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">What is it? </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44397/what-types-of-questions-will-be-asked.html" title="What types of questions will be asked?">What types of questions will be asked?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44398/how-am-i-graded.html" title="How am I graded?">How am I graded?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44399/can-i-read-an-example-.html" title="Can I read an example? ">Can I read an example? </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44400/paper-2-sample-response-1-never-let-me-go-and-extremely-loud-and.html" title="Paper 2: Sample Response 1 (Never Let Me Go and Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close)">Paper 2: Sample Response 1 (Never Let Me Go and Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44401/paper-2-sample-response-2-the-reader-and-the-god-of-small-things.html" title="Paper 2: Sample Response 2 (The Reader and The God of Small Things) ">Paper 2: Sample Response 2 (The Reader and The God of Small Things) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44402/paper-2-sample-response-3-a-dolls-house-and-the-crucible-.html" title="Paper 2: Sample Response 3 (A Doll’s House and The Crucible) ">Paper 2: Sample Response 3 (A Doll’s House and The Crucible) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44403/do-you-have-a-step-by-step-process-for-what-to-do-in-the-actual-.html" title="Do you have a step-by-step process for what to do in the actual exam? ">Do you have a step-by-step process for what to do in the actual exam? </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44404/how-do-i-prepare-for-my-paper-2-exam-.html" title="How do I prepare for my Paper 2 exam? ">How do I prepare for my Paper 2 exam? </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44405/how-do-i-organize-my-paper-2-.html" title="How do I organize my Paper 2? 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">What is it? </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40158/what-is-a-line-of-inquiry.html" title="What is a line of inquiry?">What is a line of inquiry?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40160/how-am-i-graded.html" title="How am I graded?">How am I graded?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40162/can-i-read-an-example-.html" title="Can I read an example? ">Can I read an example? </a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40152/model-example-1-szymborska-poetry-.html" title="Model example 1 (Szymborska Poetry) ">Model example 1 (Szymborska Poetry) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40154/model-example-2-george-monbiot.html" title="Model example 2 (George Monbiot)">Model example 2 (George Monbiot)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40153/model-example-3-white-noise-.html" title="Model example 3 (White Noise) ">Model example 3 (White Noise) </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40240/can-you-help-me-with-the-entire-process.html" title="Can you help me with the entire process?">Can you help me with the entire process?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40242/do-you-have-a-checklist-to-help-me-out.html" title="Do you have a checklist to help me out?">Do you have a checklist to help me out?</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46964/learner-portfolio-.html" title="Learner Portfolio ">Learner Portfolio </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46965/more-about-the-learner-portfolio.html" title="More about the Learner Portfolio">More about the Learner Portfolio</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28558/the-course-.html" title="The course ">The course </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i 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Portfolio">Formatting the Learner Portfolio</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28560/principles-of-course-design.html" title="Principles of course design">Principles of course design</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29983/bodies-of-work.html" title="Bodies of work">Bodies of work</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37316/bodies-of-work-a-curated-list.html" title="Bodies of Work - A Curated List">Bodies of Work - A Curated List</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28566/areas-of-exploration-.html" title="Areas of exploration ">Areas of exploration </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 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title="Teaching resources">Teaching resources</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28567/concepts-.html" title="Concepts ">Concepts </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28571/identity.html" title="Identity">Identity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29029/teaching-resources.html" title="Teaching resources">Teaching resources</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28572/culture.html" title="Culture">Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28573/creativity.html" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28574/communication.html" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Teaching resources">Teaching resources</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31252/metoo-gender-and-power-.html" title="#MeToo - Gender and Power ">#MeToo - Gender and Power </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31255/fake-news-.html" title="Fake News ">Fake News </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28575/perspective.html" title="Perspective">Perspective</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Teaching resources">Teaching resources</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31253/metoo-gender-and-power-.html" title="#MeToo - Gender and Power ">#MeToo - Gender and Power </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31734/exploring-the-natural-world-an-opinion-columnists-body-of-work-.html" title="Exploring the Natural World – An Opinion Columnist’s Body of Work ">Exploring the Natural World – An Opinion Columnist’s Body of Work </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28576/transformation.html" title="Transformation">Transformation</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander 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style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30239/tips-.html" title="Tips ">Tips </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30222/criteria-.html" title="Criteria ">Criteria </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30240/skills-.html" title="Skills ">Skills </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30243/8-writing-tips-.html" title="8 writing tips ">8 writing tips </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="P1 sample work">P1 sample work</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/523953.html" title="May 2022 Paper 1s">May 2022 Paper 1s</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/523976.html" title="November 2021 Paper 1s">November 2021 Paper 1s</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Pre-2021 Paper 1s">Pre-2021 Paper 1s</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37572/paper-1-sample-response-8-mens-health-iii.html" title="Paper 1: Sample Response 8 (Men's Health iii)">Paper 1: Sample Response 8 (Men's Health iii)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37338/paper-1-sample-response-9-justin-gatlin.html" title="Paper 1: Sample Response 9 (Justin Gatlin)">Paper 1: Sample Response 9 (Justin Gatlin)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i 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56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../../task/523983.html" title="Paper 1: Sample Response 14 (Aspen Trees)">Paper 1: Sample Response 14 (Aspen Trees)</a></li></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30237/paper-1-practice-texts-to-go-.html" title="Paper 1: Practice Texts to Go ">Paper 1: Practice Texts to Go </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28592/paper-2.html" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30255/tips-.html" title="Tips ">Tips </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30270/criteria-.html" title="Criteria ">Criteria </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30256/skills-.html" title="Skills ">Skills </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31697/revising-literary-works-for-paper-2.html" title="Revising Literary Works for Paper 2">Revising Literary Works for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30792/connecting-comparing-and-contrasting-in-paper-2.html" title="Connecting, Comparing and Contrasting in Paper 2">Connecting, Comparing and Contrasting in Paper 2</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46727/resources-for-students.html" title="Resources for Students">Resources for Students</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46723/preparing-for-paper-2.html" title="Preparing for Paper 2">Preparing for Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46724/organizing-and-structuring-paper-2.html" title="Organizing and Structuring Paper 2">Organizing and Structuring Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../46722/step-by-step-paper-2-process.html" title="Step-by-Step Paper 2 Process">Step-by-Step Paper 2 Process</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28602/p2-sample-work.html" title="P2 sample work">P2 sample work</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28593/higher-level-essay.html" title="Higher level essay">Higher level essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30557/tips.html" title="Tips">Tips</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30273/criteria-.html" title="Criteria ">Criteria </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30272/skills-.html" title="Skills ">Skills </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28606/hle-sample-work.html" title="HLE sample work">HLE sample work</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28594/individual-oral.html" title="Individual oral">Individual oral</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36433/resources.html" title="Resources">Resources</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34550/introducing-the-individual-oral-to-students-a-powerpoint.html" title="Introducing the Individual Oral to Students (a PowerPoint)">Introducing the Individual Oral to Students (a PowerPoint)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36435/stages-of-support.html" title="Stages of Support">Stages of Support</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32623/possible-outlines.html" title="Possible Outlines">Possible Outlines</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36434/how-to-prepare-for-your-individual-oral.html" title="How to Prepare for Your Individual Oral">How to Prepare for Your Individual Oral</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30559/global-issues.html" title="Global issues">Global issues</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30558/criteria-.html" title="Criteria ">Criteria </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30271/skills-.html" title="Skills ">Skills </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28610/io-sample-work.html" title="IO sample work">IO sample work</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="2021 Individual Orals">2021 Individual Orals</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../40184/2021-individual-oral-exemplar-1-brave-new-world-and-sara-rahbar.html" title="2021 Individual Oral: Exemplar 1 (Brave New World and Sara Rahbar)">2021 Individual Oral: Exemplar 1 (Brave New World and Sara Rahbar)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Pre-2021 Individual Orals">Pre-2021 Individual Orals</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36777/individual-oral-exemplar-4-macbeth-and-ww1-propaganda-poster.html" title="Individual Oral: Exemplar 4 (Macbeth and WW1 Propaganda Poster)">Individual Oral: Exemplar 4 (Macbeth and WW1 Propaganda Poster)</a></li></ul></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28556/resources-.html" title="Resources ">Resources </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30276/glossary-of-key-terms-for-language-and-literature.html" title="Glossary of Key Terms for Language and Literature">Glossary of Key Terms for Language and Literature</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30277/-accent.html" title="- Accent">- Accent</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30278/-actual-reader.html" title="- Actual reader">- Actual reader</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30279/-actual-writer-.html" title="- Actual writer ">- Actual writer </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30353/-adjective-.html" title="- Adjective ">- Adjective </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30448/-adverb.html" title="- Adverb">- Adverb</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30449/-alliteration.html" title="- Alliteration">- Alliteration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30451/-allusion.html" title="- Allusion">- Allusion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30452/-analogy.html" title="- Analogy">- Analogy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30454/-anti-advertising-.html" title="- Anti-advertising ">- Anti-advertising </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30455/-antithesis-.html" title="- Antithesis ">- Antithesis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30457/-appeal-to-authority-.html" title="- Appeal to authority ">- Appeal to authority </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30459/-appeal-to-fear.html" title="- Appeal to fear">- Appeal to fear</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30460/-audience.html" title="- Audience">- Audience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30462/-bandwagon-effect.html" title="- Bandwagon effect">- Bandwagon effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30463/-bias-.html" title="- Bias ">- Bias </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30464/-cacophony-.html" title="- Cacophony ">- Cacophony </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30466/-caesura-.html" title="- Caesura ">- Caesura </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30467/-characterisation-.html" title="- Characterisation ">- Characterisation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30469/-clause-.html" title="- Clause ">- Clause </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30470/-cliche-cliche-.html" title="- Cliché (cliche) ">- Cliché (cliche) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30471/-coherence.html" title="- Coherence">- Coherence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30472/-colloquialism.html" title="- Colloquialism">- Colloquialism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30473/-complex-sentence-.html" title="- Complex sentence ">- Complex sentence </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30475/-conflict-in-advertising-.html" title="- Conflict in advertising ">- Conflict in advertising </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30483/-conjunctions-.html" title="- Conjunctions ">- Conjunctions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30484/-connotation-.html" title="- Connotation ">- Connotation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30476/-context-of-production-.html" title="- Context of production ">- Context of production </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30477/-context-of-reception-.html" title="- Context of reception ">- Context of reception </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30478/-core-vocabulary-.html" title="- Core vocabulary ">- Core vocabulary </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30479/-couplet-.html" title="- Couplet ">- Couplet </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30485/-crowdsourcing-.html" title="- Crowdsourcing ">- Crowdsourcing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30481/-deictic-.html" title="- Deictic ">- Deictic </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30486/-denotation-.html" title="- Denotation ">- Denotation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30487/-denouement-.html" title="- Denouement ">- Denouement </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30488/-dialect-.html" title="- Dialect ">- Dialect </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30489/-diatribe-.html" title="- Diatribe ">- Diatribe </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30490/-direct-narration-.html" title="- Direct narration ">- Direct narration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30492/-direct-speech-.html" title="- Direct speech ">- Direct speech </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30493/-dramatic-irony.html" title="- Dramatic Irony">- Dramatic Irony</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30515/-ellipsis.html" title="- Ellipsis">- Ellipsis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30516/-end-stopped-line-.html" title="- End-stopped line ">- End-stopped line </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30517/-enjambement-.html" title="- Enjambement ">- Enjambement </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30518/-eponymous-.html" title="- Eponymous ">- Eponymous </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30519/-equivocation-.html" title="- Equivocation ">- Equivocation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30520/-ethos-.html" title="- Ethos ">- Ethos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30521/-euphemism.html" title="- Euphemism">- Euphemism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30522/-first-person-point-of-view-.html" title="- First-person point-of-view ">- First-person point-of-view </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30523/-formalism.html" title="- Formalism">- Formalism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30524/-free-indirect-speech-.html" title="- Free indirect speech ">- Free indirect speech </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30527/-free-verse-.html" title="- Free verse ">- Free verse </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30525/-function-.html" title="- Function ">- Function </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30528/-gatekeeper-.html" title="- Gatekeeper ">- Gatekeeper </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30530/-generalizations-.html" title="- Generalizations ">- Generalizations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30531/-genre-.html" title="- Genre ">- Genre </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30532/-graphology-.html" title="- Graphology ">- Graphology </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30533/-haiku-.html" title="- Haiku ">- Haiku </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30534/-hyperbole-.html" title="- Hyperbole ">- Hyperbole </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30535/-idiolect-.html" title="- Idiolect ">- Idiolect </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30536/-imagery-.html" title="- Imagery ">- Imagery </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30537/-indirect-narration-.html" title="- Indirect narration ">- Indirect narration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30538/-intertextuality-.html" title="- Intertextuality ">- Intertextuality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30539/-irony-.html" title="- Irony ">- Irony </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30540/-jargon-.html" title="- Jargon ">- Jargon </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30541/-juxtaposition-.html" title="- Juxtaposition ">- Juxtaposition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30542/-language-.html" title="- Language ">- Language </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30543/-logos-.html" title="- Logos ">- Logos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30544/-long-tail-marketing-.html" title="- Long tail marketing ">- Long tail marketing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30545/-mash-up-.html" title="- Mash up ">- Mash up </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30546/-metaphor-.html" title="- Metaphor ">- Metaphor </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30548/-metonymy-.html" title="- Metonymy ">- Metonymy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30549/-modality-.html" title="- Modality ">- Modality </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30550/-multivocal-.html" title="- Multivocal ">- Multivocal </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30551/-newsworthiness-.html" title="- Newsworthiness ">- Newsworthiness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30552/-nominalisation-.html" title="- Nominalisation ">- Nominalisation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30553/-notifications-.html" title="- Notifications ">- Notifications </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30554/-noun-phrase-.html" title="- Noun Phrase ">- Noun Phrase </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30555/-onomatopoeia.html" title="- Onomatopoeia">- Onomatopoeia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30560/-paralanguage-.html" title="- Paralanguage ">- Paralanguage </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30561/-pathos-.html" title="- Pathos ">- Pathos </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30562/-pay-per-click-.html" title="- Pay-per-click ">- Pay-per-click </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30563/-personalization-.html" title="- Personalization ">- Personalization </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30564/-personification-.html" title="- Personification ">- Personification </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30565/-phonlogical-.html" title="- Phonlogical ">- Phonlogical </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30566/-phrase.html" title="- Phrase">- Phrase</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30567/-problem-solution-technique-.html" title="- Problem / solution technique ">- Problem / solution technique </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30574/-pun.html" title="- Pun">- Pun</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30579/-reported-speech.html" title="- Reported speech">- Reported speech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30583/-sensationalism-.html" title="- Sensationalism ">- Sensationalism </a></li><li class="" 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style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../11979/wt2-q3-starkey.html" title="WT2 Q3 (Starkey)">WT2 Q3 (Starkey)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19663/wt2-q3-womens-health.html" title="WT2 Q3 (Women's Health)">WT2 Q3 (Women's Health)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14009/wt2-q4-clockwork.html" title="WT2 Q4 (Clockwork)">WT2 Q4 (Clockwork)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../13783/wt2-q4-persepolis.html" title="WT2 Q4 (Persepolis)">WT2 Q4 (Persepolis)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../11636/wt2-q5-aclu.html" title="WT2 Q5 (ACLU)">WT2 Q5 (ACLU)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right 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style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../2537/individual-oral-commentary.html" title="Individual oral commentary">Individual oral commentary</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../2891/tips.html" title="Tips">Tips</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19075/using-technology-to-support-student-learning.html" title="Using Technology to Support Student Learning">Using Technology to Support Student Learning</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../10033/criteria.html" title="Criteria">Criteria</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../11211/skills.html" title="Skills">Skills</a></li><ul 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="opinion-column" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Opinion column</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../englishalanglit.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">The old course </span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Resources (2020 exams)</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Text types</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Opinion column</span></li></ul>
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<p>
<img alt="" class="right" height="219" src="../../../ib/englishalanglit/images/thomas-friedman-sunday.jpg" width="250">Newspapers and magazines often have columnists who write for them. Generally speaking newspapers or magazines want there to be a cult of personality surrounding these columnists to generate good sales and brand loyalty. Such is the case with Thomas Friedman of the New York Times (picture). Columnists may be very outspoken in their opinions. Nevertheless, their opinions are in tune with the readership of a particular magazine or newspaper. Furthermore, their opinions are newsworthy, meaning that they both comment on the hot topics of the day, and their opinions are worthy of publication.</p>
<p>
If you choose to write an opinion column for your written task you may want to consider the following questions:</p>
<ul>
<li>
Which publication would you be writing for?</li>
<li>
Are you imitating the style of a famous columnist?</li>
<li>
What makes your opinion newsworthy?</li>
</ul>
<p>
We suggest there are six defining characteristics of an opinion column. You will find evidence of these in Thomas Friedman's example below. As you read his column fill in the worksheet below by looking for evidence of each defining characteristic. </p>
<h2>
Defining characteristics</h2>
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While there are many stylistic and structural elements of opinion columns, here are six that you may find helpful for understanding their nature. If you decide to write an opinion column for your written task, you will want to include these six defining characteristics as well.</p>
<div class="yellowBg">
<p>
<b><a href="/media/ib/englishalanglit/files/Opinion column.pdf" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " target="_blank"><img class="ico" src="../../../thinkib/icons/exercise.png" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: inline; vertical-align: bottom; "> Opinion column</a></b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; ">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<b><strong>Voice</strong> - </b>This refers to many aspects of language including word choice, verb tense, tone and imagery.</td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">If you have ever heard Thomas Friedman talk, then you will recognize his style in his columns. “Drill, baby, drill,” “girly-man,” and “yes sir, it is morning in Saudia Arabia,” all show unique ways of expressing ideas. You may notice a touch of sarcasm, which is usually frowned upon in essays. Friedman can get away with it. If you are imitating another columnist in your written task, it is good to get a sense of his or her ‘voice’. Voice, it could be said, is what helps create a cult around a columnist.<br>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Newsworthy - </b>Is the column relevant to its time? What makes it <a href="http://www.englishalanglit-inthinking.co.uk/tok/newsworthiness.htm">newsworthy</a>?</td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">Thomas Friedman refers to recent events in the news, such as the recent weather conditions and several senators’ Tweets. An opinion column must be newsworthy. In turn, Friedman’s column may also be deemed newsworthy. His column could create a 'buzz' in the media.<br>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Call to action - </strong>Columnist usually call on the reader to become involved or care about an issue. </td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">Thomas Friedman offers a solution to the problem. The problem is that there is surmounting confusion on climate change. His solution is that top researchers should publish a communiqué on the topic. Opinion columns should be constructive in their criticism.<img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Humor -</strong> This is really an aspect of voice. Humor usual helps readers see a topic through an original and fun perspective. </td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">‘Global weirding’ is a good example of how Friedman has coined a humorous and poignant phrase, drawing the reader’s attention and offering a different perspective.<br>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Hard facts - </strong>This aspect of newsworthiness<strong> </strong>gives an opinion column credibility.</td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">Friedman gives the projected population growth for 2050 and quotes a senator's tweets. <img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Logos -</strong> Appealing to logic will help persuade your readers.<br>
</td>
<td>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">Friedman’s appeal to logic is quite interesting, because even though he makes the case for climate change, he entertains the notion that it is all a hoax. Even with this premise it still makes sense to invest in green technology, because it makes America less dependent on dictators and OPEC countries. Nothing is more persuading that having a valid argument. (see <a href="http://www.englishalanglit-inthinking.co.uk/glossary/logos.htm" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; ">logos</a> for a definition of this term.)<img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2>
Sample column</h2>
<div>
<div class="greyBg">
<p>
<strong>Global Weirding</strong><br>
Thomas Friedman<br>
New York Times, February 17<sup>th</sup> 2010</p>
<p>
<img class="ico" src="/r/b1.png">Of the festivals of nonsense that periodically overtake American politics, surely the silliest is the argument that because Washington is having a particularly snowy winter it proves that climate change is a hoax and, therefore, we need not bother with all this girly-man stuff like renewable energy, solar panels and carbon taxes. <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="Narrative voice">Just drill, baby, drill</a>.</p>
<div>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">
When <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="Newsworthiness">you see lawmakers like Senator Jim DeMint of South Carolina tweeting that “it is going to keep snowing until Al Gore cries ‘uncle,’”</a> or news that the grandchildren of Senator James Inhofe of Oklahoma are building an igloo next to the Capitol with a big sign that says “Al Gore’s New Home,” you really wonder if we can have a serious discussion about the climate-energy issue anymore. […]</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">
Although there remains a mountain of research from multiple institutions about the reality of climate change, the public has grown uneasy. What’s real? In my view, <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="Call to action">the climate-science community should convene its top experts</a> — from places like NASA, America’s national laboratories, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford, the California Institute of Technology and the U.K. Met Office Hadley Centre — and produce a simple 50-page report. They could call it “What We Know,” summarizing everything we already know about climate change in language that a sixth grader could understand, with unimpeachable peer-reviewed footnotes. […]</p>
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Here are the points I like to stress:</p>
<ol style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2.5em; ">
<li>
Avoid the term “global warming.” I prefer the term <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="Humor">“global weirding,”</a> because that is what actually happens as global temperatures rise and the climate changes. The weather gets weird. The hots are expected to get hotter, the wets wetter, the dries drier and the most violent storms more numerous. The fact that it has snowed like crazy in Washington — while it has rained at the Winter Olympics in Canada, while Australia is having a record 13-year drought — is right in line with what <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="hard facts">every major study on climate change predicts</a>: The weather will get weird; some areas will get more precipitation than ever; others will become drier than ever.<br>
</li>
<li>
Historically, we know that the climate has warmed and cooled slowly, going from Ice Ages to warming periods, driven, in part, by changes in the earth’s orbit and hence the amount of sunlight different parts of the earth get. What the current debate is about is whether humans — by emitting so much carbon and thickening the greenhouse-gas blanket around the earth so that it traps more heat — are now rapidly exacerbating nature’s natural warming cycles to a degree that could lead to dangerous disruptions.<br>
</li>
<li>
Those who favor taking action are saying: “Because the warming that humans are doing is irreversible and potentially catastrophic, <a href="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 153); text-decoration: none; " title="Logos">let’s buy some insurance</a> — by investing in renewable energy, energy efficiency and mass transit — because this insurance will also actually make us richer and more secure.” We will import less oil, invent and export more clean-tech products, send fewer dollars overseas to buy oil and, most importantly, diminish the dollars that are sustaining the worst petro-dictators in the world who indirectly fund terrorists and the schools that nurture them.<br>
</li>
<li>
Even if climate change proves less catastrophic than some fear, in a world that is forecast to grow from 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion people between now and 2050, more and more of whom will live like Americans, demand for renewable energy and clean water is going to soar. It is obviously going to be the next great global industry.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<p>
China, of course, understands that, which is why it is investing heavily in clean-tech, efficiency and high-speed rail. It sees the future trends and is betting on them. Indeed, I suspect China is quietly laughing at us right now. And Iran, Russia, Venezuela and the whole OPEC gang are high-fiving each other. Nothing better serves their interests than to see Americans becoming confused about climate change, and, therefore, less inclined to move toward clean-tech and, therefore, more certain to remain addicted to oil. Yes, sir, it is morning in Saudi Arabia. <img class="ico" src="/r/b2.png"></p>
</div>
<h2>
Related text types</h2>
<p>
The opinion column is very similar to - but not exactly the same as - several other text types. </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<strong>Editorial</strong> - At times, the reader of a magazine or newspaper gets to hear the editor’s voice directly. This is usually takes the form of a brief explanation or justification on how they have decided to cover of a topic in their newspaper or magazine. Remember, editors are the gatekeepers at a publishing house who decide what goes in to the final publication. In an editorial they may comment on their journalists’ fieldwork, their columnists’ reputation, or their newspapers’ status in society. Here are some questions that you may want to consider when writing an editorial: Which publication are you the editor of? Who are your readers? What kinds of decisions have you had to make regarding your publications and how do you justify them to your readers?</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<strong>Op-ed</strong> - Sometimes famous people also like their opinions to be printed in newspapers or magazines. ‘Op-ed’ stands for ‘opposite the editorial’, as this is where these opinion pieces used to appear in traditional media. The general of an army may write an op-ed about the status of war. A famous rock star may write an op-ed in Rolling Stone magazine. The president of a country may write a letter to a political opponent, which he or she wishes to be published as an op-ed. Here are some questions that you may want to consider when writing an op-ed: Who are you pretending to write as, and what have you done that gives you important cultural status? Why are you publishing your opinions through a certain newspaper? </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<strong>Essay</strong> - There are two definitions of an essay: 1) An essay is a means of assessing one’s academic understanding of a topic. The student makes persuasive arguments in favor of a certain, educated position on an issue. 2) An essay can also be a creative, philosophical work. Titles such as ‘On Riding One’s Bike to Work’ may form a nice piece on existentialism. But in more concrete terms, popular works of non-fiction, such as <em>No Logo</em> or <em>Buyology</em> make cases as extended essays should. You may not write either forms of essay writing for your written task.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<strong>Blog</strong> - With the arrival of the Internet, we see that everyone may be a self-professed columnist. Starting a blog is free and easy. Blogs are focused around a person or a topic, and thus well-visited blogs have a specific audience in mind. Keep in mind that the word ‘blog’ comes from ‘web-log’ and is meant to be time sensitive. You can usually look through the archives of a blog, and they may, like columns, be newsworthy. It helps to define blog in a very broad sense. Just as a 'book' is only really defined by two covers and some pages in between, so too is blog nothing more than a means of disseminating information online. The nature of blogs, just like the nature of books, can vary from genre to genre.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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