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<title>DP Chemistry: Alcohols </title>
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<meta name="description" content="The chemistry covered in this part of sub-topic 10.2 is really very simple. It can be summarized by saying that alcohols burn in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water, primary alcohols are oxidised first to aldehydes then carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized whilst still retaining the carbons chain. All alcohols can react with carboxylic acids to form...">
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<meta itemprop="description" content="The chemistry covered in this part of sub-topic 10.2 is really very simple. It can be summarized by saying that alcohols burn in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water, primary alcohols are oxidised first to aldehydes then carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized whilst still retaining the carbons chain. All alcohols can react with carboxylic acids to form...">
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href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul 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Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a 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class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24660/mc-test-the-equilibrium-law-1.html" title="MC test: The equilibrium law">MC test: The equilibrium law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40961/equilibrium-law-questions-1.html" title="Equilibrium law questions">Equilibrium law questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18 ">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18124/theories-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases ">Theories of acids & bases </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24662/mc-test-theories-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Theories of acids & bases">MC test: Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40963/theories-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases questions">Theories of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18126/properties-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases">Properties of acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24663/mc-test-properties-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Properties of acids & bases ">MC test: Properties of acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40964/properties-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases questions">Properties of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18140/ph-scale-1.html" title="pH scale">pH scale</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24668/mc-test-the-ph-scale-1.html" title="MC test: The pH scale">MC test: The pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40971/ph-scale-questions-1.html" title="pH scale questions">pH scale questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18152/strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="Strong & weak acids & bases">Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24670/mc-test-strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases">MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40972/strong-weak-acid-bases-questions-1.html" title="Strong & weak acid & bases questions">Strong & weak acid & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18156/acid-deposition-1.html" title="Acid deposition">Acid deposition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24674/mc-test-acid-deposition-1.html" title="MC test: Acid deposition">MC test: Acid deposition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40983/acid-deposition-questions-1.html" title="Acid deposition questions">Acid deposition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18160/lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases">Lewis acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24710/mc-test-lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Lewis acids & bases">MC test: Lewis acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40986/lewis-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases questions">Lewis acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18250/acid-base-calculations-1.html" title="Acid base calculations">Acid base calculations</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24714/mc-test-calculations-involving-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases ">MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40988/acid-base-calculations-questions--1.html" title="Acid-base calculations questions ">Acid-base calculations questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26161/ph-titration-curves-1.html" title="pH titration curves">pH titration curves</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26158/mc-test-ph-curves-1.html" title="MC test: pH curves">MC test: pH curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41000/ph-curves-questions--1.html" title="pH curves questions ">pH curves questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18365/oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction">Oxidation & reduction</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24725/mc-test-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="MC test: Oxidation & reduction">MC test: Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41033/oxidation-reduction-questions-1--1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (1) ">Oxidation & reduction questions (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41034/oxidation-reduction-questions-2-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (2)">Oxidation & reduction questions (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41035/oxidation-reduction-questions-3-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (3)">Oxidation & reduction questions (3)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18383/electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells">Electrochemical cells</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24740/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells">MC test: Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41072/electrochemical-cells-questions--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells questions ">Electrochemical cells questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18401/electrochemical-cells-ahl--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (AHL) ">Electrochemical cells (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24742/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)">MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41098/electrochemical-cells-1-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41099/electrochemical-cells-2-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20 ">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18497/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry--1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry ">Fundamentals of organic chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24749/mc-test-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry">MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41111/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41112/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-2-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18597/alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24750/mc-test-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41121/alkanes-questions-1.html" title="Alkanes questions">Alkanes questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41124/alkenes-questions-1.html" title="Alkenes questions">Alkenes questions</a></li></ul><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="alcohols--1.html" title="Alcohols ">Alcohols </a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24772/mc-test-alcohols-1.html" title="MC test: Alcohols">MC test: Alcohols</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41125/alcohols-questions-1.html" title="Alcohols questions">Alcohols questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18742/halogenoalkanes-benzene--1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene ">Halogenoalkanes & benzene </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24797/mc-test-halogenoalkanes-benzene-1.html" title="MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene">MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41130/halogenoalkanes-benzene-questions-1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions">Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18762/nucleophilic-substitution--1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution ">Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24757/mc-test-nucleophilic-substitution-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleophilic substitution">MC test: Nucleophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41138/nucleophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution questions">Nucleophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18766/electrophilic-addition--1.html" title="Electrophilic addition ">Electrophilic addition </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24805/mc-test-electrophilic-addition-electrophilic-substitution-reacti-2.html" title="MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions">MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41148/electrophilic-addition-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic addition questions">Electrophilic addition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18780/electrophilic-substitution--2.html" title="Electrophilic substitution ">Electrophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41149/electrophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic substitution questions">Electrophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18793/reduction-reactions--1.html" title="Reduction reactions ">Reduction reactions </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24811/mc-test-reduction-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Reduction reactions">MC test: Reduction reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41150/reduction-reactions-questions-1.html" title="Reduction reactions questions">Reduction reactions questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18797/synthetic-routes--1.html" title="Synthetic routes ">Synthetic routes </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24822/mc-test-synthetic-routes-1.html" title="MC test: Synthetic routes">MC test: Synthetic routes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41152/synthetic-routes-questions--1.html" title="Synthetic routes questions ">Synthetic routes questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18844/stereoisomerism--1.html" title="Stereoisomerism ">Stereoisomerism </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24817/mc-test-stereoisomerism-1.html" title="MC test: Stereoisomerism">MC test: Stereoisomerism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41166/stereoisomerism-questions-1.html" title="Stereoisomerism questions">Stereoisomerism questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 ">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17276/uncertainty-errors--1.html" title="Uncertainty & errors ">Uncertainty & errors </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24818/mc-test-uncertainties-errors-1.html" title="MC test: Uncertainties & errors">MC test: Uncertainties & errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../38869/uncertainty-error-questions--1.html" title="Uncertainty & error questions ">Uncertainty & error questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../15014/graphical-techniques-1.html" title="Graphical techniques">Graphical techniques</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24819/mc-test-graphical-techniques-1.html" title="MC test: Graphical techniques">MC test: Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39387/graphical-techniques-questions--1.html" title="Graphical techniques questions ">Graphical techniques questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18968/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24820/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds--1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds ">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39388/index-of-hydrogen-deficiency-questions-1.html" title="Index of hydrogen deficiency questions">Index of hydrogen deficiency questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39351/identification-from-spectra-question-1-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 1">Identification from spectra - Question 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39353/identification-from-spectra-question-2-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 2">Identification from spectra - Question 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39354/identification-from-spectra-question-3-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 3">Identification from spectra - Question 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39355/identification-from-spectra-question-4-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 4">Identification from spectra - Question 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39356/identification-from-spectra-question-5-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 5">Identification from spectra - Question 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39357/identification-from-spectra-question-6-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 6">Identification from spectra - Question 6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39358/identification-from-spectra-question-7-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 7">Identification from spectra - Question 7</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39359/identification-from-spectra-question-8-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 8">Identification from spectra - Question 8</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39360/identification-from-spectra-question-9-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 9">Identification from spectra - Question 9</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39361/identification-from-spectra-question-10-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 10">Identification from spectra - Question 10</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19027/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl--1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) ">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24821/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39375/identification-from-spectra-question-11-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 11">Identification from spectra - Question 11</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39376/identification-from-spectra-question-12-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 12">Identification from spectra - Question 12</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39377/identification-from-spectra-question-13-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 13">Identification from spectra - Question 13</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39378/identification-from-spectra-question-14-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 14">Identification from spectra - Question 14</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39379/identification-from-spectra-question-15-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 15">Identification from spectra - Question 15</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39380/identification-from-spectra-question-16-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 16">Identification from spectra - Question 16</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39381/identification-from-spectra-question-17-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 17">Identification from spectra - Question 17</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39382/identification-from-spectra-question-18-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 18">Identification from spectra - Question 18</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39383/identification-from-spectra-question-19-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 19">Identification from spectra - Question 19</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39385/identification-from-spectra-question-20-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 20">Identification from spectra - Question 20</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html" title="Key terms & concepts">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html" title="How the elements were named">How the elements were named</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html" title="The Culture of Chemistry">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html" title="Nature of Science questions">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" title="Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16414/topic-1-1.html" title="Topic 1">Topic 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16916/topics-2-12-1.html" title="Topics 2 & 12">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li class="" 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style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="SL Questions by topic">SL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16903/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1--1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (1) ">1. Stoichiometric relationships (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16904/1-stoichiometric-relationships-2--1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (2) ">1. Stoichiometric relationships (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16710/2-atomic-structure-1.html" title="2. Atomic structure">2. Atomic structure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16738/3-periodicity-1.html" title="3. Periodicity">3. Periodicity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16822/4-chemical-bonding-structure-1-1.html" title="4. Chemical bonding & structure (1)">4. 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Acids and bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17416/9-redox-processes-1.html" title="9. Redox processes">9. Redox processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17411/10-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (1) ">10. Organic chemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17412/10-organic-chemistry-2--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (2) ">10. Organic chemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17286/11-measurement-data-processing-1--1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (1) ">11. Measurement & data processing (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17287/11-measurement-data-processing-2-1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (2)">11. Measurement & data processing (2)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="HL Questions by topic">HL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16709/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16735/1-stoichiometric-relationships-2-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37016/2-12-atomic-structure-1-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (1)">2 &12. Atomic structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16721/2-12-atomic-structure-2-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (2)">2 &12. Atomic structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16815/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-1--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16816/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-2--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16861/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16862/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-2-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16894/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-1--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16893/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-2--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17654/6-16-chemical-kinetics-1--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17655/6-16-chemical-kinetics-2--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17471/7-17-equilibrium-1--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17472/7-17-equilibrium-2--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17421/8-18-acids-bases-1--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17422/8-18-acids-bases-2--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17417/9-19-redox-processes-1--1.html" title="9 & 19 Redox processes (1) ">9 & 19 Redox processes (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17418/9-19-redox-processes-2--1.html" title="9 & 19. Redox processes (2) ">9 & 19. Redox processes (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17413/10-20-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10 & 20. 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672972935" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> 10.2 Functional group chemistry (6.5 hours)</h1><h1 id="anchor-0">2. Alcohols (estimated 1.5 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><p>The chemistry covered in this part of sub-topic 10.2 is really very simple. It can be summarized by saying that alcohols burn in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water, primary alcohols are oxidised first to aldehydes then carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones and tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized whilst still retaining the carbons chain. All alcohols can react with carboxylic acids to form esters. This condensation reaction is also known as esterification. Be careful to stress that although the class of compounds is correctly called alcohols the IB calls the -OH functional group the hydroxyl group, although probably it is more correct to call it the hydroxy group so that, for example, the systematic (IUPAC) name of lactic acid, CH<sub>3</sub>CH(OH)COOH is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, not 2-hydroxylpropanoic acid.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="215" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core and AHL/Organic/ethanol.png" title="Image of ethanol from Wikimedia Commons" width="314"> <img alt="" class="noborder" height="92" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core and AHL/Organic/water.jpg" title="A molecule of H-O-H - the simplest of all alcohols?" width="160"></p><p>In fact alcohols, and ethanol in particular, provide a useful respite from the purely organic chemistry approach. Ethanol has many attributes similar to water – or put another way the simplest 'alcohol' of all is water, H-O-H. It could be worth considering using ethanol (and the other alcohols) to re-enforce the chemistry of some of the other core topics.<br><br>For example:</p><p><strong>Topic 1.</strong> (1.1) <em>Deduction of chemical equations when reactants and products are specified.</em><br>Student should be able to deduce a general equation for the combustion of any alcohol C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>O.<br>C<sub>x</sub>H<sub>y</sub>O + (x + y/4 -½)O<sub>2</sub> → xCO<sub>2</sub> + y/2H<sub>2</sub>O</p><p><strong>Topic 3.</strong> (3.2) <em>Group trends should include the treatment of the reactions of alkali metals with water.</em><br>You could ask students to deduce what might happen if a very small piece of sodium metal is placed in ethanol rather than water. From the equation with water they should be able to work out that hydrogen gas will be evolved.</p><p style="margin-left: 120px;">Na(s) + H-O-H(l) → Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>–</sup>(aq) + ½H<sub>2</sub>(g)<br>Na(s) + R-O-H(l) → Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) + OR<sup>–</sup>(aq) + ½H<sub>2</sub>(g)</p><p>The reaction of alcohols with sodium is not actually on the IB programme but it does help to re-enforce the understanding of the reaction of sodium with water.</p><p><strong>Topic 4</strong>. (4.3) <em>Prediction of molecular polarity from bond polarity and molecular geometry.</em><br>By substituting just one of the hydrogen atoms in water with a –C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> group students can easily see that ethanol is polar. They should also be able to deduce that it is not as polar as water as there is only one hydrogen atom with δ+, not two . An interesting demonstration is to put a beaker of water (about 10 cm<sup>3</sup>) in a household microwave oven for ten seconds or so and record the temperature rise. Ask students what will happen if you repeat it with 10 cm<sup>3</sup> of ethanol. They will probably predict the temperature will not rise as much as it is less polar. In fact it will rapidly boil as its specific heat capacity is lower.</p><p><br><strong>Topic 5.</strong> (5.1) <em>A calorimetry experiment for an enthalpy of reaction should be covered and the results evaluated.</em><br>Combusting alcohols using a spirit lamp under a calorimeter and then determining the enthalpy change is a classic experiment.</p><p><strong>Topic 6.</strong> (6.1) <em>Explanation of the effects of temperature on rate of reaction</em> and (6.1.) <em>Investigation of rates of reaction experimentally and evaluation of the results.</em><br>The obvious link with Topic 6 is that heat is required to bring about the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols with an acidified solution of potassium dichromate(VI). The heat, of course increases the energy of the reacting particles so that more will have the necessary activation energy for the reaction to proceed. However if you got them to deduce what will happen when sodium metal is reacted with ethanol (see Topic 1 above) then you could ask them to design or investigate an experiment to measure the rate when different alcohols are used (e.g. CH<sub>3</sub>OH, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>OH and C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>OH) to see what happens to the reaction rate when the carbon chain length increases.</p><p><strong>Topic 7.</strong> (7.1)<em> Deduction of the equilibrium constant expression (K<sub>c</sub>) from an equation for a homogeneous reaction.</em><br>One of the classic reactions used to illustrate homogeneous equilibrium is the esterification reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid. You could even bring in a bit of <strong>Topic 2</strong> here and ask them how they could determine whether it is the oxygen atom from the alcohol or the carboxylic acid that ends up in the water. The answer of course is to use isotopic labelling with <sup>18</sup>O.</p><p><strong>Topic 8. </strong>(8.1.) <em>Deduction of the conjugate acid or conjugate base in a chemical reaction.</em><br>Students know that hydroxide ions are a strong base. This is because hydroxide ions are the conjugate base of water which is a very weak acid (<em>K</em><sub>w</sub> = 1.00 x 10<sup>-14</sup>). Ethanol is an even weaker acid (<em>K</em><sub>a</sub> = approximately 10<sup>-16</sup>) so they should be able to deduce that the ethoxide ion, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O<sup>–</sup>, is an even stronger base than the hydroxide ion, OH<sup>–</sup>.</p><p><strong>Topic 9.</strong> (9.1) <em>Deduction of redox reactions using half-equations in acidic or neutral solutions.</em><br>Often when writing the alcohol oxidation equations in Topic 10 [O] is used to represent the oxygen from the oxidizing agent. But under topic 9 students could be asked to write the full equation and even in Topic 10 this is still true as it states under 'Applications and skills', "Writing equations for the oxidation reactions of primary and secondary alcohols(using acidified potassium dichromate(VI) or potassium manganate(VII) as oxidizing agents).". So give them the half-equations for the reduction of dichromate(VI) ions and manganate(VII) ions in acidic solution and ask them to deduce the balanced redox equations for the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal and then to ethanoic acid. It is all good practice.</p><p><strong>Topic 11.</strong> (11.1) <em>Uncertainties and errors in measurement and results.</em><br>If you have got this far, you deserve an alcoholic drink. It is bound to increase the uncertainty and error in your measurements.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2 id="anchor-4"><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></h2><p>After studying this sub-topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong>Understand:</strong></p><ul><li>Alcohols undergo esterification (or condensation) reactions with acids and some undergo oxidation reactions.</li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><ul><li>Write equations for the complete combustion of alcohols.</li><li>Write equations for the oxidation reactions of primary and secondary alcohol (using either acidified potassium dichromate(VI) or potassium manganate(VII) as the oxidizing agent).</li><li>Explain the importance of distillation and reflux in the isolation of the aldehyde and carboxylic acid products when primary alcohols are oxidized.</li><li>Write the equation for the condensation reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid, in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. concentrated sulfuric acid) to form an ester.</li></ul></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4 id="anchor-5"><strong><strong>Clarification notes</strong></strong></h4><p>No specific guidance is given for alcohols.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4>International-mindedness</h4><p>The misuse of alcohol is a serious problem in many countries and can have a detrimental impact both on their economies and on their social structures.</p></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">Simple though it sounds, impress upon your students the need to take the oxygen atom in the alcohol into account when they balance the equations for the complete combustion of alcohols. Too often in IB exams they forget to do that. It is worth getting students to burn some alcohols on a watch glass although they probably will already have burned ethanol in a spirit lamp for Topic 5 (or at least set fire to brandy on a Christmas pudding!).</span></span></p><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">The oxidation with acidified dichromate(VI) is also worth doing practically. Either in a test-tube or as the full-scale distillation and reflux to obtain both ethanal and ethanoic acid when ethanol is oxidized. Even with just the test-tube reaction they should observe the colour change from orange to green and get an apple-like smell as the ethanal is formed.</span></span></p><p>Although [O] is often just used when writing organic oxidation equations, ensure that they can deduce (not just simply remember) the full equation. After all they have already come across balancing redox equations in Topic 9 and this is a good place to put it into practice. Rather than just stating that tertiary alcohols are not readily oxidized whilst still maintaining the carbon chain, it is good to get the students to work out why not.</p><p>You can bring in a bit of social responsibility and say that the oxidation of ethanol with acidified dichromate ions forms the basis of the simple 'blow in the bag' breathalyzer. It also occurs naturally with wine when it is left open to the air and it explains 'wine vinegar'.</p><p>It is fun to get them to make a couple of esters practically on a small scale. As well as making ethyl ethanoate get them to make methyl salicylate as the smell of 'oil of wintergreen' is very distinctive. </p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages </span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;">87</span> & 88</p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' multiple choice questions with the answers explained see <a href="../24772/mc-test-alcohols-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Alcohols » MC test: Alcohols">MC test: Alcohols</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;">For short-answer questions on alcohols which can be set as an assignment for a test, homework or given for self study together with model answers see <a href="../41125/alcohols-questions-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 10 & 20 » Alcohols » Alcohols questions">Alcohols questions</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>primary<br>secondary<br>tertiary<br>reflux<br>distillation<br>esterification</p><h4><br><strong><strong>IM, TOK, Utilization etc.</strong></strong></h4><p>See <a href="../18420/topics-10-20-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc. » Topics 10 & 20">separate page </a>which covers all of Topic 10.</p><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Practical work</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Reactions of organic compounds</a></p><hr class="hidden"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-13">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-14" class="carousel slide" data-id="315"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10221.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10221.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10222.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10222.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/1031.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/1031.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="/files/tib-galleries/3-315/102-4.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-315/102-4.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10225.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10225.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10226.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10226.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10227.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10227.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-315/10282.png" rel="gallery-315" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10282.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Alcohols: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10221-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10222-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/1031-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-315/102-4-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10225-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10226-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10227-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-315/10282-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> Combustion of alcohols. A 'different' demonstration showing four different alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol) burning in a 'whoosh' bottle.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><object height="280" width="360"><param name="quality" value="high"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/SJCcH0ATMQ4?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed allowscriptaccess="always" height="280" quality="high" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/SJCcH0ATMQ4?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="360"></object></p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/SJCcH0ATMQ4?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/SJCcH0ATMQ4">Combustion of alcohols <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2</strong>. Oxidation of alcohols by Richard Thornley. A good summary (although some care needed when he calls C=O an aldehyde!).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/iSc-Ypps_Io?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/iSc-Ypps_Io">Oxidation of alcohols <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3.</strong> Because the internal assessment focuses so much on data analysis etc some IB students are never taught many good chemistry practical techniques. Distillation can be used to separate the ethanal formed during the oxidation of ethanol. This video takes students through various ways of distilling products using Quickfit apparatus.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/3JlIPnyrZMw?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/3JlIPnyrZMw">Distillation <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-3" name="video-3"> </span></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18741" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Alcohols+%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18741%2Falcohols-"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18741%2Falcohols-&t=Alcohols+"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18741%2Falcohols-"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18741%2Falcohols-"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Alcohols &body=The chemistry covered in this part of sub-topic 10.2 is really very simple. It can be summarized by saying that alcohols burn in oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water, primary alcohols are oxidised first to aldehydes then...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18741%2Falcohols-"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
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