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<title>DP Chemistry: Proteins & enzymes </title>
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biochemistry </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969669" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> B.2 Proteins & enzymes (4 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>This topic requires students to understand the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. They can easily understand how the primary structure is obtained by hydrolysing the protein and then analysing the amino acid sequence. However how can the 3-D structure of proteins be obtained unequivocally? ⦵</p><p>In <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/perspectives.html">1962 Max Perutz was awarded the Nobel prize</a> for the determining the structure of haemoglobin, the first 3-D structure of any protein to be elucidated. The prize was also awarded to John Kendrew, who worked closely with Perutz, and who later determined the structure of another protein, myoglobin, which carries oxygen to muscles.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-B/haemoglobin.png" style="width: 320px; height: 320px;"></p><p style="text-align: center;">Image of haemoglobin by Richard Wheeler<br>(Released under the GNU Free Documentation License)</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Max Perutz had been working on the problem using X-rays since 1937. He was able to obtain good X-ray images but the problem was interpreting them. It was finally solved by using the technique of isomorphous replacement. This involved introducing a heavy metal atom such as mercury into the haemoglobin, which subtly altered the X-ray pattern. By analysing these alterations the first 3-D structure of a protein was deduced in 1959.</p><p>Since then the structures of many different proteins have been determined and are held on a data base called the <a href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/static101.do?p=education_discussion/Looking-at-Structures/methods.html">Protein Data Bank</a>. Modern methods of determining protein structures involve X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy with each having its strengths and weaknesses. In fact, even now it is still very difficult to be absolutely certain about whether a proposed structure is actually correct. In a nice Nature of Science statement the PDB itself says,</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">“When looking at PDB entries, it is always good to be a bit critical. Keep in mind that the structures in the PDB archive are determined using a balanced mixture of experimental observation and knowledge-based modelling. It often pays to take a little extra time to confirm for yourself that the experimental evidence for a particular structure supports the model as represented and the scientific conclusions based on the model.”</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of Science</h2><p>The conclusion that DNA, and not protein (as originally thought), carries the information for inheritance is an example of collaboration and peer review achieved after experimental work on different continents.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><ul><li>Proteins are polymers of condensed 2-amino acids residues bonded by carboxamide links (also known as amide links or peptide bonds).</li><li>2-amino acids are amphoteric and exist as zwitterions, cations and anions depending upon the pH.</li><li>The structures of proteins are diverse and described at the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels.</li><li>The three-dimensional shape of a protein determines its role in structural components or in metabolic processes.</li><li>The majority of enzymes are proteins and act as catalysts by binding specifically to the substrate at the active site.</li><li>Since enzyme activity is dependent on its conformation, it is sensitive to changes in temperature and pH and also to the presence of heavy metal ions.</li><li>Separation by chromatography is based on different physical and chemical principles.</li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Deduce the structural formulas of reactants and products in condensation reactions of amino acids, and hydrolysis reactions of peptides.</li><li>Explain the solubilities and melting points of amino acids in terms of zwitterions.</li><li>Apply the relationships between charge, pH and isoelectric point for amino acids and proteins.</li><li>Describe the four levels of protein structure, including the origin and types of bonds and interactions involved.</li><li>Deduce and interpret graphs of enzyme activity involving changes in substrate concentration, pH and temperature.</li><li>Explain the processes of paper chromatography and gel electrophoresis used to separate and identify amino acids and proteins.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The names and structural formulas of the amino acids can be found in Section 33 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Refer to alpha helix and beta pleated sheet structures, and to fibrous and globular proteins giving examples of each.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The use of <em>R</em><sub>f</sub><sub> </sub>values and locating agents in paper chromatography should be covered.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><em>K</em><sub>m</sub> and <em>V</em><sub>max</sub> are not required when teaching enzyme kinetics (they are covered at HL in B.7).</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt), a consortium of bioinformatics institutes, acts as a resource for the scientific community. It provides high-quality, comprehensive, and freely accessible data on protein sequence and functional information.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>It is worth starting this topic by looking at the acid properties of carboxylic acids and the basic properties of amines then discussing the structures of 2-amino acids which contain both functional groups.</p><p>Use Section 33 to show all the important 2-amino acids. You will need to talk about their structures in low and high pH solutions and the formation of zwitterions.</p><p>Get students to determine the structures of the dimers and trimers that can be formed when they condense together (see previous sub-topic). Note that two different amino acids can combine to give two different dipeptides and three different amino acids used once each can combine to give six different trimers.</p><p>Get students to predict the types of interactions that can occur between different amino acid residues in proteins. These include covalent bonding (peptide bond), ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, dipole-dipole interactions and London dispersal forces.</p><p>You will need to get students to sketch graphs of how enzymes lower the activation energy of a biological reaction, how the rate of reaction reaches a plateau once all the active sites on the substrate are occupied and also how enzyme function varies with pH and temperature.</p><p>To analyse proteins stress that they must first be hydrolysed to break them down into their constituent individual 2-amino acids. The analysis then depends upon their different polarities (chromatography) or their different isoelectric points (electrophoresis).</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study guide:</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 125 - 127</span></b></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../24830/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-1.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes » MC test: Proteins & enzymes">MC test: Proteins & enzymes</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19289/protein-enzymes-questions-.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes » Protein & enzymes questions ">Proteins & enzymes questions </a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../24862/protein-enzymes-answers.html" title="Options » Option B » Proteins & enzymes » Protein & enzymes answers">Proteins & enzymes answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;">2-amino acid<br>zwitterion<br>isoelectric point<br>polypeptide<br>peptide bond<br>quaternary structure<br>electrophoresis<br>substrate<br>enzyme<br>electrophoresis<br>ninhydrin<br>retardation factor, <em>R</em><sub>F</sub></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Practical work</h2><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://www.macalester.edu/~kuwata/Classes/2001-02/Chem%2011/Revised%20Amino%20Acids%20(9%201%2001).pdf"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Paper chromatography using amino acids and ninhydrin. </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-10">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-11" class="carousel slide" data-id="457"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/1.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/2.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/3.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/4.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/5.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/6.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/7.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/8.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/9.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/9.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/10.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/11.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/12.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/12.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/13.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/13.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/14.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/14.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/15.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/15.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/16.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/16.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-457/17.png" rel="gallery-457" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/17.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Proteins & enzymes: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-11" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-11" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/12-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/13-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/14-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/15-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/16-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-457/17-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> Two very short but succinct videos giving visual representations of the the primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins. You could ask your students to compare the two videos and state what else they could contain to make the chemistry more complete.</p><p style="text-align: center; "><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/iaHHgEoa2c8" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://youtu.be/iaHHgEoa2c8">protein structure <img class="ico" src="http://www.chemistry-inthinking.co.uk/img/icons/video.png" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-right-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-left-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: inline; vertical-align: bottom; "> </a></p><p style="text-align: center; "><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/lijQ3a8yUYQ" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://youtu.be/lijQ3a8yUYQ">proteins <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. </strong>A search for proteins on the Internet produces some interesting 'health conscious' links. One that has some information that might be useful is by <a href="http://www.friedli.com/herbs/phytochem/proteins.html#amino_acids">Dr Friedli</a> ( a yoga expert!)</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> How to separate proteins experimentally using <span dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Separating Proteins using SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis">polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis </span>(PAGE).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/eaETFKXtNRA?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/eaETFKXtNRA" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Gel electrophoresis</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4.</strong> A good video from the RCSB Protein Data Bank on how enzymes work.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/yk14dOOvwMk?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/yk14dOOvwMk?list=UUBkuiMC1rIybuTcyMK-jWKw" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span> How enzymes work</a></p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19287" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Proteins+%26+enzymes+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19287%2Fproteins-enzymes-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19287%2Fproteins-enzymes-&t=Proteins+&+enzymes+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19287%2Fproteins-enzymes-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19287%2Fproteins-enzymes-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Proteins & enzymes &body=This topic requires students to understand the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins. 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