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href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction 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biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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global warming</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19450/environmental-impact-global-warming-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming questions ">Environmental impact - global warming questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25190/environmental-impact-global-warming-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming answers">Environmental impact - global warming answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a 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title="Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25269/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-hl-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19468/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions ">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25205/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25302/mc-test-photovoltaic-cells-dsscs-1.html" title="MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs">MC test: Photovoltaic cells & DSSCs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19471/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-questions--1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions ">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25206/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-answers-1.html" title="Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" title="Option D">Option D</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25440/mc-test-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-1.html" title="MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action">MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19154/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-questions--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25270/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-answers--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin ">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin answers ">Aspirin & penicillin answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html" title="Opiates">Opiates</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25494/mc-test-opiates-1.html" title="MC test: Opiates">MC test: Opiates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19176/opiates-questions-1.html" title="Opiates questions">Opiates questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25356/opiates-answers--1.html" title="Opiates answers ">Opiates answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25683/mc-test-ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="MC test: pH regulation of the stomach">MC test: pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19185/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-questions--1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach questions ">pH regulation of the stomach questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25391/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-answers-1.html" title="pH regulation of the stomach answers">pH regulation of the stomach answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html" title="Antiviral medications ">Antiviral medications </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25685/mc-test-antiviral-medications-1.html" title="MC test: Antiviral medications">MC test: Antiviral medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19195/antiviral-medications-questions-1.html" title="Antiviral medications questions">Antiviral medications questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25521/antiviral-medications-answers--1.html" title="Antiviral medications answers ">Antiviral medications answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25686/mc-test-environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact of some medications">MC test: Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19216/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-questions-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications questions">Environmental impact of some medications questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25628/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact of some medications answers">Environmental impact of some medications answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html" title="Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25687/mc-test-taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html" title="MC test: Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study">MC test: Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19256/taxol-questions--1.html" title="Taxol questions ">Taxol questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25638/taxol-answers-1.html" title="Taxol answers">Taxol answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html" title="Nuclear medicine ">Nuclear medicine </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26020/mc-test-nuclear-medicine-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear medicine">MC test: Nuclear medicine</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19270/nuclear-medicine-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear medicine questions ">Nuclear medicine questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25656/nuclear-medicine-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear medicine answers">Nuclear medicine answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html" title="Drug detection & analysis ">Drug detection & analysis </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26047/mc-test-drug-detection-analysis-1.html" title="MC test: Drug detection & analysis">MC test: Drug detection & analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672974422" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><p>Written specifically for students to provide help and support for the IB Diploma chemistry programme this page provides full coverage of the syllabus content of Option B - sub topic B.7. It encourages you to think critically and provides many questions with full worked answers so that you can monitor and improve your knowledge and understanding.</p><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Learning outcomes</h2><p>After studying this topic you should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Inhibitors have an important role in the regulation of enzyme activities.</li><li>Both amino acids and proteins can function as buffers in aqueous solution.</li><li>Calibration curves, based on known standards, obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy are commonly used to assay proteins.</li></ul><strong>Apply your knowledge to:</strong><ul><li>Determine the maximum rate of reaction, <em>V</em><sub>max</sub>, and the value of the <span data-scayt-word="Michaelis" data-wsc-lang="en_US">Michaelis</span> constant, <em>K</em><sub>m</sub>, for an enzyme using graphical means, and explain their significance.</li><li>Compare the competitive and non-competitive inhibition of enzymes with reference to the protein structure, the active site and the <span data-scayt-word="allosteric" data-wsc-lang="en_US">allosteric</span> site.</li><li>Explain the concept of product inhibition in metabolic pathways.</li><li>Calculate the pH of buffer solutions, including those used in protein analysis and in reactions involving amino acids in solution.</li><li>Use the Beer–Lambert law to determine the concentration of a protein in solution from a calibration curve.<hr class="hidden"></li></ul></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2>Relationships & vocabulary</h2><h4>Nature of science</h4><p>The “induced fit” model for enzymes, which superseded the “lock and key” hypothesis, is a good example of how theories develop in science.<br><br>The collaboration between scientists to synthesize new enzymes and to control desired reactions, such as waste control, demonstrates collaboration and taking ethical considerations into account.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>In many parts of the world technologies based on enzyme activity (e.g. brewing and cheese making) go back centuries and are often associated with particular place names.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>Vocabulary</h4><table><tbody><tr><td>induced fit theory</td><td><em>V</em><sub>max</sub></td><td>Michaelis-Menten constant, <em>K</em><sub>m</sub></td><td>substrate</td></tr><tr><td>active site</td><td>competitive inhibitor</td><td>non-competitive inhibitor</td><td>allosteric site</td></tr></tbody></table><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"></div><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/Maud-Menton.jpg" style="width: 220px; height: 282px; float: right;">The syllabus refers to the Michaelis constant, <em>K</em><sub>m</sub>, which is technically correct, but it comes from the Michaelis-Menton equation and it seems a pity that the –Menton is often left out when the constant is referred to.</p><p>The Michaelis-Menton equation is one of the most famous mathematical relationships in biochemistry. It describes how the reaction rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions depends upon the concentration of the substrate. Leonor Michaelis was a German biochemist working in Berlin. In 1912 the Canadian, Maud Menton went to Germany to work with him and their paper on enzyme kinetics was <a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bi201284u/suppl_file/bi201284u_si_001.pdf">published jointly in 1913</a>. Maud Menton is a superb role model for any of your female students who are thinking of pursuing a career as a research scientist.</p><p>She achieved a Masters degree from Toronto University and went on to become one of the first women doctors in Canada. Not only is she famous for her work on enzyme kinetics but also she was the first person to separate proteins by using electrophoresis and published over 100 scientific papers in her lifetime. Later she became a Professor at the University of Pittsburgh and worked on cancer research. <a href="http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/professor-maud-l-menten">By all accounts</a> she was a polymath. She spoke six different languages and was an accomplished musician and artist. She and her Model T Ford car, which she drove for over 30 years, were renowned in the Pittsburgh area.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><div><h2 id="anchor-2">Nature of science</h2><p>The “induced fit” model for enzymes, which superseded the “lock and key” hypothesis, is a good example of how theories develop in science.<br><br>The collaboration between scientists to synthesize new enzymes and to control desired reactions, such as waste control, demonstrates collaboration and taking ethical considerations into account.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Inhibitors have an important role in the regulation of enzyme activities.</li><li>Both amino acids and proteins can function as buffers in aqueous solution.</li><li>Calibration curves, based on known standards, obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy are commonly used to assay proteins.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Determine the maximum rate of reaction, <em>V</em><sub>max</sub>, and the value of the Michaelis constant, <em>K</em><sub>m</sub>, for an enzyme using graphical means, and explain their significance.</li><li>Compare the competitive and non-competitive inhibition of enzymes with reference to the protein structure, the active site and the allosteric site.</li><li>Explain the concept of product inhibition in metabolic pathways.</li><li>Calculate the pH of buffer solutions, including those used in protein analysis and in reactions involving amino acids in solution.</li><li>Use the Beer–Lambert law to determine the concentration of a protein in solution from a calibration curve.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The effects of competitive and non-competitive inhibitors on <em>V</em><sub>max</sub> and <em>K</em><sub>m</sub> values should be included.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation can be found in Section 1 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Knowledge of particular reagents and wavelengths is not required when covering the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-5">International-mindedness</h4><p>In many parts of the world technologies based on enzyme activity (e.g. brewing and cheese making) go back centuries and are often associated with particular place names.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">There are really three almost separate concepts to teach in this sub-topic.</span></span></p><p>The first builds on <a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes ">B.2: Proteins & enzymes </a> in terms of the three-dimensional structures of enzymes. Stress that enzymes are extremely efficient catalysts. They lower the necessary activation energy considerably - but only for a particular reaction.</p><p>Cover the 'lock and key' mechanism to show how the substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme but emphasise the modification to this in the induced fit theory.</p><p>Explain <em>V</em><sub>max</sub> in terms of enzyme saturation and stress the importance of ½<em>V</em><sub>max</sub>, i.e. the Michaelis-Menten constant <em>K</em><sub>m</sub>.</p><p>Use graphs to show and help explain the effects of both types of inhibitors - competitive and non-competitive.</p><p>You will then need to build upon what has already been covered in topics <a href="../18250/acid-base-calculations-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 8 & 18 » Acid base calculations">18.2: Acid base calculations</a> and <a href="chemistry/page/18255/ph-curves" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 8 & 18 » pH curves">18.3 pH curves</a> by including buffer calculations with particular reference to amino acids. The syllabus gives the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation but encourage students to understand the derivation of this from first principles (see Pause for thought' in <a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Options » Option D » pH regulation of the stomach">Option D.4: pH regulation of the stomach</a>).</p><p>Finally you will need to introduce them to UV-Vis spectroscopy and explain how the Beer-Lambert law can lead to calibration curves for dilute solutions. The concentration of a protein (with a dye attached if necessary in solution) can be found by first measuring its absorbance and then reading the concentration by interpolating the calibration curve.</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study Guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 133 & 134 </span></b></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../24962/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-ahl-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes (HL) » MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)">MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19341/proteins-enzymes-hl-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes (HL) » Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions ">Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions </a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../24867/proteins-enzymes-hl-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes (HL) » Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers">Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>induced fit theory<br><em>V</em><sub>max</sub><br>Michaelis-Menten constant, <em>K</em><sub>m</sub><br>substrate<br>competitive inhibitor<br>non-competitive inhibitor<br>active site<br>allosteric site</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="462"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/71.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/71.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/72.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/72.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/73.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/73.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/74.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/74.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/75.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/75.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/76.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/76.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/77.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/77.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/78.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/78.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/79.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/79.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/710.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/710.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/711.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/711.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/712.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/712.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/713.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/713.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/714.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/714.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-462/715.png" rel="gallery-462" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/715.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes (AHL): </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/71-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/72-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/73-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/74-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/75-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/76-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/77-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/78-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/79-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/710-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/711-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/712-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/713-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/714-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-462/715-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2>Other resources</h2><p><strong>1.</strong> You can find many videos on enzyme kinetics by searching. This one is a lecture on enzyme kinetics, which includes the Michaelis-Menton equation.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Qd8uUaC9_ks?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/Qd8uUaC9_ks" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Enzyme kinetics</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> A search on the web will also produce many articles on enzyme kinetics. One quite useful one is from <a href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/EnzymeKinetics.html">Kimballs biology</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A video showing how practically how proteins can be assayed using UV-Vis spectroscopy.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/n2wPKm9gvI4?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/n2wPKm9gvI4" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Protein assay</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4. </strong>A good explanation of pH and buffer solutions by Bozeman Science, which refers to amino acids and protein structure.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/rIvEvwViJGk?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="Browse server to select file" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span> pH and buffer solutions</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div><p style="text-align: center; "></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19336" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Proteins+%26+enzymes+%28AHL%29+++%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19336%2Fproteins-enzymes-hl-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19336%2Fproteins-enzymes-hl-&t=Proteins+&+enzymes+(AHL)+++"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19336%2Fproteins-enzymes-hl-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19336%2Fproteins-enzymes-hl-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Proteins & enzymes (AHL) &body=Written specifically for students to provide help and support for the IB Diploma chemistry programme this page provides full coverage of the syllabus content of Option B - sub topic B.7. 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