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<title>DP Chemistry: Aspirin & penicillin </title>
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<meta name="description" content="It seems rather strange to me to have a sub-topic covering just aspirin and penicillin as they would appear to have little in common – even the ‘Understandings’ and ‘Applications and skills’ in the Guide list them under different headings. In previous versions of the programme, aspirin, together with paracetamol and ibuprofen, formed a sub-topic on mild analgesics and penicillin was part of a separate sub-topic...">
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</a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li class="selected"><a href="aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" 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biomolecules</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25034/mc-test-stereochemistry-in-biomolecules--1.html" title="MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules ">MC test: Stereochemistry in biomolecules </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19373/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-questions-1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions">Stereochemistry in biomolecules questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24871/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-answers--1.html" title="Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers ">Stereochemistry in biomolecules answers </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" title="Option C ">Option C </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672969703" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> D.2 Aspirin & penicillin (5 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>It seems rather strange to me to have a sub-topic covering just aspirin and penicillin as they would appear to have little in common – even the ‘Understandings’ and ‘Applications and skills’ in the Guide list them under different headings. In previous versions of the programme, aspirin, together with paracetamol and ibuprofen, formed a sub-topic on mild analgesics and penicillin was part of a separate sub-topic on antibacterials.</p><p>However they do have one rather quirky thing in common and that is that their history of discovery in both cases is controversial.</p><p>Most sources state that aspirin was discovered in 1897 by Felix Hoffmann who was working for the Bayer Company in Germany at the time. The story goes that Hoffmann’s father suffered from arthritis and encouraged his son to develop an alternative treatment to sodium salicylate. Sodium salicylate is the sodium salt of salicylic acid obtained from the willow tree bark. It had been used for centuries as a painkiller and for the treatment for fever, but has several unpleasant side effects, including nausea, gastro-intestinal irritation, tinnitus and liver damage. This story first appeared only as a footnote in 1934 in a history of chemical engineering written by Albrecht Schmidt. Schmidt was an employee of IG Farbenindustrie, which had amalgamated with the Bayer Company in 1925. It seems likely however that another scientist working at Bayer in 1897 really deserves the credit. In 1949 Arthur Eichengrün (1867 - 1949) claimed that the work had been done under his direction and <a href="http://www.bmj.com/content/321/7276/1591">analysis of relevant archival and published material </a>appears to support this claim. The reason it was not accepted at the time is that Eichengrün was a Jew and Jews were persecuted in Nazi Germany in the 1930s. In fact Eichengrün spent fourteen months in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;">Who discovered aspirin - Felix Hoffmann or Arthur Eichengrün?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/Hoffmann---Eichengrun.jpg" style="width: 446px; height: 244px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>Alexander Fleming is almost universally recognised as having made the serendipitous discovery of penicillin in 1928. Fleming was not able to stabilise the penicillin that he found and it was left to Florey and Chain during World War II to really develop it as an effective antibacterial. Fleming made his discovery while he was working at St Mary’s Hospital in London. One of the trustees of the hospital was <a href="http://www.beaverbrookfoundation.org/lord-beaverbrook.php">Lord Beaverbrook </a>who was a newspaper magnate and he used his power of the press to promote the story about Fleming. In fact the use of moulds to prevent infections has existed in folklore for a long time. In 1923 a Costa Rican, Clodomiro Picado Twight (1887 - 1944), working in Paris recorded the action of the fungal genus <em>Penicillium sp</em>. on the growth of bacteria, and his work was published in 1927, two years before Fleming published, but Clodomiro Twight has received little recognition outside of Costa Rica for his discovery.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;">Who discovered penicillin - Alexander Fleming or Clodomiro Picado Twight?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014-Options/Option-D/Fleming---Twight.jpg" style="width: 443px; height: 261px;"></p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of Science</h2><p>The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming is one of the classic examples of serendipity in science - although there is some doubt that he was in fact the first person to discover it.<br>Many drugs have been isolated, identified and modified from natural sources. One example is derivatives of salicylic acid, obtained from the bark of the willow tree, which are used to relieve pain and fever.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h3><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "></span></b></h3><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></span></b></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><ul><li>Aspirin, and other mild analgesics, function by intercepting the pain stimulus at the source. They interfere with the production of substances responsible for pain, swelling or fever.</li><li>Aspirin can be prepared from salicylic acid.</li><li>Aspirin is also used as an anticoagulant, to prevent the recurrence of heart attacks and strokes and as a prophylactic.</li><li>Penicillins are antibiotics produced by fungi.</li><li>Part of the core structure of penicillins consists of a beta-lactam ring.</li><li>Some antibiotics function by preventing the cross-linking of bacterial cell walls.</li><li>Penicillins can be made more resistant to the penicillinase enzyme by modifying the side-chain.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Describe the use of salicylic acid and its derivatives as mild analgesics.</li><li>Explain the synthesis of aspirin from salicylic acid, including yield, purity by recrystallisation and characterization using infrared spectroscopy and melting point.</li><li>Discuss the synergistic effects of aspirin with alcohol.</li><li>Discuss how aspirin can be chemically modified into a salt to increase its solubility in water and how this facilitates its bioavailability.</li><li>Discuss the effects of chemically modifying the side-chain of penicillins.</li><li>Discuss the importance of patient compliance and the effects overprescribing penicillin.</li><li>Explain the importance of the beta-lactam ring on the action of penicillin.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><p>The structures of aspirin and penicillin are provided in Section 37 of the data booklet.</p><p>The ability of acidic (carboxylic) and basic (amino)<br>groups to form ionic salts (e.g. soluble aspirin) should be covered.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>Aspirin is used worldwide and has several different uses.</p><p>The discovery and use of antibacterials has changed the way that disease is treated throughout the world and contributed to an increase in life-expectancy.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p>This is a relatively straightforward topic to teach although rather factual. Aspirin lends itself well to practical work e.g. <a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Practical scheme of work » Mandatory laboratory components » Analysis of aspirin tablets">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a> and <a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html" title="Preparation & purification of aspirin ">Preparation & purification of aspirin</a>. In fact because the synthesis of aspirin is covered in the 'Understandings' it is well worth teaching it through the practical. The melting point and infrared spectrum of aspirin are also provided in this practical sheet.</p><p>It is worth getting students to research for themselves the uses and problems (side effects) of aspirin and also how it works and perhaps get one of them to make a presentation. Explain that the solubility of aspirin in water can be increased considerably by making the sodium (or calcium) salt by reacting the carboxylic acid group with a base - this aids bioavailability. In the acid environment of the stomach the salt will revert back to its undissociated form. Many other drugs contain an amino group and these can be made water-soluble by reacting with an acid to form the corresponding salt, e.g. morphine hydrochloride.</p><p>Students will be interested in antibiotics and the story of the discovery of penicillin is well worth telling. It is usually attributed to Alexander Fleming and the concept of serendipity is important here - use Pasteur's quote that 'Chance favours the prepared mind'. It is worth mentioning that the antibacterial properties of mould have been known for a long time and perhaps also challenge perceived wisdom by mentioning the earlier publication on penicillin by Clodomiro Twight (see 'Pause for thought' above) Equally fascinating is the development of penicillins by Florey and Chain during World War II.<br><br>Explain that penicillin breaks down easily because of the ring strain in the beta-lactam ring (you can revise/review bond angles here). Penicillins work by weakening the cell wall of bacteria. Modifying the side-chain can increase resistance to stomach acid (so they do not have to be injected) and increases the resistance to penicillinase - an enzyme produced by bacteria which breaks down penicillins.</p><p>It is also worth talking about 'super bugs' such as MRSA and the problems of overprescribing and putting antibiotics in animal feedstock.</p><hr class="hidden"></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/education/international/ibdiploma/studyguides/9780199151424.do?"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="left noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></span></b></a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 155 &156</span></b></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' questions (for quick testing of knowledge and understanding with the answers explained) see <a href="../25684/mc-test-aspirin-penicillin-1.html" title="Options » Option D » Aspirin & penicillin » MC test: Aspirin & penicillin">MC test: Aspirin & penicillin</a>.</p><p>For short-answer questions see <a href="../19171/aspirin-penicillin-questions-1.html" title="Options » Option D » Aspirin & penicillin » Aspirin & penicillin questions">Aspirin & penicillin questions</a> together with the worked answers on a separate page <a href="../25313/aspirin-penicillin-answers--1.html" title="Options » Option D » Aspirin & penicillin » Aspirin & penicillin answers ">Aspirin & penicillin answers</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list:</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>analgesic<br>synergy<br>antibiotic<br>antibacterial<br>anticoagulant<br>beta-lactam ring<br>overprescription<br>salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid)</p><hr class="hidden"><h2><strong>Practical work</strong></h2><p><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html" target="_blank" title="Labs"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></p><p><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html" target="_blank" title="Labs"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Preparation & purification of aspirin</a></p><hr class="hidden"><h4></h4></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><div><h2 id="header-11">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-12" class="carousel slide" data-id="576"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap1.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap1.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap2.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap2.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap3.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap3.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap4.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap5.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap5.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap6.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap6.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap7.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap7.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap8.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap8.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap9.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap9.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap10.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap10.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap11.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap11.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap12.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap12.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-576/ap13.png" rel="gallery-576" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap13.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Aspirin & penicillin: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-12" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap1-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap2-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap3-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap5-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap6-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap7-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap8-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap9-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap10-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap11-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap12-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-576/ap13-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> An informative <a href="http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Aspirin-to-Prevent-Blood-Clots.htm">article on taking aspirin for heart conditions</a> and the risks associated with it has been produced by Patient UK. Another article also by Patient UK gives useful information on <a href="http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Anti-inflammatory-Painkillers.htm">how mild painkillers work</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> A useful podcast from the Royal Society of Chemistry on <audio controls="true"><source src="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Aspirin_tcm18-209345.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"></audio><div class="text-right gray"><small><em>Aspirin <img src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/audio.png"></em></small></div>.<hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> A short video students will enjoy by Richard Thornley on the synergistic effects of taking alcohol with aspirin.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bzo0KKZL1S4" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzo0KKZL1S4">Aspirin and alcohol synergy <img src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/video.png"></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>4. </strong>A good short video on how aspirin (and ibuprofen) prevent pain by TEDEd.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/9mcuIc5O-DE?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://youtu.be/9mcuIc5O-DE" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> How do pain relievers work?</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p><strong>5.</strong> One of the first films on the discovery of penicillin was produced by the Wellcome Foundation in 1964. Rather patriotic (in British terms!) and very dated but worth showing.</p><p style="text-align: center"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7qeZLLhx5kU" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qeZLLhx5kU">Discovery of penicillin <img src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/video.png"> </a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>6</strong>. A fairly simple description of how penicillins work by Tim Newman at about the right level for Standard Level students can be found in <a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/216798.php">Medical News Today.</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>7.</strong> An <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080312100041.htm">interesting paper</a> describing work done at Warwick University to understand how the penicillin resistant bacterium <em>streptococcus pneumoniae</em> is able to build up its immunity to penicillin.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>8.</strong> The structure of ampicillin ( a general purpose antibiotic) and two ampicillin 500 mg capsules.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" height="176" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/Option%20D/Ampicillin-2D-skeletal.png" width="300"> <img alt="" height="176" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/Option%20D/ampicillin%20capsules.jpg" width="235"></p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="19158" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Aspirin+%26+penicillin++%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19158%2Faspirin-penicillin-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19158%2Faspirin-penicillin-&t=Aspirin+&+penicillin++"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19158%2Faspirin-penicillin-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19158%2Faspirin-penicillin-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Aspirin & penicillin &body=It seems rather strange to me to have a sub-topic covering just aspirin and penicillin as they would appear to have little in common – even the ‘Understandings’ and ‘Applications and skills’ in the Guide list them...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F19158%2Faspirin-penicillin-"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. 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