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biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969681" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> B.8 Nucleic acids (2 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/Richard_III_earliest_surviving_portrait.jpg" style="width: 233px; height: 314px; float: left;" title="Richard III (1452 - 1485) (Image from Wikimedia Commons)">It's not every day that you find a king buried under a public car park. Archaeologists from Leicester University have <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leicestershire-21063882">confirmed "beyond reasonable doubt" </a>that a skeleton found beneath a car park in Leicester, U.K. is that of the Plantagenet king Richard III who died at the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. It was known that his body had been buried hastily in the Church of Greyfriars in Leicester. However the church was destroyed in the Reformation in the sixteenth century and the site of the church was lost. So how can a body that has been in the ground for more than five hundred years be positively identified? There is no one definitive piece of evidence but many separate clues which all add up to a near certain confirmation. The skeleton was that of a male in his late twenties or early thirties and Richard III was 32 when he died. There were several wounds on the body including eight to the head, which suggests that the victim died in battle. Carbon dating showed the bones to be from between 1455 and 1540 and there was also evidence of curvature of the spine which fits in with Richard III being the 'hunchback' king. Of relevance to this sub-topic is the DNA profiling evidence. To be able to get DNA from a skeleton that is 500 years old is amazing in itself but by carrying out the profile it has been shown to match living descendants through the maternal line. The BBC has <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/0/20205874">produced a good article detailing how DNA testing works</a>.</p><p>Richard III was reburied in Leicester Cathedral in March 2015. For a controversial account read the <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/26/britain-king-richard-iii-tyrant">article written by Polly Toynbee in the Guardian.</a></p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div><h2 id="anchor-2">Nature of science</h2><p>Scientists used models and diffraction experiments to determine the structure of DNA. This is a good example of the use of different approaches to solve the same problem.</p>The use of X-ray diffraction provided evidence for the double helix, which led to the explanation of how DNA functions.<hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand:</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Nucleotides are condensation products formed from a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous base—adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U).</li><li>Polynucleotides are formed by condensation reactions.</li><li>DNA comprises a double helix made of two polynucleotide strands bonded together by hydrogen bonds.</li><li>RNA is usually a single polynucleotide chain containing uracil in the place of thymine, and ribose in the place of deoxyribose.</li><li>The sequence of bases in DNA determines the primary structure of proteins which are synthesized by the cell using a universal triplet code, known as the genetic code.</li><li>Genetically modified organisms have genetic material that has been altered by genetic engineering techniques, involving the transfer of DNA between species.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Explain the stability of DNA in terms of the interactions between its hydrophilic and hydrophobic components.</li><li>Explain the origin of the negative charge on DNA and its association with basic proteins (histones) in chromosomes.</li><li>Deduce the sequence of nucleotides in a complementary strand of DNA or a molecule of RNA from a given polynucleotide sequence.</li><li>Explain how the complementary pairing between bases enables DNA to replicate itself exactly.</li><li>Discuss the benefits and concerns of using genetically modified foods.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The structures of the nitrogenous bases and ribose and deoxyribose sugars can be found in Section 34 in the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The different forms of RNA, nor the details of DNA replication are not required to be known.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The expression of DNA should be limited to the concept of a four-unit base code determining a twenty-unit amino acid sequence. The details of transcription and translation are not required.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-5">International-mindedness</h4><p>The goal of the Human Genome Project, an international research programme, l was to complete the mapping and sequencing of all the genes in the human genome.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The policies for labelling genetically modified (GM) foods vary greatly from country to country.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>What effect does the protection of genetically modified organisms by international patents have on the global economy and scientific community?</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>The secret to students grasping this topic well is to get them to understand how adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine and how cytosine can form three hydrogen bonds with guanine. This is often asked on examination papers but also is the key to the genetic code as it helps to explain how DNA replicates. You will also need to explain that the phosphate groups in polynucleotides carry a negative charge so that effectively 'molecules' of DNA and RNA are negative polyions. These hydrophilic phosphate groups can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and with basic proteins, called histones, found in the chromosomes in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. The intermolecular bonds formed between the hydrophilic parts of the polynucleotide chains and between the hydrophobic parts (due to the nitrogenous bases) help to stabilise the double-helical shape.</p><p>Use models and videos to show this this and use the structures given in Section 34 of the data booklet.</p><p>Stress how messenger RNA is used in translation for direct protein synthesis using the genetic triplet code and how this has led to the complete sequence of bases in human DNA - the human genome project - in 2000.</p><p>Explain how genetic engineering can be used to modify the DNA in foods to produce higher yields and crops that are more resistant to disease etc. Get students to debate the pros and cons of genetic engineering.</p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study Guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page </span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">163</span></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../24993/mc-test-nucleic-acids-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Nucleic acids » MC test: Nucleic acids">MC test: Nucleic acids</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19360/nucleic-acids-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option B » Nucleic acids » Nucleic acids questions ">Nucleic acids questions </a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../24869/nucleic-acids-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Nucleic acids » Nucleic acids answers">Nucleic acids answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>nucleotide<br>polynucleotide<br>adenine<br>thymine<br>cytosine<br>guanine<br>uracil<br>histone<br>triplet code<br>codon<br>deoxyribonucleic acid<br>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)<br>RNA (ribonucleic acid)<br>human genome</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="470"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na1.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na2.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na3.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na4.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na5.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na6.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na7.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na8.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na9.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na9.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na10.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-470/na11.png" rel="gallery-470" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Nucleic acids: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-470/na11-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><br><img alt="" height="297" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/doublehelix.jpg" width="448"></p><p><br>A useful image to show the double helix and the hydrogen bonding that occurs between the bases. You can download a similar image of this from <a href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/molecular%20biology/dsDNA.jpg">Brooklyn</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2</strong>. <a href="http://www.kidslovekits.com/projects/DNAmodel/">Information</a> on how students can make their own model of DNA. If you are short of cash then there is an interesting <a href="http://www.scienceinschool.org/2006/issue2/dna/">article in School Science</a> on how students can make a model using just recycled materials.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A TED talk by James Watson on the discovery of DNA and some of today's DNA mysteries.</p><p style="text-align: center; "><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/2HgL5OFip-0?rel=0" width="360"></iframe>.</p><p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2HgL5OFip-0">TED talk: James Watson on DNA <img class="ico" src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/video.png"> </a></p><p style="text-align: center; "></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4. </strong>A useful podcast from the Royal Society of Chemistry on <audio controls="true"><source src="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_DNA_tcm18-200954.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></audio><div class="text-right gray"><small><em>DNA <img class="ico" src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/audio.png"></em></small></div><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>5. </strong>For a reasonably balanced article on the advantages and disadvantages of GM food see <a href="http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/truth-about-gmos">WebMD</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>6.</strong></p><p> <img alt="" class="noborder left" height="138" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/double%20helix%20by%20watson.jpg" width="90">For those with a real interest in the subject it is well worth reading the personal account of James Watson in his acclaimed book <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Double-Helix-Personal-Discovery-Structure/dp/074321630X">The Double Helix</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><p style="text-align: center; "></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19347" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Nucleic+acids+++%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19347%2Fnucleic-acids-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19347%2Fnucleic-acids-&t=Nucleic+acids+++"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19347%2Fnucleic-acids-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19347%2Fnucleic-acids-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Nucleic acids &body=It's not every day that you find a king buried under a public car park. 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