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<title>DP Chemistry: Biological pigments </title>
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biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969683" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> B.9 Biological pigments (3 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>One of the most beautiful sights in nature is the changing colour of autumn leaves (or fall leaves in the US). Other than haemoglobin and myoglobin, virtually all of the biological pigments covered in this sub-topic can be found in autumn leaves.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/Cotswolds-autumn-.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 338px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">Image taken during an autumn visit to <a href="http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-8j9ce8">Westonbirt arboretum</a> in the UK</p><p>The leaves on trees contain many plant pigments but the dominant one during the spring and summer is chlorophyll. It is the presence of chlorophyll, which acts to absorb energy from sunlight and enable photosynthesis to occur, that gives leaves their characteristic green colour. During the growing season the chlorophyll is replenished as it is used up but as the temperature falls during the autumn the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves decreases as it is converted into colourless tetrapyrroles. Now other pigments present in the leaves become unmasked. Carotenoids are present throughout the year. The extended conjugation systems of the carotenoids produce the well-known orange, yellow and brown colours and the hues in between of autumn leaves. Another group of biological pigment develop in the leaves during late summer. These are the anthocyanins and cause the fiery red colours in the leaves of many hardwood trees such as maple and oak.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div><h2 id="anchor-2">Nature of science</h2><p>The use of spectroscopy to measure absorbance quantitatively now provides a reliable means of communicating data based on colour. This was previously more subjective and difficult to replicate.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand:</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Biological pigments are coloured compounds that are produced by metabolism.</li><li>The colour of pigments is caused by highly conjugated systems with delocalized electrons, which have intense absorption bands in the visible region.</li><li>Porphyrin compounds, for example, haemoglobin, myoglobin, chlorophyll and many cytochromes, are metal chelates with large nitrogen-containing macrocyclic ligands.</li><li>Haemoglobin and myoglobin contain haem groups in which the porphyrin group is bound to an iron(II) ion.</li><li>The iron ion in the haem groups in cytochromes interconverts between iron(II) and iron(III) during redox reactions.</li><li>Anthocyanins are aromatic, water-soluble pigments widely distributed in plants. The specific colour of anthocyanins depends on metal ions and the pH.</li><li>Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments that absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis. They are susceptible to oxidation, catalysed by light.<hr class="hidden"></li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Explain the sigmoidal shape of haemoglobin’s oxygen dissociation curve in terms of the cooperative binding of haemoglobin to oxygen.</li><li>Discuss the factors (include temperature, pH and carbon dioxide) that influence oxygen saturation of haemoglobin.</li><li>Describe the greater affinity that fetal haemoglobin has for oxygen.</li><li>Explain the action of carbon monoxide as a competitive inhibitor of oxygen binding.</li><li>Outline the factors that affect the stabilities of anthocyanins, carotenoids and chlorophyll in relation to their structures.</li><li>Explain the ability of anthocyanins to act as acid-base indicators based on their sensitivity to pH.</li><li>Describe the function of photosynthetic pigments in trapping light energy during photosynthesis.</li><li>Investigate different pigments using paper and thin layer chromatography.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The structures of chlorophyll, haem B and specific examples of anthocyanins and carotenoids can be found in Section 35 of the data booklet. Details of the names of other pigment and their structures are not required.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The explanation of cooperative binding in haemoglobin should be limited to conformational changes occurring in one polypeptide when it becomes oxygenated.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>A knowledge of the specific colour changes that occur as the conditions change for biological pigments is not required.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-5">International-mindedness</h4><p>Artificial colourings are often added during the commercial preparation and processing of food. This can cause problems for international trade as the list of approved food colouring additives varies greatly by country and there is no universal standard.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>There is a lot of good chemistry in this sub-topic, much of which can build upon material already covered in the core/AHL and B.2 for <em>R</em><sub>f</sub> values and chromatography.</p><p>The important concept for students to understand is that double bonds normally absorb ultraviolet light as the pi electrons are promoted to a higher energy level (usually a non-bonding orbital) but when there is extensive conjugation the energy required decreases and falls within the visible region. The actual colour seen is the transmitted light, which is the complementary colour to the light absorbed. Anything that affects the amount of conjugation e.g. a change in pH will affect the precise colour observed.</p><p>Explain how cooperative binding occurs in haemoglobin. When one oxygen molecule binds to one of the four haem groups it causes a strain that is transmitted through the porphyrin complex to the other three groups. This alters the shape of the entire haemoglobin molecule making it easier for more oxygen atoms to bind so increasing further its affinity to bind to oxygen. This increases the efficiency of oxygen transport around the body. Distinguish between adult and fetal haemoglobin and explain how fetal haemoglobin must have a greater affinity for oxygen in order to allow oxygen to diffuse from the mother to the foetus across the placenta. Factors that affect the active site e.g. pH, temperature and carbon dioxide will affect haemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen. Carbon monoxide irreversibly occupies the active site and so acts as a poison.</p><p>Pigments can easily be separated by chromatography (paper or thin-layer) as no dye or staining is necessary to see the spots after elution. Thin-layer has the advantage that individual component pigments can be obtained in a pure form by extracting each one separately from the silica layer in a solvent then simply evaporating the solvent.</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study Guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 1<b>3</b>7 & 138</span></b></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25033/mc-test-biological-pigments-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Biological pigments » MC test: Biological pigments">MC test: Biological pigments</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19365/biological-pigments-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option B » Biological pigments » Biological pigments questions ">Biological pigments questions </a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../24870/biological-pigments-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Biological pigments » Biological pigments answers">Biological pigments answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">porphyrin<br>haemoglobin (or hemoglobin)<br>foetal (or fetal)<br>myoglobin<br>cytochrome<br>anthocyanin<br>cooperative binding<br>thin-layer chromatography (TLC)</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="482"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp1.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp2.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp3.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp4.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp5.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp6.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp7.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp8.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp19.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp19.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp10.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp11.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp12.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp12.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp13.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp13.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-482/bp14.png" rel="gallery-482" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp14.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Biological pigments: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp19-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp12-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp13-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-482/bp14-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A good description of haemoglobin and cooperative binding by Interactive biology which is also put into a biological context at about the correct level for this course.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/MKGhoC1Bf-I?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/MKGhoC1Bf-I" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Haemoglobin & the oxygen dissociation curve</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> How to carry out thin-layer chromatography.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/qdmKGskCyh8?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/qdmKGskCyh8" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Thin-layer chromatography</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div><h4></h4><p style="text-align: center; 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