Suggest <strong>two</strong> arguments that support the continued use of oil as an energy source, and <strong>two </strong>against.</p>
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<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils, such as that shown, require conversion to biodiesel for use in current internal combustion engines.</p>
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"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>two</strong> reagents required to convert vegetable oil to biodiesel.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the formula of the biodiesel formed when the vegetable oil shown is reacted with the reagents in (a).</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Explain, in terms of the molecular structure, the critical difference in properties that makes biodiesel a more suitable liquid fuel than vegetable oil.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Determine the specific energy, in kJ\(\,\)g<sup>−1</sup>, and energy density, in kJ\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>, of a particular biodiesel using the following data and section 1 of the data booklet.</p>
<p>Density = 0.850 g\(\,\)cm<sup>−3</sup>; Molar mass = 299 g\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>;</p>
<p>Enthalpy of combustion = 12.0 MJ\(\,\)mol<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Biofuels are renewable energy sources derived mainly from plants.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the equation for the complete transesterification of the triglyceride given below with methanol.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why the fuel produced by the reaction in (a) is more suitable for use in diesel engines than vegetable oils.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Suggest why the temperature decrease of the Earth’s surface after sunset is less when the weather is cloudy than when there are no clouds.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are considered to cause global warming. Ozone depletion is another environmental concern.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">Identify a gas that is both a greenhouse gas and a cause of ozone depletion.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aqueous carbon dioxide in the oceans form a heterogeneous equilibrium.</p>
<p>Explain the effect of increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the pH of the oceans, including an equation in your answer.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what occurs at a molecular level during the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation by the sulfur dioxide molecule, \({\text{S}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\).</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Consider the IR spectra of the following three compounds.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{A}} = {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOH}}} \\ {{\text{B}} = {\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COOC(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{)}}_{\text{3}}}} \\ {{\text{C}} = {{{\text{(C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{)}}}_{\text{3}}}{\text{COH}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-17_om_08.07.15.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/A1.d_1"></p>
<p class="p1">Determine which IR spectrum corresponds to each compound A, B and C. Explain your reasoning. IR data can be found in Table 17 of the Data Booklet.</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-10-17_om_08.09.33.png" alt="M09/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ1/A1.d_2"></p>
<div class="marks">[5]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There has been a shift in the use of crude oil (petroleum) away from its use as an energy source and towards its use as a chemical feedstock.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest <strong>two </strong>reasons for this shift.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>A lot of feedstock is used in the production of plastics. Discuss <strong>two </strong>advantages and <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using plastic for packaging instead of cardboard.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Two advantages:</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>One disadvantage:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Fusion and fission reactions are important nuclear reactions.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Curium, \({}^{240}{\rm{Cm}}\), was synthesized by bombarding thorium nuclei, \({}^{232}{\rm{Th}}\), with carbon-12 nuclei. State a balanced equation for this reaction.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Uranium-235 has a half-life of 7.038×10<sup>8</sup> years.</p>
<p>(i) Determine the time required for the mass of \({}^{235}{\rm{U}}\) in a sample originally containing 1.000 g of \({}^{235}{\rm{U}}\) to decrease to 0.125 g.</p>
<p>(ii) Outline why products of the fission of uranium-235 must be disposed of carefully.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline why an element such as thorium, Th, usually undergoes nuclear fission, whereas helium, He, undergoes nuclear fusion.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is widely used as a technique in analytical chemistry.</p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The IR spectrum, mass spectrum and \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum of an unknown compound, <strong>X</strong>, of molecular formula \({{\text{C}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{6}}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are as follows.</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-09-30_om_08.34.04.png" alt="N10/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/A2.c"></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain what happens at a molecular level during the absorption of IR radiation by carbon dioxide, CO<sub><span class="s1">2</span></sub>.</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">(i) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the bonds responsible for the peaks <strong>A</strong>, <strong>B </strong>and <strong>C </strong>in the IR spectrum of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>A</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>B</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1"><strong>C</strong>:</p>
<p class="p1">(ii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the mass spectrum of <strong>X</strong>, deduce which ions the <em>m/z </em>values at 74, 45 and 29 correspond to.</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 74:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 45:</p>
<p class="p1"><em>m/z </em>= 29:</p>
<p class="p1">(iii) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Identify the peak at 11.73 ppm in the \(^{\text{1}}{\text{H}}\,{\text{NMR}}\) spectrum.</p>
<p class="p1">(iv) <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Deduce the structure of <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<div class="marks">[7]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">The greenhouse effect maintains the Earth’s average temperature at a habitable level. The components of the Earth’s atmosphere responsible for this effect are called greenhouse gases.</p>
</div>
<div class="question">
<p class="p1">(a) Major greenhouse gases are water vapour and carbon dioxide. State <strong>two </strong>other greenhouse gases.</p>
<p class="p1">(b) Describe how greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect.</p>
<p class="p1">(c) Discuss <strong>three </strong>possible implications of global warming on world food production.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils can be used as a source of energy.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State the structural feature of chlorophyll that enables it to absorb visible light.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Vegetable oils are too viscous for use as liquid fuels. Describe, using an equation, how a vegetable oil, such as that shown, is converted to oils with lower viscosity by reaction with methanol, CH<sub>3</sub>OH.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The diagrams below show a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with an alkaline electrolyte and a lead-acid battery (accumulator).</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.10.27.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/110_01"></p>
<p>Discuss <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage for both fuel cells and lead-acid batteries.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-23_om_15.13.34.png" alt="N14/4/CHEMI/SP3/ENG/TZ0/10_02"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>Vegetable oils and diesel fuel have similar energy content but vegetable oils are not usually used as fuels in internal combustion engines.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Transesterification reactions allow waste cooking oils to be converted to biofuels. Identify a reagent and catalyst required for this conversion.</p>
<p>Reagent:</p>
<p>Catalyst:</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the equation for the reaction that occurs assuming that the vegetable oil has the formula drawn below.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Scientists around the world conduct research into alternatives to fossil fuels. Suggest why collaboration is important.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking uses heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The initial products of the fractional distillation of oil often undergo cracking. This can be carried out in a number of ways. State the <strong>major </strong>reason for choosing each of the following techniques.</p>
<p class="p1">Catalytic cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Thermal cracking:</p>
<p class="p1">Steam cracking:</p>
<div class="marks">[3]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Explain how these differ from homogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Identify <strong>one </strong>disadvantage of using heterogeneous catalysts.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">Many of the compounds produced by cracking are used in the manufacture of addition polymers. State the essential structural feature of these compounds and explain its importance.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p class="p1">The polymers often have other substances added to modify their properties. One group of additives are plasticizers. State how plasticizers modify the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride and explain at the molecular level how this is achieved.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, a greenhouse gas.</p>
<p>The diagram below illustrates a range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img 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"></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>Synthesis gas, or syngas, mainly composed of CO(g) and H<sub>2</sub>(g), is an alternative form of fuel. It can be produced by coal or biomass gasification, passing steam over the source material in a low oxygen environment.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify which region, <strong>A</strong> or <strong>B</strong>, corresponds to each type of radiation by completing the table.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Oceans can act as a carbon sink, removing some CO<sub>2</sub>(g) from the atmosphere.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>2</sub>(g) \( \rightleftharpoons \) CO<sub>2</sub>(aq)</p>
<p>Aqueous carbon dioxide, CO<sub>2</sub>(aq), quickly reacts with ocean water in a new equilibrium reaction. Construct the equilibrium equation for this reaction including state symbols.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe how large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> could reduce the pH of the ocean using an equation to support your answer.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest an equation for the production of syngas from coal.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>The Fischer-Tropsch process, an indirect coal liquefaction method, converts CO(g) and H<sub>2</sub>(g) to larger molecular weight hydrocarbons and steam.</p>
<p>Deduce the equation for the production of octane by this process.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.ii.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Suggest a reason why syngas may be considered a viable alternative to crude oil.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c.iii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>There are many sources of energy available.</p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>State <strong>one</strong> advantage and <strong>one</strong> disadvantage for each energy source in the table.</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Calculate the specific energy of hydrogen, stating its units. Refer to sections 1, 6 and 13 of the data booklet.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.i.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Hydrogen has a higher specific energy than petrol (gasoline) but is not used as a primary fuel source in cars. Discuss the disadvantages of using hydrogen.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.ii.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>