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<title>DP Chemistry: Option D : Medicinal chemistry</title>
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class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16414/topic-1" >Topic 1</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16916/topics-2-12" >Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17023/topics-3-13-" >Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17055/topics-4-14-" >Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17270/topics-5-15-" >Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17854/topics-6-16-" >Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18041/topics-7-17-" >Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18099/topics-8-18" >Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18349/topics-9-19-" >Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18420/topics-10-20" >Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17269/topics-11-21-" >Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics-" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics" >Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17868/example-of-connections" >Example of connections</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry" >Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry" >Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16687/sl-questions-by-topic" >SL Questions by topic</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16688/hl-questions-by-topic" >HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19044/options-" >Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19503/option-a-" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19504/introduction-to-materials-science-" >Introduction to materials science </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy" >Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19541/catalysts-" >Catalysts </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19580/liquid-crystals" >Liquid crystals</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19665/polymers-" >Polymers </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19672/nanotechnology" >Nanotechnology</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19843/environmental-impact-plastics" >Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-" >Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19666/condensation-polymers" >Condensation polymers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals" >Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19284/option-b-" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19290/introduction-to-biochemistry-" >Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19287/proteins-enzymes-" >Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19291/lipids" >Lipids</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19299/carbohydrates-" >Carbohydrates </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19305/vitamins-" >Vitamins </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19313/biochemistry-the-environment-" >Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl-" >Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19347/nucleic-acids-" >Nucleic acids </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19361/biological-pigments-" >Biological pigments </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules" >Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19390/option-c-" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19391/energy-sources" >Energy sources</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19407/fossil-fuels" >Fossil fuels</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions" >Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19429/solar-energy" >Solar energy</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19437/environmental-impact-global-warming" >Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells" >Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl-" >Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs" >Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19078/option-d" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-" >Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19158/aspirin-penicillin-" >Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19174/opiates" >Opiates</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach" >pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19194/antiviral-medications-" >Antiviral medications </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications" >Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study" >Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19258/nuclear-medicine-" >Nuclear medicine </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19273/drug-detection-analysis-" >Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia-" >Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16682/internal-assessment" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18892/scaffolding-the-investigation" >'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18896/timing-organisation-" >Timing & organisation </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18905/choosing-the-research-question" >Choosing the research question</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18946/personal-engagement" >Personal engagement</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18950/exploration" >Exploration</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18957/analysis" >Analysis</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18965/evaluation" >Evaluation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18966/communication" >Communication</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia" >Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation" >Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data" >Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia-" >Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19506/ia-example-marking-exercise-" >IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports" >Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports-" >Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/37542/history-of-internal-assessment" >History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16598/mandatory-laboratory-components" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide-" >Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas" >Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16615/acid-base-titrations-" >Acid-base titrations </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16616/a-green-acid-base-practical" >A green acid-base practical</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets" >Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16618/caco3-in-egg-shells" >CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16644/enthalpy-changes" >Enthalpy changes</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16631/reaction-rates" >Reaction rates</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16635/rate-dependent-factors" >Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction" >Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16637/iodination-of-propanone" >Iodination of propanone</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter" >Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4-" >Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16640/voltaic-cells" >Voltaic cells</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16659/3-d-molecular-modelling-" >3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17168/other-good-practicals" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17196/common-chemical-reactions" >Common chemical reactions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period-" >Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17239/the-halogens" >The halogens</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures" >Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17170/polarity-of-molecules" >Polarity of molecules</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18083/le-chateliers-principle-" >Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction" >Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium-" >Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools-" >Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution-" >Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass" >Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18356/electrolytic-cells-" >Electrolytic cells </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds" >Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes" >Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene-" >Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure" >Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19887/preparation-of-nylon-66" >Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content-" >Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19342/hydrolysis-of-starch-" >Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin-" >Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18851/ict-in-practical-work" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18852/data-logging-" >Data logging </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18853/software-for-graph-plotting-" >Software for graph plotting </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing-" >Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18855/databases" >Databases</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18856/computer-modelling-simulations-" >Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16594/group-4-project" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16595/practicalities" >Practicalities</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16596/reflective-statement-" >Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16666/a-new-laboratory" >A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16284/exams" >Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16286/essential-facts" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16287/objectives-command-terms" >Objectives & command terms</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16288/grade-descriptors" >Grade descriptors</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16289/grade-boundaries" >Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16302/paper-1-multiple-choice" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16303/advice-to-students-paper-1" >Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31515/practice-paper-1-exams" >Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16305/paper-2" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16306/advice-to-students-paper-2" >Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16307/areas-of-difficulty" >Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16313/paper-3-" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16314/advice-to-students-paper-3" >Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16342/data-response-questions" >Data response questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20054/experimental-work-questions" >Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16324/the-examination-process" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16316/setting-the-exam-papers" >Setting the exam papers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16317/predicted-grades" >Predicted grades</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16318/marking-the-papers" >Marking the papers</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16319/commenting-on-the-exams" >Commenting on the exams</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16320/grade-awarding" >Grade Awarding</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16321/enquiry-upon-results" >Enquiry upon results</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16322/chief-examiners-report" >Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16323/retaking-the-exam" >Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/16325/faqs" >FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3147/ib-core" >IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3149/learner-profile" >Learner Profile</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21735/extended-essays-" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21736/overview-" >Overview </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21780/responsibilities" >Responsibilities</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21790/resources" >Resources</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21800/research" >Research</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21804/writing-the-essay" >Writing the essay</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/21810/assessment" >Assessment</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/22434/summary-of-advice-" >Summary of advice </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/25272/faqs-" >FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/307/theory-of-knowledge-tok" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41171/the-12-tok-concepts" >The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3507/why-tok-chemistry" >Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/3505/a-modern-paradigm" >A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions" >Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics" >SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics" >SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams" >SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic" >SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions" >SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17792/sl-questions-on-the-options" >SL Questions on the options</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-" >SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics" >HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics" >HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams-" >HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-" >HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions" >HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/17793/hl-questions-on-the-options" >HL Questions on the options</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics" >HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks-" >Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li class="selected" ><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-" >Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li class="selected" ><a 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<nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-">Complete course for students </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic" title="Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships" title="Topic 1 : Stoichiometric 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href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27968/131-first-row-d-block-elements" title="13.1 First-row d-block elements">13.1 First-row d-block elements</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27970/132-coloured-complexes" title="13.2 Coloured complexes">13.2 Coloured complexes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure" title="Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27972/41-ionic-bonding-structure-" title="4.1 Ionic bonding & structure ">4.1 Ionic bonding & structure </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i 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fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27989/51-measuring-energy-changes" title="5.1 Measuring energy changes">5.1 Measuring energy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27991/52-hesss-law" title="5.2 Hess's Law">5.2 Hess's Law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27992/53-bond-enthalpies-" title="5.3 Bond enthalpies ">5.3 Bond enthalpies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27993/151-energy-cycles" title="15.1 Energy cycles">15.1 Energy cycles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27994/152-entropy-spontaneity" title="15.2 Entropy & spontaneity">15.2 Entropy & spontaneity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics" title="Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27996/61-collision-theory-rates-of-reaction" title="6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction">6.1 Collision theory & rates of reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27997/161-rate-expression-reaction-mechanism" title="16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism">16.1 Rate expression & reaction mechanism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27998/162-activation-energy" title="16.2 Activation energy">16.2 Activation energy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium-" title="Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium ">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27999/71-equilibrium" title="7.1 Equilibrium">7.1 Equilibrium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28000/171-equilibrium-law" title="17.1 Equilibrium law">17.1 Equilibrium law</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases-" title="Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases ">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28002/81-theories-of-acids-bases" title="8.1 Theories of acids & bases">8.1 Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28010/82-properties-of-acids-bases" title="8.2 Properties of acids & bases">8.2 Properties of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28011/83-ph-scale" title="8.3 pH scale">8.3 pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28012/84-strong-weak-acids-bases" title="8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases">8.4 Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28013/85-acid-deposition-" title="8.5 Acid deposition ">8.5 Acid deposition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28014/181-lewis-acids-bases-" title="18.1 Lewis acids & bases ">18.1 Lewis acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28015/182-calculations-involving-acids-bases-" title="18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases ">18.2 Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28016/183-ph-titration-curves" title="18.3 pH titration curves">18.3 pH titration curves</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28031/topics-9-19-redox-process" title="Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28021/91-oxidation-reduction" title="9.1 Oxidation & reduction">9.1 Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28022/92-electrochemical-cells" title="9.2 Electrochemical cells">9.2 Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28023/191-electrochemical-cells-ahl" title="19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)">19.1 Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry" title="Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28042/101-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry" title="10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry">10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28043/1021-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers" title="10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">10.2(1) Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28044/1022-alcohols-" title="10.2(2) Alcohols ">10.2(2) Alcohols </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28047/1023-halogenoalkanes-benzene" title="10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene">10.2(3) Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28050/2011-nucleophilic-substitution-" title="20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution ">20.1(1) Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28051/2012-electrophilic-addition-" title="20.1(2) Electrophilic addition ">20.1(2) Electrophilic addition </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28053/2013-electrophilic-substitution" title="20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution">20.1(3) Electrophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28054/2014-reduction-reactions-" title="20.1(4) Reduction reactions ">20.1(4) Reduction reactions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28056/202-synthetic-routes-" title="20.2 Synthetic routes ">20.2 Synthetic routes </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28059/203-stereoisomerism-" title="20.3 Stereoisomerism ">20.3 Stereoisomerism </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis" title="Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28032/111-uncertainty-errors-" title="11.1 Uncertainty & errors ">11.1 Uncertainty & errors </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28033/112-graphical-techniques" title="11.2 Graphical techniques">11.2 Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28034/113-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds" title="11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">11.3 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28039/211-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl" title="21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">21.1 Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28074/option-a-materials-" title="Option A : Materials ">Option A : Materials </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28062/a1-introduction-to-materials-science-" title="A.1 Introduction to materials science ">A.1 Introduction to materials science </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28063/a2-metals-and-icp-spectroscopy" title="A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy">A.2 Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28065/a3-catalysts-" title="A.3 Catalysts ">A.3 Catalysts </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28066/a4-liquid-crystals" title="A.4 Liquid crystals">A.4 Liquid crystals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28067/a5-polymers" title="A.5 Polymers">A.5 Polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28069/a6-nanotechnology" title="A.6 Nanotechnology">A.6 Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28070/a7-environmental-impact-plastics" title="A.7 Environmental impact - plastics">A.7 Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28071/a8-superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-" title="A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography ">A.8 Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28072/a9-condensation-polymers" title="A.9 Condensation polymers">A.9 Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28073/a10-environmental-impact-heavy-metals" title="A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals">A.10 Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28087/option-b-biochemistry" title="Option B : Biochemistry">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28076/b1-introduction-to-biochemistry-" title="B.1 Introduction to biochemistry ">B.1 Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28078/b2-proteins-enzymes" title="B.2 Proteins & enzymes">B.2 Proteins & enzymes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28079/b3-lipids" title="B.3 Lipids">B.3 Lipids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28080/b4-carbohydrates" title="B.4 Carbohydrates">B.4 Carbohydrates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28081/b5-vitamins" title="B.5 Vitamins">B.5 Vitamins</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28082/b6-biochemistry-the-environment" title="B.6 Biochemistry & the environment">B.6 Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28083/b7-proteins-enzymes-ahl-" title="B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">B.7 Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28084/b8-nucleic-acids" title="B.8 Nucleic acids">B.8 Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28085/b9-biological-pigments" title="B.9 Biological pigments">B.9 Biological pigments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28086/b10-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules" title="B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules">B.10 Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28098/option-c-energy-" title="Option C : Energy ">Option C : Energy </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28088/c1-energy-sources-" title="C.1 Energy sources ">C.1 Energy sources </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28089/c2-fossil-fuels" title="C.2 Fossil fuels">C.2 Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28090/c3-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions" title="C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">C.3 Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28091/c4-solar-energy-" title="C.4 Solar energy ">C.4 Solar energy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28094/c5-environmental-impact-global-warming-" title="C.5 Environmental impact - global warming ">C.5 Environmental impact - global warming </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28095/c6-electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells" title="C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28096/c7-nuclear-fusion-fission-hl-" title="C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">C.7 Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28097/c8-photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs" title="C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">C.8 Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry" title="Option D : Medicinal chemistry">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28099/d1-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-" title="D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28100/d2-aspirin-penicillin" title="D.2 Aspirin & penicillin">D.2 Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28101/d3-opiates" title="D.3 Opiates">D.3 Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28103/d4-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach" title="D.4 pH regulation of the stomach">D.4 pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28102/d5-antiviral-medications" title="D.5 Antiviral medications">D.5 Antiviral medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28104/d6-environmental-impact-of-some-medications" title="D.6 Environmental impact of some medications">D.6 Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28105/d7-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-" title="D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study ">D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28107/d8-nuclear-medicine-" title="D.8 Nuclear medicine ">D.8 Nuclear medicine </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/28108/d9-drug-detection-analysis" title="D.9 Drug detection & analysis">D.9 Drug detection & analysis</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project-" title="Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) ">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41528/internal-assessment" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41529/scaffolding-the-investigation" title="'Scaffolding' the investigation">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41531/choosing-the-research-question" title="Choosing the research question">Choosing the research question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41532/personal-engagement-" title="Personal engagement ">Personal engagement </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41533/exploration" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41544/analysis-" title="Analysis ">Analysis </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41545/significant-figures-" title="Significant figures ">Significant figures </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41547/error-uncertainty" title="Error & uncertainty">Error & uncertainty</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41548/evaluation-" title="Evaluation ">Evaluation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41549/communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41550/genuine-examples-of-marked-ia-reports-" title="Genuine examples of marked IA reports ">Genuine examples of marked IA reports </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41657/group-4-project" title="Group 4 Project">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41387/approaches-to-learning-" title="Approaches to learning ">Approaches to learning </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a 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class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41382/reflection-skills-" title="Reflection skills ">Reflection skills </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41489/key-terms-concepts-" title="Key terms & concepts ">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named-" title="How the elements were named ">How the elements were named </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41490/nos-critical-thinking" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41493/the-culture-of-chemistry-" title="The Culture of Chemistry ">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41500/culture-of-chemistry-1" title="Culture of Chemistry (1)">Culture of Chemistry (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41501/culture-of-chemistry-2" title="Culture of Chemistry (2)">Culture of Chemistry (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41502/culture-of-chemistry-3" title="Culture of Chemistry (3)">Culture of Chemistry (3)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41503/culture-of-chemistry-4-" title="Culture of Chemistry (4) ">Culture of Chemistry (4) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41504/culture-of-chemistry-5" title="Culture of Chemistry (5)">Culture of Chemistry (5)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41494/nature-of-science-questions-" title="Nature of Science questions ">Nature of Science questions </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41498/nos-question-example-1-" title="NoS question - Example 1 ">NoS question - Example 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41499/nos-question-example-2-" title="NoS question - Example 2 ">NoS question - Example 2 </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41401/external-assessment-exams" title="External assessment (Exams)">External assessment (Exams)</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41403/essential-facts-" title="Essential Facts ">Essential Facts </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41404/objectives-command-terms-" title="Objectives & command terms ">Objectives & command terms </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41408/grade-boundaries-" title="Grade boundaries ">Grade boundaries </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41406/grade-descriptors-" title="Grade descriptors ">Grade descriptors </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41451/your-final-grade-not-good-enough-for-you-" title="Your final grade not good enough for you? ">Your final grade not good enough for you? </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41409/paper-1-multiple-choice-" title="Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) ">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41415/advice-to-students-paper-1-" title="Advice to students (Paper 1) ">Advice to students (Paper 1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41416/practice-paper-1-exams-" title="Practice Paper 1 exams ">Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41417/paper-2-" title="Paper 2 ">Paper 2 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41418/advice-to-students-paper-2-" title="Advice to students (Paper 2) ">Advice to students (Paper 2) </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41419/areas-of-difficulty-" title="Areas of difficulty ">Areas of difficulty </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41426/understanding-the-activity-series" title="Understanding the activity series">Understanding the activity series</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41422/vsepr" title="VSEPR">VSEPR</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41421/ie-graphs-" title="IE graph(s) ">IE graph(s) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41420/misuse-of-formulas-" title="Misuse of formulas ">Misuse of formulas </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41425/manipulating-equilibrium-constants-" title="Manipulating equilibrium constants ">Manipulating equilibrium constants </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41428/curly-arrows" title="'Curly arrows'">'Curly arrows'</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41424/understanding-and-using-g-" title="Understanding and using ΔG ">Understanding and using Δ<em>G </em> </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41430/factors-affecting-the-rate-of-nucleophilic-substitution-reaction" title="Factors affecting the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions ">Factors affecting the rate of nucleophilic substitution reactions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41427/using-electrode-potentials-" title="Using electrode potentials ">Using electrode potentials </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41429/understanding-hybridization-" title="Understanding hybridization ">Understanding hybridization </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41431/paper-3-" title="Paper 3 ">Paper 3 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41432/advice-to-students-paper-3-" title="Advice to students (Paper 3) ">Advice to students (Paper 3) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41433/data-response-questions-" title="Data response questions ">Data response questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41441/experimental-work-questions-" title="Experimental work questions ">Experimental work questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41662/extended-essay-" title="Extended Essay ">Extended Essay </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41685/preparation" title="Preparation">Preparation</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41663/aims-objectives" title="Aims & objectives">Aims & objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41665/your-responsibilities" title="Your responsibilities">Your responsibilities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41785/choosing-the-subject" title="Choosing the subject">Choosing the subject</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander 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Students tend to enjoy studying it as they can easily relate to medicines and drugs and how they can affect their...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F28109%2Foption-d-medicinal-chemistry"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Complete course for students " href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students-">Complete course for students </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>Option D : Medicinal chemistry</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><section id="main-content"><div class="box"><h2><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/AIDS%20poster%20(small).jpg" style="width: 2px; height: 1px;" />Introduction to <img alt="" height="21" src="/img/tib-icons/standard-level-32.png" title="" width="21" /> <img alt="" height="21" src="/img/tib-icons/higher-level-32.png" title="" width="21" /> D.1 to D.6 and <img alt="" height="21" src="/img/tib-icons/higher-level-32.png" title="" width="21" /> D.7 to D.9</h2><p>Option D : Medicinal chemistry is one of the most popular options worldwide at both Standard and Higher Level. Students tend to enjoy studying it as they can easily relate to medicines and drugs and how they can affect their own body. It has some similarities to Option B in that it deals with some quite complex molecules so the emphasis is on understanding how they function and recognizing the important functional groups they contain rather than just learning structures. Indeed virtually all the structures you need are given in Section 37 of the IB Chemistry data booklet. You might be tempted to think that it would be a useful preparation if you want to go on and study medicine; but in reality it probably does not make much difference which one of the four options you study now that they all contain the same four strands of quantitative, analytical, environmental and organic chemistry.</p><p style="text-align: center; "><img alt="" class="right" height="238" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/AIDS poster (small).jpg" title="I saw this advertising hoarding outside a college in Dar es Salaam. " width="448" /></p><p>There is some material in this option which you need to study responsibly. There are antibiotics such as penicillin which are used to treat sexually transmitted diseases and the syllabus also covers anti-virals which are used to treat conditions such as HIV / AIDS. Similarly the fact that diamorphine (heroin) is on the syllabus may raise a few eyebrows. However there is serious chemistry behind the study of these substances and you should be aware of the social harm that the abuse of drugs such as ethanol (alcohol) and diamorphine (heroin) can cause as well as understanding the chemistry associated with them.</p>This option starts by looking at how medicines and drugs affect the body, how they are administered and how new drugs are developed. It then looks at specific classes of drugs which include analgesics (both mild and opiates), penicillins, antacids and antivirals and the environmental impact of using some medications. Higher Level students then look in detail at how one particular drug (taxol) is made using chiral auxiliaries, the use of nuclear isotopes in radiotherapy and how drugs can be detected and analysed.<hr class="hidden" /></div><hr class="hidden" /><div class="pinkBg"><h2>Associated pages</h2><div class="index-list"><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28099/d1-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.1-melatonin(1).png')" title="D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action "></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28099/d1-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-">D.1 Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to discuss experimental foundations for the therapeutic index and the therapeutic window through both animal and human studies...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28100/d2-aspirin-penicillin'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.2-amicillin-(1).png')" title="D.2 Aspirin & penicillin"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28100/d2-aspirin-penicillin">D.2 Aspirin & penicillin</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to explain the synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid, including yield, purity by recrystallisation and characterization using infrared spectroscopy and melting point...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28101/d3-opiates'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.3-morphine.png')" title="D.3 Opiates"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28101/d3-opiates">D.3 Opiates</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to explain the synthesis of codeine and diamorphine from morphine and use their chemical structure and solubility to explain the increased potency of diamorphine compared to morphine..</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28103/d4-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.4-h-h-equation.png')" title="D.4 pH regulation of the stomach"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28103/d4-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach">D.4 pH regulation of the stomach</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to explain how compounds, such as omeprazole (Prilosec) and esomeprazole (Nexium), are used to suppress acid secretion in the stomach...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28102/d5-antiviral-medications'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.5-global-hiv-rates.png')" title="D.5 Antiviral medications"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28102/d5-antiviral-medications">D.5 Antiviral medications</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to compare the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir and discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28104/d6-environmental-impact-of-some-medications'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.6-radioactive-waste.png')" title="D.6 Environmental impact of some medications"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28104/d6-environmental-impact-of-some-medications">D.6 Environmental impact of some medications</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to discuss the environmental issues related to left-over solvents and explain how green chemistry was used to develop the precursor for oseltamivir (Tamiflu)...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28105/d7-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.7-polarimeter.png')" title="D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study "></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28105/d7-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-">D.7 Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study </a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomeric product and explain how a polarimeter can be used to identify enantiomers...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28107/d8-nuclear-medicine-'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.8-mri.png')" title="D.8 Nuclear medicine "></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28107/d8-nuclear-medicine-">D.8 Nuclear medicine </a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to balance nuclear equations that involve alpha and beta particles and explain why technetium-99m is the most common radioisotope used in nuclear medicine...</p></div></div><div class="item"><div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/chemistry/page/28108/d9-drug-detection-analysis'" style="background-image: url('/media/ib/chemistry/images/student-learning/options/d.9-gc-ms(1).png')" title="D.9 Drug detection & analysis"></div><div class="content"><h4 class="head"><a href="/chemistry/page/28108/d9-drug-detection-analysis">D.9 Drug detection & analysis</a></h4><p class="body">After studying this topic you should be able to describe how chromatography and mass spectroscopy can be used to detect the presence of steroids in sport and explain how alcohol can be detected by using a breathalyzer...</p><p class="body"></p><hr class="hidden" /><p class="body"></p></div></div></div></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Option+D+%3A+Medicinal+chemistry%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F28109%2Foption-d-medicinal-chemistry"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F28109%2Foption-d-medicinal-chemistry&t=Option+D+:+Medicinal+chemistry"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F28109%2Foption-d-medicinal-chemistry"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F28109%2Foption-d-medicinal-chemistry"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Option D : Medicinal chemistry&body=Option D : Medicinal chemistry is one of the most popular options worldwide at both Standard and Higher Level. 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