File "communication-1.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/page/18966/communication-1html
File size: 96.56 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Chemistry: Communication</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education"><meta name="description" content="Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at Communication in Complete course for..."><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: Communication">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 practicals/communication-image.jpg">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at Communication in Complete course for...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/page/18966/communication">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at Communication in Complete course for...">
<meta name="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 practicals/communication-image.jpg">
<meta name="keywords" content="Chemistry, Inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, Thinkib, Baccalaureate, Education, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education, IB diploma">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: Communication">
<meta itemprop="description" content="Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at Communication in Complete course for...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 practicals/communication-image.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: Communication">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at Communication in Complete course for...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="media/ib/chemistry/images/2014 practicals/communication-image.jpg">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min-1.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min-1.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min-1.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min-1.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min-1.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<script>function inIframe () {try {return window.self !== window.top;} catch (e) {return true;}}if( inIframe() ) { window.location.href = "/mb/embed?mbtest=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"; }</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom-1.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min-1.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min-1.css?v=202212151220"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/toplevel-map-1.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/side-nav.min-1.css?v=20220520"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min-1.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min-1.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "../../../img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2) Team", userTicket = "IB Docs (2) Team";</script><script src="../../../js/user/local-stats.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76-1.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152-1.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196-1.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96-1.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32-1.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16-1.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128-1.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="/chemistry"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo-1.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/sitemap"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/last-updates"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/blog"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="chemistry/twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li><a href="../16256/start-here-1.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../36257/how-to-navigate-the-site-1.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="../24826/using-student-access--1.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27330/creating-student-accounts--1.html">Creating student accounts </a></li><li><a href="../32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page-1.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="../27328/setting-assignments-1.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="../27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book-1.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="../27362/using-qbank-1.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry-1.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16258/dart-board-chemistry-1.html">'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../16274/essential-resources-1.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="../16276/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16278/possible-teaching-schedule-1.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../46318/teaching-learning-resources-1.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17394/approaches-to-teaching-1.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17395/teaching-styles--1.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="../17396/teaching-skills--1.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="../17398/workshops--1.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="../17397/teacher-recommendations--1.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27280/approaches-to-learning-1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27208/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../27216/reflection-1.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="../27209/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../27211/social-skills-1.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="../27232/self-management-1.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="../27312/research-1.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17120/resources-1.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17119/ib-specific-books-1.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="../17121/general-text-books-1.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="../17131/post-ib-text-books-1.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="../17132/journals-1.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="../17133/newspaper-articles-1.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="../17124/demonstrations-1.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="../17139/chemistry-videos-1.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="../17140/web-links-1.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="../17138/chemistry-apps-1.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="../17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet--1.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="../17392/books-for-enjoyment--1.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../27313/unit-plans-1.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="../22523/critical-thinking-1.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="../18044/do-you-speak-ib-1.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17382/changes-to-terminology-1.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning-1.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16344/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16328/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16907/topics-2-12--1.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="../17021/topics-3-13-1.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="../17114/topics-4-14-1.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="../17669/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17848/topics-6-16-1.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="../18038/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="../17023/topics-3-13--1.html">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li><a href="../17055/topics-4-14--1.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="../17270/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../17854/topics-6-16--1.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="../18041/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../18099/topics-8-18-1.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="../17269/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li class="selected"><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41528/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../41657/group-4-project-1.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41387/approaches-to-learning--1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41380/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../41383/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../41384/social-skills--1.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="../41385/self-management-skills-1.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="../41386/research-skills-1.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="../41382/reflection-skills--1.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41488/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41489/key-terms-concepts--1.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="../41492/how-the-elements-were-named--1.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="../41490/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../41493/the-culture-of-chemistry--1.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="../41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41403/essential-facts--1.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="../41409/paper-1-multiple-choice--1.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="../41417/paper-2--1.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="../41431/paper-3--1.html">Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../41662/extended-essay--1.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41685/preparation-1.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="../41686/researching--1.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="../42075/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../41687/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div class="dropdown" id="userbox"><a class="dropdown-toggle btn" data-toggle="dropdown" onclick="return false;"><img src="../../../img/user/t/IBRR.jpg" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;"> IB Docs (2) Team <i class="fa fa-caret-down gray"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 200px"><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry" class="" title=""><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth colored"></i>IBDP Chemistry</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user" class="" title="Check & modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/sitemap" class="" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/std-access" class="" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/teacher-accounts" class="" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/bookmarks" class="" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/user/messages" class="" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li><a href="/help/thinkib" class="pop-up-help" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" class="" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry?logout=1"><i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth colored"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></div><div id="std-teacher-only" style="padding-bottom: 10px;"><div style="display:flex;align-items:center"><img src="../../../img/icons/teacher.svg" style="margin: 0px;width:32px;height:auto;"><span style="color: #224466; font-weight: bold; margin-left: 5px;">Teacher only page</span></div></div><nav id="sidemenu" class="side-nav"><div class="header"><span style="color: #fff;"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a></span><span id="sidetreecontrol"><a title="Collapse all" rel="collapse" href="#"><i class="fa fa-minus-circle"></i></a> <a title="Expand all" rel="expand" href="#"><i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i></a></span></div><ul class="level-0 always-expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html" title="'Scaffolding' the investigation">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html" title="Timing & organisation ">Timing & organisation </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html" title="Choosing the research question">Choosing the research question</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html" title="Personal engagement">Personal engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html" title="Exploration">Exploration</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18958/significant-figures--1.html" title="Significant figures ">Significant figures </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18959/error-uncertainty--1.html" title="Error & uncertainty ">Error & uncertainty </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a></li><li class="current" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="communication-1.html" title="Communication">Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html" title="Internal standardization of the IA">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html" title="Submitting the samples for moderation">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html" title="Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html" title="Gaining full marks for a databased IA ">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html" title="IA example & marking exercise ">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19741/results-analysis-of-marking-exercise-1.html" title="Results & analysis of marking exercise">Results & analysis of marking exercise</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html" title="Genuine examples of moderated IA reports">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html" title="Examples of teacher-marked IA reports ">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../44903/marked-ia-reports-with-teacher-comments-marks-1.html" title="Marked IA reports with teacher comments & marks">Marked IA reports with teacher comments & marks</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html" title="History of Internal Assessment">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" title="Mandatory laboratory components">Mandatory laboratory components</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html" title="Formula of magnesium oxide ">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html" title="Determining the Mr of an unknown gas">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html" title="Acid-base titrations ">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html" title="A green acid-base practical">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html" title="Analysis of aspirin tablets">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html" title="CaCO3 in egg shells">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html" title="Enthalpy changes">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html" title="Reaction rates">Reaction rates</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html" title="Rate-dependent factors">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html" title="Determining Ea for a reaction">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html" title="Iodination of propanone">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html" title="Titrations with a pH meter">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html" title="Redox titration with KMnO4 ">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html" title="Voltaic cells">Voltaic cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html" title="3-D molecular modelling ">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" title="Other good practicals">Other good practicals</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html" title="Common chemical reactions">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html" title="Elements & oxides of the third period ">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html" title="The halogens">The halogens</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html" title="Boiling points of mixtures">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html" title="Polarity of molecules">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html" title="Le Chatelier's principle ">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html" title="Determining Kc for an esterification reaction">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html" title="Redox reactions of vanadium ">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html" title="Chlorine in swimming pools ">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html" title="Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution ">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html" title="Percentage of copper in brass">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html" title="Electrolytic cells ">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Reactions of organic compounds">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html" title="Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html" title="Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene ">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html" title="Determination of an organic structure">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html" title="Preparation of nylon 6,6">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html" title="Determination of vitamin C content ">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html" title="Hydrolysis of starch ">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html" title="Preparation & purification of aspirin ">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" title="ICT in practical work">ICT in practical work</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html" title="Data logging ">Data logging </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html" title="Software for graph plotting ">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html" title="Spreadsheets for data processing ">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18855/databases-1.html" title="Databases">Databases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html" title="Computer modelling & simulations ">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" title="Group 4 Project">Group 4 Project</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html" title="Practicalities">Practicalities</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html" title="Reflective statement ">Reflective statement </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html" title="A new laboratory?">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></nav></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"><article id="main-article"><a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt"></i></a><ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker stacked" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18966" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i><span>Favourite</span></a><textarea data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18966" id="editor" class="favcomms hidden" placeholder="Your personal notes..."></textarea></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i><span>Feedback</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Communication%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication&t=Communication"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Communication&body=Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18966" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Communication%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication&t=Communication"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Communication&body=Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><h1 class="section-title">Communication</h1><ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Practical scheme of work & IA " href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><a title="Go to: Internal Assessment" href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a><span class="divider"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i></span></li><li><span>Communication</span></li></ul><div id="std-sidebox-task-added-msg"></div><div id="modal-feedback" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header">
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>
<h3>Communication: Feedback</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<form method="post" id="feedback-form">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div class="span12" style="margin: 12px 0">
<p>
Which of the following best describes your feedback?
</p>
<label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" checked="checked" value="useful" name="feedback-type">
Recommend
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="error" name="feedback-type">
Report a problem
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="improve" name="feedback-type">
Suggest an improvement
</label><label class="radio" style="float: left; margin-right: 12px">
<input type="radio" value="other" name="feedback-type">
Other
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row-fluid">
<label>Comments:</label>
<div class="row-fluid">
<textarea class="span12" name="feedback-comment" placeholder="Your feedback... (optional)"></textarea>
</div>
</div>
<input type="hidden" name="feedback-submited" value="1">
</form>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button class="btn btn-large" type="button" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
<i class="fa fa-remove"></i>
Cancel
</button>
<button class="btn pull-right" id="submit-feedback" onclick="javascript:$('#feedback-form').submit();return false;">
<i class="fa fa-check"></i>
Submit
</button>
</div>
</div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1><img alt="" class="ico" height="24" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-24-1.png" title="" width="24"> <img alt="" class="ico" height="24" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-24-1.png" title="" width="24"> What is 'Communication'?</h1><p style="text-align: center;">Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific terminology and conventions.<img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20practicals/communication-image.jpg" style="width: 228px; height: 294px;"></p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2>Direct student access</h2><p>Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at <a href="../41549/communication-1.html" title="Complete course for students » Internal Assessment » Communication">Communication</a> in <a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html" title="Complete course for students ">Complete course for students</a>.</p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h1>Achieving the maximum mark</h1><p>To score the maximum of four marks for Communication the Individual Scientific Investigation needs to:</p><ul class="branded"><li>Be written and presented clearly so that any errors do not hinder the understanding of the focus, process and outcomes.</li><li>Be well structured so that the necessary information relating to focus, process and outcomes is presented coherently.</li><li>Be concise and relevant so that the focus, process and outcomes can be readily understood.</li><li>Use correct chemical terminology and conventions and attribute all sources in a recognised manner.<span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-list:Ignore"></span></span></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p>The following four areas are particularly important when it comes to assessing 'Communication'.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>1. Clear presentation</h3><p>The IB recognises that many students writing their report will be using English as a second language. The report does not have to be grammatically correct and spelling mistakes of non-scientific words will not be penalised. However it does need to be of a suitable standard so that it does not hinder the understanding of the research question, the methodology and the conclusion.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>2.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Structure</h3><p id="yui_3_16_0_1_1432113019378_21095">There is no absolute structure that the report should follow but it should flow logically and coherently. After the title page the report will normally start with an introduction that contains the research question. It should explain why the research question was deemed worthy of investigation and provide the background to set it into a scientific context. This will be followed by the methodology leading to the collection of raw data. After the raw data has been processed a discussion will follow relating the findings to the research question. The report will conclude with a conclusion and evaluation. The referencing of sources can either be given as footnotes on the pages where they occur or listed in a bibliography at the end of the report. The whole report should be between 6 to 12 sides of A4 paper. The report does not need an abstract and an appendix should not be included. This is stated clearly in the document Frequently Asked Questions available to be downloaded on programme resources section of My IB.</p><p>There is some debate about what is meant by 6-12 sides. It might be helpful to quote what is written in the answer to question 40 in the FAQs.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1432113019378_21092">"</span> There are no formal guidelines with regard to font size or style, margins or paper size. Teachers and students are expected to use common sense and follow the style that they normally adopt in school. This would usually mean a font size of between 10 and 12 pt. and A4 portrait format and a style that can clearly be read by teachers and moderators. The student does not need to include a cover page because the form 4/ICCS exists to provide all the relevant information. In addition, no abstract, nor table of contents is required.</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>The IA does not have to be double-line spaced and candidates will not be penalised if it is not double-line spaced. The IB has put out a general request for double-line spacing for all IA components in the diploma programme that are being uploaded as this will potentially make it easier for examiners to moderate and include comments on the work where appropriate.</em></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>There are no plans to make double-lined spacing mandatory in the sciences IA. If that was to be considered in the future, the recommended page limit (6 to 12 pages) would also be reviewed at the same time and a fair lead time would be given.<span>"</span></em></p><p>Although it is clearly not mandatory, double spacing, Arial font and font size 11 should help to put any external moderator into a good frame of mind! The 6 - 12 pages does to refer to single-spaced pages.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>3. Concise and relevant</h3><p>Students need to be economical with their words and choose them carefully. Sweeping statements and repetition should be avoided. Everything contained within the report should be directly relevant to the research question, which should remain the focus of the report throughout. Enough detail of the methodology should be given so that the work could be reproduced and the report should demonstrate that the student understands the theory behind the methodology and the processing of raw data.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>4. Correct terminology</h3><p>This is a report on a chemistry investigation. It must use correct and consistent chemical terminology.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>All graphs, tables and images should be labelled correctly. Use of scientific notation is encouraged to ensure the correct use of significant figures. Appropriate units should be used. All statements of fact, images, diagrams or quotations etc. attributable to others should be referenced in a consistent and recognised format.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18966" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Communication%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication&t=Communication"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Communication&body=Communication in this context refers to the written presentation of the investigation. This should be reported such that the focus, process and outcomes are all clearly structured and expressed according to established scientific...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18966%2Fcommunication"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square-1.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square-1.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square-1.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-36000"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
<div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
</div>
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
<p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
<i class="fa fa-refresh"></i> Reload
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min-1.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack-1.js"></script>
<script>var pageId = 18966;</script><script src="../../../js/autosize.min-1.js" media="screen"></script><script src="../../../js/user/section-faves.min-1.js?v=202110111730"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/build/app-1.js?v=202204141130"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min-1.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min-1.js?v=202109221648"></script><script src="../../../js/sidemenu/sidemenu.min-1.js?v=202011301145"></script><script src="../../../js/header-circle.min-1.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="../../../js/password-toggler.min-1.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min-1.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=IB Docs (2) Team&x=15426';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ4hvT)hIn82Oc2UjpCqiT2UMWf5-+iIxZ4oiQ)LNu1+iw8hNZs/[g[2jT[qvZ)+Ncs/4F[/[g[qiTsqIbCowZ1qx/z]eg[2|TMojTe+iTaLmcgqt/z/OpCqir[UxbeqIn9LIb4qTZ1qx/z/4Wf5-+i/O8=';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = 'ec914c223b06a7e05c3cb188b8145b90';</script><script src="../../../js/user/user-stats-page.min-1.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater-1.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
function loadComments(){$.get("pages/comment.php",{action:"get-list",ticket:"IB Docs (2) Team",site_with_comments:"1",general_id:"3",sitename:"chemistry",section_id:"18966"},(function(t){"1"==t.success?($("#comments").html(t.html),"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor()):alert("Error (lc1): please contact support")}),"json")}$(document).ready((function(){loadComments()}));let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));$('#tl-tabs a').click(function (e) {e.preventDefault();$(this).tab('show');});$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each((function(){var comment=$(this).attr("title");$(this).removeAttr("title"),$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />')})),$(".tib-popover").popover({html:!0,trigger:"hover",delay:{show:300,hide:300},placement:function(context,source){var position=$(source).position();return position.top>200?"top":position.left<515?"right":position.top<200?"bottom":position.left>515?"left":"top"}}).click((function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var carouselTime=6500;$("div.carousel.slide").carousel({interval:carouselTime}),$(".tib-indicators > img").click((function(){var index=$(this).index(),container;$(this).closest(".carousel.slide").carousel(index)}));
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>