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science </a></li><li><a href="../19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a 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nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="selected"><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li class="selected"><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li class="selected"><a href="analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a 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href="../16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a 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gas</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html" title="Acid-base titrations ">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html" title="A green acid-base practical">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html" title="Analysis of aspirin tablets">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html" title="CaCO3 in egg shells">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html" title="Enthalpy changes">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li 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class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html" title="Percentage of copper in brass">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html" title="Electrolytic cells ">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Reactions of organic compounds">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html" title="Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html" title="Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene ">Preparation of 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href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html" title="Preparation & purification of aspirin ">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" title="ICT in practical work">ICT in practical work</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18852/data-logging--1.html" title="Data logging ">Data logging </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html" title="Software for graph plotting ">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html" title="Spreadsheets for data processing ">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li class="" 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</div><section id="main-content"><div class="blueBg"><h1><img alt="" class="ico" height="24" src="../../../img/tib-icons/standard-level-24-1.png" title="" width="24"> <img alt="" class="ico" height="24" src="../../../img/tib-icons/higher-level-24-1.png" title="" width="24"> What is 'Analysis'?</h1><p>Analysis effectively assesses data processing. It concerns the extent to which the report provides evidence that the data selected and recorded have been processed and interpreted in ways that are directly relevant to the research question and provide the basis for a conclusion.</p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20practicals/keep-calm-and-remember-sig-figs-2.png" style="width: 300px; height: 350px;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p>Before they can address this criterion fully students need to understand the importance of the correct use of significant figures. They also need to understand the difference between error and uncertainty and how the total uncertainty associated with a result obtained from using several different pieces of apparatus can be calculated. This information is provided in the two linked pages <a href="../18958/significant-figures--1.html" title="Significant figures ">Significant figures </a> and <a href="../18959/error-uncertainty--1.html" title="Error & uncertainty ">Error & uncertainty</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2>Direct student access</h2><p>Note that students have direct access to a version of this page written specifically for students (as opposed to teachers) at <a href="../41544/analysis--1.html" title="Complete course for students » Internal Assessment » Analysis ">Analysis </a>in <a href="../41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html" title="Complete course for students ">Complete course for students</a>.</p></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h1><strong>Achieving the maximum mark</strong></h1><p>To score the maximum of six marks for Analysis the Individual Scientific Investigation needs to:</p><ul class="branded"><li>Include sufficient relevant quantitative and qualitative raw data that is able to support a detailed and valid conclusion to the research question.</li><li>Show that the recorded data has been sufficiently processed in an appropriate and accurate manner so that a conclusion can be drawn which is fully consistent with the experimental data.</li><li>Show clearly the impact of the uncertainties associated with measured data on the processed results and how they affect the conclusion.</li></ul><hr class="hidden"><p>The following three areas are particularly important when it comes to assessing 'Analysis'.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>1. Quantitative and qualitative data</h3><p>All raw quantitative data should be recorded, usually in an appropriate tabulated form, together with the associated uncertainties. The correct units should be clearly shown (often by the heading at the top of each column) and the data expressed consistently to the correct number of significant figures. Relevant qualitative data (change in colour, smell etc.) should also be recorded. If the student is using a data logger the raw data should be given in tabular form in addition to any graph produced directly by the data logger. Ensure that the data is relevant and that sufficient readings have been recorded to produce a conclusion with scientific validity that directly relates to the research question.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>2. Processing of data</h3><p>The raw data needs to be processed accurately and in an appropriate way. This can take a variety of forms. If it is graphical then a suitable graph should be plotted ideally to give a straight line of best fit, if appropriate. Some of the data may be manipulated beforehand to produce a straight line (e.g. by taking the inverse, squaring or taking the logarithmic form of one of the variables etc.). Alternatively the raw data may be plotted in the form that it was measured and then the graph manipulated by, for example, taking the gradient or interpolating or extrapolating to find a new value. If the processing is non-graphical then it is important that any equation used is properly derived and not just taken from material published elsewhere.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3>3. Overall uncertainty</h3><p>Each measurement is associated with an uncertainty. When the data is processed the total uncertainty inherent in the calculated result(s) should be determined, usually by summing up all the percentage uncertainties for each measured value to give the total percentage uncertainty. Students should also list any assumptions made which can affect the validity of their result. For example, how pure were all the chemicals involved, did the reaction go to completion, were other possible reactions also taking place which might affect the final result, did the solution have the same specific heat capacity as pure water etc. etc.?</p><hr class="hidden"></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18957" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Analysis%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18957%2Fanalysis"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18957%2Fanalysis&t=Analysis"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18957%2Fanalysis"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18957%2Fanalysis"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Analysis&body=Analysis effectively assesses data processing. 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