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biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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href="../25270/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-answers--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin ">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin answers 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969672" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> B.4 Carbohydrates (2 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p><strong>Stereochemistry of glucose</strong></p><p>Although glucose is a simple sugar and a well-known compound, its structure and how it can be represented does pose some problems. It contains four chiral centres. This means that theoretically 2<sup>4</sup> (i.e. 16) stereoisomers are possible, arranged in eight diastereoisomeric pairs. This was first recognised by <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/">Emil Fischer, a German chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1902</a>. Fischer arbitrarily labelled any glucose structure where the –OH bonded to the last chiral carbon atom next to the aldose group (furthest from the aldehyde group) on the right as the D- form. This is for convenience and does not relate to whether the stereoisomer is the <em>d-</em> or <em>l-</em> form in terms of the rotation of plane polarized light. The eight possible stereoisomers of the D form, drawn in what are known as Fischer structures are thus:</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/D-diastereoisomers-of-glucose.jpg" style="width: 527px; height: 125px;"></p>Fischer had a 50:50 chance of choosing the D- form rather than the L- form, luckily he guessed correctly.<hr class="hidden"><p>In solution the –OH group on the fifth carbon atom forms an ether linkage with the first carbon atom and the carbonyl group is converted into an alcohol. If the –OH group formed on the first carbon atom is on the opposite side of the ring to the sixth carbon atom then it is known as the alpha- form.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/Fischer---Haworth.jpg" style="width: 419px; height: 243px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>The syllabus uses the Haworth projection, which is a convenient way to show the stereochemistry. The ring drawn in the chair conformation shows both the conformation and stereochemistry but is not required by the IB.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/chair-conformation-of-glucose.jpg" style="width: 280px; height: 216px;"></p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of Science</h2><p>Understanding the stereochemistry of carbohydrates is the key to understanding their structural roles in cells. By making carbon and hydrogen implicit, models using Haworth projections help to focus on the nature and position of attached groups.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h3><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "></span></b></h3><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></span></b></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><ul><li>The general formula of carbohydrates is C<sub>x</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>y</sub>.</li><li>The cyclic structures of monosaccharides can be represented by Haworth projections.</li><li>Monosaccharides contain several –OH groups and either an aldehyde group (aldose) or a ketone group (ketose).</li><li>In solution, the straight chain forms of sugars cyclize to form ring structures which contain an ether linkage.</li><li>Disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed when monosaccharides condense forming glycosidic bonds.</li><li>Carbohydrates are used as energy sources and energy reserves.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Deduce the structural formulas of disaccharides and polysaccharides from given monosaccharides.</li><li>Relate the properties and functions of monosaccharides and polysaccharides to their chemical structures.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The straight chain and α-ring forms of glucose and fructose can be found Section 34 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The following are <strong>not </strong>required:<br>The component monosaccharides of specific disaccharides.<br>The linkage details of polysaccharides.<br>The distinction between α- and β- forms.<br>The structure of cellulose.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4>Sugar is a major international commodity that is produced in about 130 different countries. About three-quarters of the production comes from sugar cane in tropical and subtropical regions with the remainder coming from sugar beet that is cultivated in temperate climates.<hr class="hidden">The World Health Organization projects that deaths from diabetes (a chronic disease that occurs when the body cannot effectively regulate blood sugar, due to a failure in the production or functioning of insulin) will double<br>between 2005 and 2030.<hr class="hidden">Lactose intolerance is due to a failure to produce sufficient levels of lactase, the enzyme that hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose. Globally, lactose intolerance (a condition in which the individual is not able to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products) is the norm and provides an example of a Western perspective invading science.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>This can be quite a difficult topic to teach, particularly the isomers of glucose but hopefully you can put the information in ‘Pause for though above’ to good use. Start by looking at the different forms of monosaccharides then go on to stress the loss of water during their condensation reactions to form different types of di- and polysaccharides In fact, the condensation reactions of sugars have already been covered in <a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry ">B.1: Introduction to biochemistry</a> so can be reinforced here. If you can get students to make three-dimensional models using a modelling kit such as <a href="http://www.molymod.com/">Molymod</a> it will aid their understanding of the structures of sugars, how they cyclise (and also the difference between the alpha- and beta- forms although this distinction is not actually required) and which linkages are formed when they undergo condensation reactions.</p><p>The functions of carbohydrates (including, energy source, storage of energy in the form of glycogen, dietary fibre and as biological precursors) are mainly just memorising although their many polar hydroxyl groups an be used to explain their solubility in water. Stress that carbohydrates are not such a good energy source (weight for weight) as fats as they are already in a partially oxidized form. An example of their use as a precursor is their role in the biosynthesis of proteins as they are components of nucleic acids.</p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page 1</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">30</span><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../24851/mc-test-carbohydrates-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Carbohydrates » MC test: Carbohydrates">MC test: Carbohydrates</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19298/carbohydrate-questions--1.html" title="Options » Option B » Carbohydrates » Carbohydrate questions ">Carbohydrate questions </a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../24864/carbohydrate-answers-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Carbohydrates » Carbohydrate answers">Carbohydrate answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list:</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>monosaccharide<br>disaccharide<br>polysaccharide<br>α-glucose and β-glucose<br>starch<br>amylose<br>amylopectin<br>cellulose<br>dietary fibre<br>glycosidic bond<br>Fischer & Haworth projections</p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Practical work</h2><p><a href="Browse server to select file" target="_blank" title="Labs"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> </a><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html"> Hydrolysis of starch</a></p><hr class="hidden"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-12">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-13" class="carousel slide" data-id="460"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/c1.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/c2.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/c3.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/b411.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/b411.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/c5.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/carbo6.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/carbo6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-460/carbo7.png" rel="gallery-460" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/carbo7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Carbohydrates: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-13" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/b411-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/c5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/carbo6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-460/carbo7-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A simple video (possibly made by students) but it provides a good illustration of the structures of glucose and condensation reactions to form starch, glycogen and cellulose.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/XOAd8tfD6Sg?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/XOAd8tfD6Sg" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Carbohydrates</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p>2. A lecture on the ring structures of sugars including the Haworth projection.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/cPf86zPZ9B4?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/cPf86zPZ9B4" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Ring structure of sugars</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A <a href="http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/547starch.html">link to a website</a> from Elmhurst College that helps to distinguish clearly between the amylose and amylopectin forms of starch. It also contains links to other web pages on carbohydrates.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19299" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Carbohydrates+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19299%2Fcarbohydrates-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19299%2Fcarbohydrates-&t=Carbohydrates+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19299%2Fcarbohydrates-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19299%2Fcarbohydrates-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Carbohydrates &body=Stereochemistry of glucoseAlthough glucose is a simple sugar and a well-known compound, its structure and how it can be represented does pose some problems. 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