File "the-nature-of-science.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-sciencehtml
File size: 139.25 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge"/>
<title>DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<base href="https://www.thinkib.net" /><meta name="keywords" content="separate tags by commas, chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education" /><meta name="description" content="1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is..." /><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg" />
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is...">
<meta name="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="keywords" content="Separate tags by commas, Chemistry, Inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, Thinkib, Baccalaureate, Education, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta itemprop="description" content="1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: The Nature of Science">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />
<link href="css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="/css/top-nav.min.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />
<link href="/css/style.min.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />
<link href="/css/style-ib.min.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>function inIframe () {try {return window.self !== window.top;} catch (e) {return true;}}if( inIframe() ) { window.location.href = "/mb/embed?mbtest=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"; }</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/article.min.css?v=202212151220" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="css/toplevel-map.css" /><style type="text/css">body {-webkit-user-select: none;-khtml-user-select: none;-moz-user-select: none;-ms-user-select: none;-o-user-select: none;user-select: none;}</style><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/std-access/std-access-tools.min.css?v=202101181800" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/side-nav.min.css?v=20220520" /><script src="/js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="/js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128" /><meta name="application-name" content=" "/><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF" /><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png" /><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png" /><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png" /><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png" /><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png" />
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN"
height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="/img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;" />
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="/chemistry"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="/img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;" />
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/sitemap"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/last-updates"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/blog"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16256/start-here" >Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/36257/how-to-navigate-the-site" >How to navigate the site</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24826/using-student-access-" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27330/creating-student-accounts-" >Creating student accounts </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page" >Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27328/setting-assignments" >Setting assignments</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book" >Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27362/using-qbank" >Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16258/dart-board-chemistry" >'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16274/essential-resources" >Essential resources</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16276/syllabus" >Syllabus</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16278/possible-teaching-schedule" >Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/46318/teaching-learning-resources" >Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17394/approaches-to-teaching" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17395/teaching-styles-" >Teaching styles </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17396/teaching-skills-" >Teaching skills </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17398/workshops-" >Workshops </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17397/teacher-recommendations-" >Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27280/approaches-to-learning" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27208/thinking-skills" >Thinking skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27216/reflection" >Reflection</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27209/communication-skills" >Communication skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27211/social-skills" >Social skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27232/self-management" >Self-management</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27312/research" >Research</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17120/resources" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17119/ib-specific-books" >IB specific books</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17121/general-text-books" >General text books</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17131/post-ib-text-books" >Post IB text books</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17132/journals" >Journals</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17133/newspaper-articles" >Newspaper articles</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17124/demonstrations" >Demonstrations</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17139/chemistry-videos" >Chemistry videos</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17140/web-links" >Web links</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17138/chemistry-apps" >Chemistry apps</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet-" >Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17392/books-for-enjoyment-" >Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27313/unit-plans" >Unit plans</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/22523/critical-thinking" >Critical thinking</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18044/do-you-speak-ib" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17382/changes-to-terminology" >Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning" >School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16347/core-ahl" >Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16344/syllabus" >Syllabus</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16328/topic-1" >Topic 1</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16907/topics-2-12-" >Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17021/topics-3-13" >Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17114/topics-4-14" >Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17669/topics-5-15-" >Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17848/topics-6-16" >Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18038/topics-7-17-" >Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18120/topics-8-18-" >Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18350/topics-9-19" >Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18475/topics-10-20-" >Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17285/topics-11-21-" >Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16441/the-nature-of-science" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16450/key-terms-concepts" >Key terms & concepts</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/34566/nos-critical-thinking" >NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/32100/how-the-elements-were-named" >How the elements were named</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/36753/the-culture-of-chemistry" >The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17333/nature-of-science-questions" >Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16414/topic-1" >Topic 1</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16916/topics-2-12" >Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17023/topics-3-13-" >Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17055/topics-4-14-" >Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17270/topics-5-15-" >Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17854/topics-6-16-" >Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18041/topics-7-17-" >Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18099/topics-8-18" >Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18349/topics-9-19-" >Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18420/topics-10-20" >Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17269/topics-11-21-" >Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics-" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics" >Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17868/example-of-connections" >Example of connections</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry" >Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry" >Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16687/sl-questions-by-topic" >SL Questions by topic</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16688/hl-questions-by-topic" >HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19044/options-" >Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19503/option-a-" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19504/introduction-to-materials-science-" >Introduction to materials science </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy" >Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19541/catalysts-" >Catalysts </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19580/liquid-crystals" >Liquid crystals</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19665/polymers-" >Polymers </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19672/nanotechnology" >Nanotechnology</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19843/environmental-impact-plastics" >Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-" >Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19666/condensation-polymers" >Condensation polymers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals" >Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19284/option-b-" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19290/introduction-to-biochemistry-" >Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19287/proteins-enzymes-" >Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19291/lipids" >Lipids</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19299/carbohydrates-" >Carbohydrates </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19305/vitamins-" >Vitamins </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19313/biochemistry-the-environment-" >Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl-" >Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19347/nucleic-acids-" >Nucleic acids </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19361/biological-pigments-" >Biological pigments </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules" >Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19390/option-c-" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19391/energy-sources" >Energy sources</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19407/fossil-fuels" >Fossil fuels</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions" >Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19429/solar-energy" >Solar energy</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19437/environmental-impact-global-warming" >Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells" >Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl-" >Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs" >Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19078/option-d" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-" >Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19158/aspirin-penicillin-" >Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19174/opiates" >Opiates</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach" >pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19194/antiviral-medications-" >Antiviral medications </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications" >Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study" >Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19258/nuclear-medicine-" >Nuclear medicine </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19273/drug-detection-analysis-" >Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia-" >Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16682/internal-assessment" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18892/scaffolding-the-investigation" >'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18896/timing-organisation-" >Timing & organisation </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18905/choosing-the-research-question" >Choosing the research question</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18946/personal-engagement" >Personal engagement</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18950/exploration" >Exploration</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18957/analysis" >Analysis</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18965/evaluation" >Evaluation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18966/communication" >Communication</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia" >Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation" >Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data" >Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia-" >Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19506/ia-example-marking-exercise-" >IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports" >Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports-" >Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/37542/history-of-internal-assessment" >History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16598/mandatory-laboratory-components" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide-" >Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas" >Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16615/acid-base-titrations-" >Acid-base titrations </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16616/a-green-acid-base-practical" >A green acid-base practical</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets" >Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16618/caco3-in-egg-shells" >CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16644/enthalpy-changes" >Enthalpy changes</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16631/reaction-rates" >Reaction rates</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16635/rate-dependent-factors" >Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction" >Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16637/iodination-of-propanone" >Iodination of propanone</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter" >Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4-" >Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16640/voltaic-cells" >Voltaic cells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16659/3-d-molecular-modelling-" >3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17168/other-good-practicals" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17196/common-chemical-reactions" >Common chemical reactions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period-" >Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17239/the-halogens" >The halogens</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures" >Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17170/polarity-of-molecules" >Polarity of molecules</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18083/le-chateliers-principle-" >Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction" >Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium-" >Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools-" >Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution-" >Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass" >Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18356/electrolytic-cells-" >Electrolytic cells </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds" >Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes" >Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene-" >Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure" >Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19887/preparation-of-nylon-66" >Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content-" >Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19342/hydrolysis-of-starch-" >Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin-" >Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18851/ict-in-practical-work" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18852/data-logging-" >Data logging </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18853/software-for-graph-plotting-" >Software for graph plotting </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing-" >Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18855/databases" >Databases</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18856/computer-modelling-simulations-" >Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16594/group-4-project" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16595/practicalities" >Practicalities</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16596/reflective-statement-" >Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16666/a-new-laboratory" >A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16284/exams" >Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16286/essential-facts" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16287/objectives-command-terms" >Objectives & command terms</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16288/grade-descriptors" >Grade descriptors</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16289/grade-boundaries" >Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16302/paper-1-multiple-choice" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16303/advice-to-students-paper-1" >Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31515/practice-paper-1-exams" >Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16305/paper-2" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16306/advice-to-students-paper-2" >Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16307/areas-of-difficulty" >Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16313/paper-3-" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16314/advice-to-students-paper-3" >Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16342/data-response-questions" >Data response questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20054/experimental-work-questions" >Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16324/the-examination-process" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16316/setting-the-exam-papers" >Setting the exam papers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16317/predicted-grades" >Predicted grades</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16318/marking-the-papers" >Marking the papers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16319/commenting-on-the-exams" >Commenting on the exams</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16320/grade-awarding" >Grade Awarding</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16321/enquiry-upon-results" >Enquiry upon results</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16322/chief-examiners-report" >Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16323/retaking-the-exam" >Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16325/faqs" >FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3147/ib-core" >IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3149/learner-profile" >Learner Profile</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21735/extended-essays-" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21736/overview-" >Overview </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21780/responsibilities" >Responsibilities</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21790/resources" >Resources</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21800/research" >Research</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21804/writing-the-essay" >Writing the essay</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21810/assessment" >Assessment</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/22434/summary-of-advice-" >Summary of advice </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/25272/faqs-" >FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/307/theory-of-knowledge-tok" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41171/the-12-tok-concepts" >The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3507/why-tok-chemistry" >Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3505/a-modern-paradigm" >A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions" >Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics" >SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics" >SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams" >SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic" >SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions" >SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17792/sl-questions-on-the-options" >SL Questions on the options</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-" >SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics" >HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics" >HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams-" >HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-" >HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions" >HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17793/hl-questions-on-the-options" >HL Questions on the options</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics" >HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks-" >Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li class="selected" ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-" >Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships" >Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure" >Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27965/topics-3-13-periodicity" >Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure" >Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry" >Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics" >Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium-" >Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases-" >Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28031/topics-9-19-redox-process" >Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry" >Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis" >Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28074/option-a-materials-" >Option A : Materials </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28087/option-b-biochemistry" >Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28098/option-c-energy-" >Option C : Energy </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry" >Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project-" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41528/internal-assessment" >Internal Assessment</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41657/group-4-project" >Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41387/approaches-to-learning-" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41380/thinking-skills" >Thinking skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41383/communication-skills" >Communication skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41384/social-skills-" >Social skills </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41385/self-management-skills" >Self-management skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41386/research-skills" >Research skills</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41382/reflection-skills-" >Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li class="selected" ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41489/key-terms-concepts-" >Key terms & concepts </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named-" >How the elements were named </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41490/nos-critical-thinking" >NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41493/the-culture-of-chemistry-" >The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41494/nature-of-science-questions-" >Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41401/external-assessment-exams" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41403/essential-facts-" >Essential Facts </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41409/paper-1-multiple-choice-" >Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41417/paper-2-" >Paper 2 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41431/paper-3-" >Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41662/extended-essay-" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41685/preparation" >Preparation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41686/researching-" >Researching </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42075/writing-the-essay" >Writing the essay</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41687/assessment" >Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div id="userbox">
<a href="#modal-login" role="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-toggle="modal" onclick="return false;">
Log in
</a>
<a href="subscribe" class="btn btn-danger">
Subscribe / Renew
</a>
<a class="btn" href="#modal-warning-students" data-toggle="modal" onclick="return false;">Free trial</a>
</div>
<div id="modal-warning-students" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog">
<!-- <div class="modal-header">
<button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button">×</button>
</div> -->
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 15px 50px">
<div style="text-align: center">
<h2 style="color: #BB1313; margin-top: 0">If you are a student, stop now!</h2>
<img style="width: 96px; height: 96px" src="/img/warning-skull.svg">
</div>
<p>
<br>
Only teachers can take out free trials or subscriptions to our subject sites at
<a href="/">www.thinkib.net</a>
</p>
<p>
In line with the IB Learner Profile, "Act with integrity and honesty".
</p>
<p>
If you are a student and wish to access these resources, ask your school to subscribe.
</p>
<p>
Alternatively, sign up to our sites at <a href="https://www.studyib.net">www.studyib.net</a>
which are specifically designed for self study and revision.
</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer" style="text-align: center">
<a class="btn btn-success" href="/subscribe?highlight=trial">
I confirm I am a teacher
</a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Modal -->
<div id="modal-login" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header" style="padding: 15px;">
<button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button">×</button>
<div style="margin: 0 20px;">
<h2 style="margin: 0;">Log in</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
<form method="post" style="margin: 0 auto; width: 60%;" action="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science">
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex">
<!-- <label><i class="fa fa-user"></i> Username</label> -->
<input class="span12" type="text" placeholder="Username" name="username">
</div>
<div class="control-group password-container" style="display: flex;">
<!-- <label><i class="fa fa-lock"></i> Password</label> -->
<input class="span12" type="password" placeholder="Password" name="password">
<i class="fa fa-eye toggle-password"></i>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<a href="chemistry/lost-password" style="font-weight: normal">
Forgot your password?
</a>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; margin-bottom: 35px;">
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-large btn-primary" value="1" name="submit-login" style="width: 100%;">
<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
Log in
</button>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
<a href="https://managebac.com" onclick="managebacPopup(); return false;"
target="popup" name="managebac-login-access" value="1" class="btn" style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: left;">
<img style="margin: 0;" src="img/mb-logo-small.png" height="24" width="24">
Log in with ManageBac
</a>
<a href="https://managebac.cn" onclick="managebacChinaPopup(); return false;"
target="popup" name="managebac-login-access" class="btn" value="1" style="text-align: left;">
<img src="img/china-flag.svg">
Log in with ManageBac China
</a>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// var alert = [
// '<div class="modal-footer" style="color: #933; font-weight: bold">',
// 'Notice: ThinkIB will be down for planned maintenance during two hours on Wednesday 28th July from 7am to 9am CEST',
// '</div>'
// ].join('');
// var d = new Date();
// var dayD = new Date(1627455600000); // <- 28 July 2021 7:00 * 1000
// if (d.getTime() < dayD) {
// document.write(alert);
// }
</script>
</div>
<style>#userbox > a {margin-bottom: 4px;}</style><script>function managebacPopup(){return window.open("https://accounts.faria.org/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=RJ2txYSqkbXku1EsLPXiEzKf8kpmgkeKarpSf2eW1GM&redirect_uri=https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback&scope=openid+email&state=cd4f4ecf407ab0ed&display=popup","ManageBac Login","width=1000,height=750"),$("#modal-login").modal("hide"),setLoginLocation("global"),!1}function managebacChinaPopup(){return window.open("https://accounts.managebac.cn/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=28KPAhfeYrEQHe88mpP5G62feOQ7r2kJkplc3mmJZfg&redirect_uri=https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback&scope=openid+email&state=cd4f4ecf407ab0ed&display=popup","ManageBac Login","width=1000,height=750"),$("#modal-login").modal("hide"),setLoginLocation("china"),!1}function managebacRefresh(){location.reload()}function setLoginLocation(e){var o="https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback".replace("callback","");$.get(o+e+"-login")}</script><div id="std-side-box" class="side-box shadow-md" data-pid="41488">
<div id="std-access-tools" data-pid="41488" data-general-id="3">
<div class="row-fluid accordion-group">
<div class="std-access-tools-header">
<a class="accordion-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#std-access-tools" href="#std-access-tools-content" onclick="return false;">
<i class="fa fa-caret-right white"></i>
Student access tools
</a>
</div>
<div id="std-access-tools-content" class="accordion-body collapse">
<div class="accordion-inner">
<div style="margin:5px;font-size:1.2em;"><i class="fa fa-warning" style="color: #b33;"></i> <span>You need to <a href="#modal-login" data-toggle="modal" onclick="return false;"><strong>log-in</strong></a> or <a href="/subscribe"><strong>subscribe</strong></a> in order to use <strong>Student access</strong>.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-">Complete course for students </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic" title="Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships" title="Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27947/11-particulate-nature-of-matter-and-chemical-change-" title="1.1 Particulate nature of matter and chemical change ">1.1 Particulate nature of matter and chemical change </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27954/12-the-mole-concept" title="1.2 The mole concept">1.2 The mole concept</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41469/comprehending-avogadros-constant" title="Comprehending Avogadro's constant">Comprehending Avogadro's constant</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27958/13-reacting-masses-and-volumes-" title="1.3 Reacting masses and volumes ">1.3 Reacting masses and volumes </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure" title="Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27961/21-the-nuclear-atom-" title="2.1 The nuclear atom ">2.1 The nuclear atom </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27962/22-electron-configuration-" title="2.2 Electron configuration ">2.2 Electron configuration </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27963/121-electrons-in-atoms-" title="12.1 Electrons in atoms ">12.1 Electrons in atoms </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27965/topics-3-13-periodicity" title="Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27966/31-the-periodic-table" title="3.1 The periodic table">3.1 The periodic table</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27967/32-periodic-trends-" title="3.2 Periodic trends ">3.2 Periodic trends </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27968/131-first-row-d-block-elements" title="13.1 First-row d-block elements">13.1 First-row d-block elements</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27970/132-coloured-complexes" title="13.2 Coloured complexes">13.2 Coloured complexes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure" title="Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27972/41-ionic-bonding-structure-" title="4.1 Ionic bonding & structure ">4.1 Ionic bonding & structure </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27973/42-covalent-bonding" title="4.2 Covalent bonding">4.2 Covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27974/43-covalent-structures-1-" title="4.3 Covalent structures (1) ">4.3 Covalent structures (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27980/43-covalent-structures-2-" title="4.3 Covalent structures (2) ">4.3 Covalent structures (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27981/44-intermolecular-forces-" title="4.4 Intermolecular forces ">4.4 Intermolecular forces </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27982/45-metallic-bonding-" title="4.5 Metallic bonding ">4.5 Metallic bonding </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27983/141-further-aspects-of-covalent-bonding" title="14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding">14.1 Further aspects of covalent bonding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27985/142-hybridization" title="14.2 Hybridization">14.2 Hybridization</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry" title="Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27989/51-measuring-energy-changes" title="5.1 Measuring energy changes">5.1 Measuring energy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27991/52-hesss-law" title="5.2 Hess's Law">5.2 Hess's Law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27992/53-bond-enthalpies-" title="5.3 Bond enthalpies ">5.3 Bond enthalpies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27993/151-energy-cycles" title="15.1 Energy cycles">15.1 Energy cycles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27994/152-entropy-spontaneity" title="15.2 Entropy & spontaneity">15.2 Entropy & spontaneity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics" title="Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27996/61-collision-theory-rates-of-reaction" title="6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction">6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27997/161-rate-expression-reaction-mechanism" title="16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism">16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27998/162-activation-energy" title="16.2 Activation energy">16.2 Activation energy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium-" title="Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium ">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27999/71-equilibrium" title="7.1 Equilibrium">7.1 Equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28000/171-equilibrium-law" title="17.1 Equilibrium law">17.1 Equilibrium law</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases-" title="Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases ">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28002/81-theories-of-acids-bases" title="8.1 Theories of acids & bases">8.1 Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28010/82-properties-of-acids-bases" title="8.2 Properties of acids & bases">8.2 Properties of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28011/83-ph-scale" title="8.3 pH scale">8.3 pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28012/84-strong-weak-acids-bases" title="8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases">8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28013/85-acid-deposition-" title="8.5 Acid deposition ">8.5 Acid deposition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28014/181-lewis-acids-bases-" title="18.1 Lewis acids & bases ">18.1 Lewis acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28015/182-calculations-involving-acids-bases-" title="18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases ">18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28016/183-ph-titration-curves" title="18.3 pH titration curves">18.3 pH titration curves</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28031/topics-9-19-redox-process" title="Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28021/91-oxidation-reduction" title="9.1 Oxidation & reduction">9.1 Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28022/92-electrochemical-cells" title="9.2 Electrochemical cells">9.2 Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28023/191-electrochemical-cells-ahl" title="19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)">19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry" title="Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28042/101-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry" title="10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry">10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28043/1021-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers" title="10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28044/1022-alcohols-" title="10.2(2) Alcohols ">10.2(2) Alcohols </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28047/1023-halogenoalkanes-benzene" title="10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene">10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28050/2011-nucleophilic-substitution-" title="20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution ">20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28051/2012-electrophilic-addition-" title="20.1(2) Electrophilic addition ">20.1(2) Electrophilic addition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28053/2013-electrophilic-substitution" title="20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution">20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28054/2014-reduction-reactions-" title="20.1(4) Reduction reactions ">20.1(4) Reduction reactions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28056/202-synthetic-routes-" title="20.2 Synthetic routes ">20.2 Synthetic routes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28059/203-stereoisomerism-" title="20.3 Stereoisomerism ">20.3 Stereoisomerism </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis" title="Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28032/111-uncertainty-errors-" title="11.1 Uncertainty & errors ">11.1 Uncertainty & errors </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28033/112-graphical-techniques" title="11.2 Graphical techniques">11.2 Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28034/113-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds" title="11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28039/211-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl" title="21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28074/option-a-materials-" title="Option A : Materials ">Option A : Materials </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28062/a1-introduction-to-materials-science-" title="A.1 Introduction to materials science ">A.1 Introduction to materials science </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28063/a2-metals-and-icp-spectroscopy" title="A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy">A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28065/a3-catalysts-" title="A.3 Catalysts ">A.3 Catalysts </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28066/a4-liquid-crystals" title="A.4 Liquid crystals">A.4 Liquid crystals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28067/a5-polymers" title="A.5 Polymers">A.5 Polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28069/a6-nanotechnology" title="A.6 Nanotechnology">A.6 Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28070/a7-environmental-impact-plastics" title="A.7 Environmental impact - plastics">A.7 Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28071/a8-superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-" title="A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography ">A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28072/a9-condensation-polymers" title="A.9 Condensation polymers">A.9 Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28073/a10-environmental-impact-heavy-metals" title="A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals">A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28087/option-b-biochemistry" title="Option B : Biochemistry">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28076/b1-introduction-to-biochemistry-" title="B.1 Introduction to biochemistry ">B.1 Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28078/b2-proteins-enzymes" title="B.2 Proteins & enzymes">B.2 Proteins & enzymes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28079/b3-lipids" title="B.3 Lipids">B.3 Lipids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28080/b4-carbohydrates" title="B.4 Carbohydrates">B.4 Carbohydrates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28081/b5-vitamins" title="B.5 Vitamins">B.5 Vitamins</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28082/b6-biochemistry-the-environment" title="B.6 Biochemistry & the environment">B.6 Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28083/b7-proteins-enzymes-ahl-" title="B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28084/b8-nucleic-acids" title="B.8 Nucleic acids">B.8 Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28085/b9-biological-pigments" title="B.9 Biological pigments">B.9 Biological pigments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28086/b10-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules" title="B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules">B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28098/option-c-energy-" title="Option C : Energy ">Option C : Energy </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28088/c1-energy-sources-" title="C.1 Energy sources ">C.1 Energy sources </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28089/c2-fossil-fuels" title="C.2 Fossil fuels">C.2 Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28090/c3-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions" title="C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28091/c4-solar-energy-" title="C.4 Solar energy ">C.4 Solar energy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28094/c5-environmental-impact-global-warming-" title="C.5 Environmental impact - global warming ">C.5 Environmental impact - global warming </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28095/c6-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells" title="C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28096/c7-nuclear-fusion-fission-hl-" title="C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28097/c8-photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs" title="C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry" title="Option D : Medicinal chemistry">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28099/d1-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-" title="D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28100/d2-aspirin-penicillin" title="D.2 Aspirin & penicillin">D.2 Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28101/d3-opiates" title="D.3 Opiates">D.3 Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28103/d4-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach" title="D.4 pH regulation of the stomach">D.4 pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28102/d5-antiviral-medications" title="D.5 Antiviral medications">D.5 Antiviral medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28104/d6-environmental-impact-of-some-medications" title="D.6 Environmental impact of some medications">D.6 Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28105/d7-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-" title="D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study ">D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28107/d8-nuclear-medicine-" title="D.8 Nuclear medicine ">D.8 Nuclear medicine </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28108/d9-drug-detection-analysis" title="D.9 Drug detection & analysis">D.9 Drug detection & analysis</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project-" title="Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) ">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41528/internal-assessment" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41529/scaffolding-the-investigation" title="'Scaffolding' the investigation">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41531/choosing-the-research-question" title="Choosing the research question">Choosing the research question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41532/personal-engagement-" title="Personal engagement ">Personal engagement </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41533/exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41544/analysis-" title="Analysis ">Analysis </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41545/significant-figures-" title="Significant figures ">Significant figures </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41547/error-uncertainty" title="Error & uncertainty">Error & uncertainty</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41548/evaluation-" title="Evaluation ">Evaluation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41549/communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41550/genuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-" title="Genuine examples of marked IA reports ">Genuine examples of marked IA reports </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41657/group-4-project" title="Group 4 Project">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41387/approaches-to-learning-" title="Approaches to learning ">Approaches to learning </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41380/thinking-skills" title="Thinking skills">Thinking skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41383/communication-skills" title="Communication skills">Communication skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41384/social-skills-" title="Social skills ">Social skills </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41385/self-management-skills" title="Self-management skills">Self-management skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41386/research-skills" title="Research skills">Research skills</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41382/reflection-skills-" title="Reflection skills ">Reflection skills </a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41489/key-terms-concepts-" title="Key terms & concepts ">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named-" title="How the elements were named ">How the elements were named </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41490/nos-critical-thinking" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41493/the-culture-of-chemistry-" title="The Culture of Chemistry ">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41500/culture-of-chemistry-1" title="Culture of Chemistry (1)">Culture of Chemistry (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41501/culture-of-chemistry-2" title="Culture of Chemistry (2)">Culture of Chemistry (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41502/culture-of-chemistry-3" title="Culture of Chemistry (3)">Culture of Chemistry (3)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41503/culture-of-chemistry-4-" title="Culture of Chemistry (4) ">Culture of Chemistry (4) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41504/culture-of-chemistry-5" title="Culture of Chemistry (5)">Culture of Chemistry (5)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41494/nature-of-science-questions-" title="Nature of Science questions ">Nature of Science questions </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41498/nos-question-example-1-" title="NoS question - Example 1 ">NoS question - Example 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41499/nos-question-example-2-" title="NoS question - Example 2 ">NoS question - Example 2 </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41401/external-assessment-exams" title="External assessment (Exams)">External assessment (Exams)</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41403/essential-facts-" title="Essential Facts ">Essential Facts </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41404/objectives-command-terms-" title="Objectives & command terms ">Objectives & command terms </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41408/grade-boundaries-" title="Grade boundaries ">Grade boundaries </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41406/grade-descriptors-" title="Grade descriptors ">Grade descriptors </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41451/your-final-grade-not-good-enough-for-you-" title="Your final grade not good enough for you? ">Your final grade not good enough for you? </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41409/paper-1-multiple-choice-" title="Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) ">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41415/advice-to-students-paper-1-" title="Advice to students (Paper 1) ">Advice to students (Paper 1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41416/practice-paper-1-exams-" title="Practice Paper 1 exams ">Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41417/paper-2-" title="Paper 2 ">Paper 2 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41418/advice-to-students-paper-2-" title="Advice to students (Paper 2) ">Advice to students (Paper 2) </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41419/areas-of-difficulty-" title="Areas of difficulty ">Areas of difficulty </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41426/understanding-the-activity-series" title="Understanding the activity series">Understanding the activity series</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41422/vsepr" title="VSEPR">VSEPR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41421/ie-graphs-" title="IE graph(s) ">IE graph(s) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41420/misuse-of-formulas-" title="Misuse of formulas ">Misuse of formulas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41425/manipulating-equilibrium-constants-" title="Manipulating equilibrium constants ">Manipulating equilibrium constants </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41428/curly-arrows" title="'Curly arrows'">'Curly arrows'</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41424/understanding-and-using-g-" title="Understanding and using ΔG ">Understanding and using Δ<em>G </em> </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41430/factors-affecting-the-rate-of-nucleophilic-substitution-reaction" title="Factors affecting the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions ">Factors affecting the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41427/using-electrode-potentials-" title="Using electrode potentials ">Using electrode potentials </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41429/understanding-hybridization-" title="Understanding hybridization ">Understanding hybridization </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41431/paper-3-" title="Paper 3 ">Paper 3 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41432/advice-to-students-paper-3-" title="Advice to students (Paper 3) ">Advice to students (Paper 3) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41433/data-response-questions-" title="Data response questions ">Data response questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41441/experimental-work-questions-" title="Experimental work questions ">Experimental work questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41662/extended-essay-" title="Extended Essay ">Extended Essay </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41685/preparation" title="Preparation">Preparation</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41663/aims-objectives" title="Aims & objectives">Aims & objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41665/your-responsibilities" title="Your responsibilities">Your responsibilities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41785/choosing-the-subject" title="Choosing the subject">Choosing the subject</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41686/researching-" title="Researching ">Researching </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42069/choosing-the-research-topic-" title="Choosing the research topic ">Choosing the research topic </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42070/framing-the-research-question" title="Framing the Research Question">Framing the Research Question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42072/researching-your-essay" title="Researching your Essay">Researching your Essay</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42097/reflections-on-planning-and-progress-" title="Reflections on planning and progress ">Reflections on planning and progress </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42075/writing-the-essay" title="Writing the essay">Writing the essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42077/correct-referencing-and-bibliography" title="Correct referencing and bibliography">Correct referencing and bibliography</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42092/checklist-" title="Checklist ">Checklist </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41687/assessment" title="Assessment">Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42166/grading-system" title="Grading system">Grading system</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42159/criterion-a-" title="Criterion A ">Criterion A </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42161/criterion-b" title="Criterion B">Criterion B</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42163/criterion-c" title="Criterion C">Criterion C</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42164/criterion-d-" title="Criterion D ">Criterion D </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/42165/criterion-e-" title="Criterion E ">Criterion E </a></li></ul></ul></ul></nav></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"><article id="main-article"><a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt"></i></a><ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">The Nature of Science</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Complete course for students " href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-">Complete course for students </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>The Nature of Science</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1>What is the Nature of Science?</h1>There are essentially five distinct points that you should focus on regarding the Nature of Science and in particular how it applies to chemistry. <hr class="hidden" /><p style="margin-left: 80px;">1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?<br />2. The understanding of science<br />3. The objectivity of science<br />4. The human face of science<br />5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of science</p><hr class="hidden" /><p>There is clearly much overlap with the Theory of Knowledge course, particularly with the Areas of Knowledge (AOK) that covers the Natural Sciences and it appears to be generally agreed that the Nature of Science is essentially the application of TOK to the Natural Sciences.</p><p>I asked one of TOK senior examiners to compare the Nature of Science as written in the chemistry subject guide with the TOK guide. He relied rather eloquently:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">"What is written in chemistry guide under Nature of Science are areas that could/would be looked at in TOK in a specific sense, whereas what is written in the TOK guide is very generic. Pretty much everything under the nature of science in the chemistry guide could be explored from a TOK perspective, but the way it is looked at would probably be formulated into questions. For example, in the chemistry guide it states:</p><div title="Page 17"><div><div><div><p style="margin-left: 40px;">"<em>Scientists must adopt a skeptical attitude to claims. This does not mean that they disbelieve everything, but rather that they suspend judgment until they have a good reason to believe a claim to be true or false. Such reasons are based on evidence and argument</em>."</p></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-left: 40px;">In a TOK sense this might be set out as the question: "To what extent does doubt play a role in the acquisition of knowledge in the natural sciences and how does this effect reliability and validity in this subject area?"</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">Similarly the chemistry guide gives the statement:</p><div title="Page 17"><div><div><div><p style="margin-left: 40px;">"<em>Evidence is used to develop theories, generalize from data to form laws and propose hypotheses. These theories and hypotheses are used to make predictions that can be tested. In this way theories can be supported or opposed and can be modified or replaced by new theories.</em>"</p></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-left: 40px;">In TOK this might become: "Why is it important to distinguish between hypotheses, laws and theories in the natural sciences and what do these distinctions tells us about knowledge in these areas?" I would suggest that from a student's perspective there is no difference between the two sections. If you were to re-label "nature of science" as "nature of scientific knowledge" then, in my view, this would be a one sentence description of what we do in TOK when we look at the natural sciences."</p><p>Another, an author of a highly respected book on TOK, simply said,</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">“In my book, this is TOK! If not, I would like someone to explain the difference. In one sense, I don’t see any problem with this. TOK is supposed to complement the focus on methodology & critical thinking that should naturally happen in subject areas. Historians talk about primary and secondary sources and we do that in TOK too. However, I think it would create a lot of confusion if the Nature of Science and the Science element of TOK are quite different.</p><p>Where there is confusion is that NOS can be assessed whereas TOK will not be assessed in chemistry. The problem with this is that there is considerable overlap between what is written for NOS (assessable) and TOK (not-assessable). To give one example, in 1.1 under TOK it states “Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen, which overturned the phlogiston theory of combustion, is an example of a paradigm shift. How does scientific knowledge progress?” and yet in Topic 2.1 under NOS it states, “Paradigm shifts—the subatomic particle theory of matter represents a paradigm shift in science that occurred in the late 1800s.” From this it seems quite clear that the concept of paradigm shifts can be examined. (Note that in the updated version of the Guide published in February 2018 the statement 'Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen' has now been changed to just 'The discovery of oxygen' as Lavoisier did not actually discover oxygen - he only realised its significance).</p><hr class="hidden" /><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="228" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/Einstein.jpg" width="211" /> <img alt="" height="227" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014 Nature of Science/lavoisier (1).jpg" width="162" /></p><p style="text-align: center;">The human face of science</p><p style="text-align: center;">Einstein’s paradigm shift is NOS so can be assessed; Lavoisier’s paradigm shift is TOK so cannot be assessed!!!!</p></div><hr class="hidden" /><div class="greyBg"><h2>So what is the best way to incorporate NOS into your learning?</h2><p>My suggestions are:</p><ul class="branded"><li>Make sure you understand how TOK works and how it can be applied to chemistry. You can read about this in the TOK section. You can then use specific examples in chemistry when writing your TOK essay or in your exhibition. This is because TOK examiners tend to give credit for relevant specific examples taken from subjects studied by students to back up their arguments. Too often they just see students using the typical examples provided by TOK class teachers who of course cannot be experts in all the different IB disciplines. There are many good examples of TOK/NOS as it relates to chemistry in Peter Wother's book Antimony, Gold & Jupiter's Wolf which I've reviewed in <a href="chemistry/page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named-" title="How the elements were named ">How the elements were named</a>.</li><li>Look at what I have written to address the NOS content on the relevant page for each sub-topic in <a href="chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic" title="Complete course for students » Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a>. Often what is written under 'Something to think about' for each sub-topic relates to the Nature of Science. Also look at what is written for each topic under the heading “Incorporating IM, TOK, Utilization etc.”.</li><li>Use the accompanying glossary of <a href="chemistry/page/41489/key-terms-concepts-" title="Complete course for students » The Nature of Science » Key terms & concepts ">Key terms & concepts</a>. If you know what is meant by key terms such as ‘Paradigm shift’ and Occam’s razor’ and can illustrate them with examples then you will be well-prepared to answer NOS questions.</li><li>Practice with past NOS questions and with the <a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41494/nature-of-science-questions-" title="Complete course for students » The Nature of Science » Nature of Science questions ">Nature of Science questions </a>linked to this page. Certain areas of NOS such as falsification and the need for repeatable and accurate data will crop up time and time again.<hr class="hidden" /></li></ul></div><hr class="hidden" /><div class="yellowBg"><h2>A resource to get you thinking</h2><hr class="hidden" /><p>As an introduction to the Nature of Science you might like to look at the 14 minute TEDx talk given by a theoretical physicist, Dr Teman Cooke, entitled “The scientific method is crap”. </p><hr class="hidden" /><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/j12BBcKSgEQ?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/j12BBcKSgEQ" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="img/icons/video.png" /><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> The scientific method is crap </a></p><hr class="hidden" /><p>In this talk he defines what he sees as the scientific method as being linear in nature that follows the sequence</p><hr class="hidden" /><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 1. Identify a problem</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 2. Do some research</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 3. Form a hypothesis</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 4. Do an experiment with independent and dependent variables to test your hypothesis</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 5. Analyse your data</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;">Step 6. Draw a conclusion</p><hr class="hidden" /><p>You may well recognise this as a basic formula used by many students for both their IA and EE in chemistry.</p><hr class="hidden" /><p>He then goes on to talk about the ‘Cycle of scientific thinking’.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/cycle-of-scientific-thinking.png" style="width: 576px; height: 410px;" /></p><hr class="hidden" /><p>To get you thinking and questioning you might like to reflect on to some of the comments posted below the YouTube video, For example:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-1.png" style="width: 600px; height: 73px;" /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-2.png" style="width: 600px; height: 110px;" /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Nature%20of%20Science/comment-on-scientific-method-tedx-talk-3.png" style="width: 600px; height: 59px;" /></p><hr class="hidden" /></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22The+Nature+of+Science%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science&t=The+Nature+of+Science"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=The Nature of Science&body=1. What is science and what is the scientific endeavour?2. The understanding of science3. The objectivity of science4. The human face of science5. Scientific literacy and the public understanding of scienceThere is clearly...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F41488%2Fthe-nature-of-science"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<a href="#"><img style="width:auto;height:75px;" src="http://06082010.xyz/assets/img/logo1.png"></a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new" />
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="/js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script>var pageId = 41488;</script><script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/build/app.js?v=202204141130"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min.js?v=202109221648"></script><script src="/js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="/js/header-circle.min.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="/js/password-toggler.min.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="/js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
function loadComments(){$.get("pages/comment.php",{action:"get-list",ticket:"cd4f4ecf407ab0ed",site_with_comments:"1",general_id:"3",sitename:"chemistry",section_id:"41488"},(function(t){"1"==t.success?($("#comments").html(t.html),"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor()):alert("Error (lc1): please contact support")}),"json")}$(document).ready((function(){loadComments()}));let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));$('#tl-tabs a').click(function (e) {e.preventDefault();$(this).tab('show');});$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();return position.top>200?"top":position.left<515?"right":position.top<200?"bottom":position.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var index=$(this).index(),container;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(index)}));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>