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<title>DP Chemistry: Antiviral medications </title>
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href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium 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crystallography answers">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers">Condensation polymers</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../27130/mc-test-condensation-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Condensation polymers">MC test: Condensation polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19910/condensation-polymers-questions--1.html" title="Condensation polymers questions ">Condensation polymers questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26059/condensation-polymers-answers-1.html" title="Condensation polymers answers">Condensation polymers answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" 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answers</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" title="Option B ">Option B </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry ">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24828/mc-test-introduction-to-biochemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Introduction to biochemistry">MC test: Introduction to biochemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19286/introduction-to-biochemistry-questions--1.html" title="Introduction to biochemistry questions ">Introduction to biochemistry questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa 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title="Vitamins questions ">Vitamins questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24865/vitamins-answers-1.html" title="Vitamins answers">Vitamins answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment ">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24946/mc-test-biochemistry-the-environment-1.html" title="MC test: Biochemistry & the environment">MC test: Biochemistry & the environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19335/biochemistry-the-environment-questions-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment questions">Biochemistry & the environment questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24866/biochemistry-the-environment-answers-1.html" title="Biochemistry & the environment answers">Biochemistry & the environment answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (AHL) ">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24962/mc-test-proteins-enzymes-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)">MC test: Proteins & enzymes (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19341/proteins-enzymes-hl-questions--1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions ">Proteins & enzymes (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24867/proteins-enzymes-hl-answers-1.html" title="Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers">Proteins & enzymes (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html" title="Nucleic acids ">Nucleic acids </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24993/mc-test-nucleic-acids-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleic acids">MC test: Nucleic acids</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19360/nucleic-acids-questions--1.html" title="Nucleic acids questions ">Nucleic acids questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24869/nucleic-acids-answers-1.html" title="Nucleic acids answers">Nucleic acids answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa 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biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html" title="Energy sources">Energy sources</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25112/mc-test-energy-sources-1.html" title="MC test: Energy sources">MC test: Energy sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19404/energy-sources-questions--1.html" title="Energy sources questions ">Energy sources questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25025/energy-sources-answers-1.html" title="Energy sources answers">Energy sources answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25178/mc-test-fossil-fuels-1.html" title="MC test: Fossil fuels">MC test: Fossil fuels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19312/fossil-fuels-questions--1.html" title="Fossil fuels questions ">Fossil fuels questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25123/fossil-fuels-answers--1.html" title="Fossil fuels answers ">Fossil fuels answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25188/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19421/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-questions-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25180/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25207/mc-test-solar-energy-1.html" title="MC test: Solar energy">MC test: Solar energy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19430/solar-energy-questions-1.html" title="Solar energy questions">Solar energy questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25189/solar-energy-answers-1.html" title="Solar energy answers">Solar energy answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25236/mc-test-environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html" title="MC test: Environmental impact – global warming">MC test: Environmental impact – global warming</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19450/environmental-impact-global-warming-questions--1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming questions ">Environmental impact - global warming questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25190/environmental-impact-global-warming-answers-1.html" title="Environmental impact - global warming answers">Environmental impact - global warming answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a 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title="Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) ">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25269/mc-test-nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-hl-1.html" title="MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)">MC test: Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19468/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-questions--1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions ">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25205/nuclear-fusion-fission-reactions-hl-answers-1.html" title="Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers">Nuclear fusion & fission reactions (HL) answers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a 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href="../19078/option-d-1.html" title="Option D">Option D</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25440/mc-test-pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-1.html" title="MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action">MC test: Pharmaceutical products & drug action</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19154/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-questions--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action questions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25270/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-answers--1.html" title="Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers ">Pharmaceutical products & drug action answers </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin ">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Aspirin & penicillin answers 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969708" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> D.5 Antiviral medications (2 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2><strong>Pause for thought</strong></h2><p>The effective treatment of viral diseases is fraught with problems. Viruses multiply rapidly so by the time the disease is identified the number of viruses in the body is huge and viruses regularly mutate so may develop ways of combating antiviral drugs. It is much more effective to prevent viral infections from breaking out in the first place through active immunisation programmes and by taking preventative methods (e.g. the use of condoms to prevent HIV transmission) to stop the spread of the disease.</p><p>The two main ways in which current antiviral medications work is either by altering genetic material within the host cell, which prevents the virus from multiplying, or by blocking the active site on enzymes within the host cell, which prevents the virus from leaving the cell. A good example for the first method is the use of acyclovir and ganciclovir against herpes infections. These have structures similar to deoxyguanosine so they ‘trick’ the viral enzymes into using it as a building block for the viral DNA.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/deoxyguanosine---acyclovir(1).png" style="width: 300px; height: 371px;" title="Image modified from Wikimedia commons"></p><p>Other antiviral medications that work by altering genetic material in the host cell are amantadine and rimantadine used in the past to treat influenza and the common cold. They are now almost 100% ineffective as viruses have developed resistance to them.</p><p>The syllabus lists oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza), used to treat influenza, as examples of antiviral medications that work by blocking the active site of enzymes. A comparison of their structures shows that oseltamivir is an ester and is less polar than zanamivir, which contains a carboxyl group, several hydroxyl groups and more amine groups than oseltamivir. In fact oseltamivir itself is inactive. It is a good example of a drug to use to explain the concept of ‘active metabolite’ as once it gets to the liver it is metabolized to its active form, oseltamivir carboxylate. Students can see that this is an example of ester hydrolysis as the ester group on the oseltamivir is hydrolysed to the carboxyl group with the release of methanol. These drugs work by acting as competitive inhibitors on the neuraminidase enzymes, which prevent the viruses from escaping from the host cell. It is worth pointing out that there is considerable <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-26954482">controversy about the use and effectiveness of these two drugs, particularly oseltamivir</a>. It is another example of where the profits of the pharmaceutical companies compete with the impartial gathering and reporting of clinical data.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2><strong>Nature of Science</strong></h2><p>Collaboration between researchers in the scientific community has improved our understanding of how viruses interact with host cells to cause disease.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-3"><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand</strong></strong></p><ul><li>Viruses are more difficult to treat with drugs than bacteria as they lack a cellular structure.</li><li>Antiviral drugs may function by altering genetic material within a cell to prevent the virus from using it to multiply. Alternatively they may block enzyme activity within the host cell, which also prevent the viruses from multiplying.<hr class="hidden"></li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Explain the different ways in which antiviral medications function.</li><li>Describe how viruses differ from bacteria.</li><li>Explain how oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) function as preventative agents against flu viruses.</li><li>Compare the structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir.</li><li>Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The structures of oseltamivir and zanamivir are given in Section 37 of the data booklet.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4 id="anchor-5">International-mindedness</h4><p>The AIDS epidemic is a global disease which has had a huge impact upon society and life expectancy. How has it changed since its discovery in the early 1980s and how can the spread of the disease be halted?</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></h2><p>In many ways this is quite a difficult topic but an important one because of the problems associated with HIV/AIDS. It very much incorporates International-mindedness.</p><p>Start by getting students to find out for themselves the essential differences between bacteria and viruses. They will quickly learn that there are many different types of virus and that they border on the definition of 'living'.</p><p>Stress that one of the problems of treating viral infections is the speed with which viruses multiply. Use acyclovir as an example of an antiviral that tricks the virus into using it as a building block in the production of viral DNA as its structure is similar to deoxyguanosine. Another useful example is the anti-influenza drug amantadine which works by inhibiting the active site on the host cell which the virus needs to attach itself.</p><p>Use the text books or other resources to describe the ways in which anti-viral drugs may defeat the HIV virus.</p><p>Discuss the international aspects/problems of aids, the problems of prevention using condoms and the 'success' that has so far been achieved using a cocktail of expensive drugs.</p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Page 1</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">60</span></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25685/mc-test-antiviral-medications-1.html" title="Options » Option D » Antiviral medications » MC test: Antiviral medications">MC test: Antiviral medications</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19195/antiviral-medications-questions-1.html" title="Options » Option D » Antiviral medications » Antiviral medications questions">Antiviral medications questions</a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../25521/antiviral-medications-answers--1.html" title="Options » Option D » Antiviral medications » Antiviral medications answers ">Antiviral medications answers</a>.</p><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></h4><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>capsid<br>capsomer<br>acyclovir<br>amantadine<br>human immunodeficiency virus<br>acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)<br>T-helper cell<br>AZT</p><hr class="hidden"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><div><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="583"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="/files/tib-galleries/3-583/d.5.11..png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-583/d.5.11..png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av2.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av3.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av4.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av5.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av6.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-583/av7.png" rel="gallery-583" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Antiviral medications: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-583/d.5.11.-thumb128.png"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-583/av7-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A powerpoint can be downloaded from the World of Teaching which has some useful images but probably too much detail on how <a href="http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/biology/viruses.ppt ">bacteria and viruses <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/ppt.png"> </a>differ. (Note it takes a little time to download)</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> An interesting video from Australia which questions how effective oseltamivir (tamiflu) is. Good for Nature of Science as well!</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Wiqb9U3hup0?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wiqb9U3hup0" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> How effective is oseltamivir</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A useful video to show students is What you need to know about HIV/AIDS by Dr Becky Kuhn. It is more for their personal education on how to avoid catching the virus but does not preach.</p><p style="text-align: center; "><object height="288" width="360"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/aMVfQGG9HQw?fs=1&hl=en_GB"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed allowscriptaccess="always" height="288" quality="high" src="https://www.youtube.com/v/aMVfQGG9HQw?fs=1&hl=en_GB" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="360"></object></p><p style="text-align: center; "><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMVfQGG9HQw">HIV/AIDS <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4.</strong> A really good video rom the Howard Hughes Institute shows how <a href="http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/azt-blocks-reverse-transcriptase">AZT blocks reverse transcriptase <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span></a> in HIV. Another good video from the RCSB Protein Data Bank (suggested by David Gould from Markham College in Lima, Peru) shows an animated <a href="http://youtu.be/9eKJrvmEwjk?list=UUBkuiMC1rIybuTcyMK-jWKw" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-4" name="video-4"> </span> molecular view of HIV therapy</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>5.</strong> There are many references to HIV/AIDS that can be found on the Internet e.g.</p><ul class="branded"><li><a href="http://www.avert.org/aids-statistics.htm">statistics from around the world</a></li><li><a href="http://www.hivsymptomsonline.com/">symptoms of HIV infection</a></li><li><a href="http://www.avert.org/treatment.htm">treatment</a></li></ul><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19194" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Antiviral+medications+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19194%2Fantiviral-medications-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19194%2Fantiviral-medications-&t=Antiviral+medications+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19194%2Fantiviral-medications-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19194%2Fantiviral-medications-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Antiviral medications &body=The effective treatment of viral diseases is fraught with problems. 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