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<title>DP Chemistry: Oxidation & reduction</title>
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<meta name="description" content="We should encourage students to think critically and ask searching questions. In the previous syllabus this topic started with the definition that oxidation is the loss of electrons. In this new programme it states "Oxidation and reduction can be considered in terms of oxygen gain/hydrogen loss, electron transfer or change in oxidation number". It is worth examining this statement.The combustion of hydrogen that occurred...">
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href="../19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul 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Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a 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class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24660/mc-test-the-equilibrium-law-1.html" title="MC test: The equilibrium law">MC test: The equilibrium law</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40961/equilibrium-law-questions-1.html" title="Equilibrium law questions">Equilibrium law questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18120/topics-8-18--1.html" title="Topics 8 & 18 ">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18124/theories-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases ">Theories of acids & bases </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24662/mc-test-theories-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Theories of acids & bases">MC test: Theories of acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40963/theories-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Theories of acids & bases questions">Theories of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18126/properties-of-acids-bases-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases">Properties of acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24663/mc-test-properties-of-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Properties of acids & bases ">MC test: Properties of acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40964/properties-of-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Properties of acids & bases questions">Properties of acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18140/ph-scale-1.html" title="pH scale">pH scale</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24668/mc-test-the-ph-scale-1.html" title="MC test: The pH scale">MC test: The pH scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40971/ph-scale-questions-1.html" title="pH scale questions">pH scale questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18152/strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="Strong & weak acids & bases">Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24670/mc-test-strong-weak-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases">MC test: Strong & weak acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40972/strong-weak-acid-bases-questions-1.html" title="Strong & weak acid & bases questions">Strong & weak acid & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18156/acid-deposition-1.html" title="Acid deposition">Acid deposition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24674/mc-test-acid-deposition-1.html" title="MC test: Acid deposition">MC test: Acid deposition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40983/acid-deposition-questions-1.html" title="Acid deposition questions">Acid deposition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18160/lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases">Lewis acids & bases</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24710/mc-test-lewis-acids-bases-1.html" title="MC test: Lewis acids & bases">MC test: Lewis acids & bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40986/lewis-acids-bases-questions-1.html" title="Lewis acids & bases questions">Lewis acids & bases questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18250/acid-base-calculations-1.html" title="Acid base calculations">Acid base calculations</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24714/mc-test-calculations-involving-acids-bases--1.html" title="MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases ">MC test: Calculations involving acids & bases </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../40988/acid-base-calculations-questions--1.html" title="Acid-base calculations questions ">Acid-base calculations questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26161/ph-titration-curves-1.html" title="pH titration curves">pH titration curves</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../26158/mc-test-ph-curves-1.html" title="MC test: pH curves">MC test: pH curves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41000/ph-curves-questions--1.html" title="pH curves questions ">pH curves questions </a></li></ul></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="../18350/topics-9-19-1.html" title="Topics 9 & 19">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="current parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a href="oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction">Oxidation & reduction</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24725/mc-test-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="MC test: Oxidation & reduction">MC test: Oxidation & reduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41033/oxidation-reduction-questions-1--1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (1) ">Oxidation & reduction questions (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41034/oxidation-reduction-questions-2-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (2)">Oxidation & reduction questions (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41035/oxidation-reduction-questions-3-1.html" title="Oxidation & reduction questions (3)">Oxidation & reduction questions (3)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18383/electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells">Electrochemical cells</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24740/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells">MC test: Electrochemical cells</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41072/electrochemical-cells-questions--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells questions ">Electrochemical cells questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18401/electrochemical-cells-ahl--1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (AHL) ">Electrochemical cells (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24742/mc-test-electrochemical-cells-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)">MC test: Electrochemical cells (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41098/electrochemical-cells-1-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (1) (AHL) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41099/electrochemical-cells-2-ahl-questions-1.html" title="Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions">Electrochemical cells (2) (AHL) questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18475/topics-10-20--1.html" title="Topics 10 & 20 ">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18497/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry--1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry ">Fundamentals of organic chemistry </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24749/mc-test-fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1.html" title="MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry">MC test: Fundamentals of organic chemistry</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41111/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-1-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (1) questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41112/fundamentals-of-organic-chemistry-2-questions-1.html" title="Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions">Fundamentals of organic chemistry (2) questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18597/alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24750/mc-test-alkanes-alkenes-addition-polymers-1.html" title="MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers">MC test: Alkanes, alkenes & addition polymers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41121/alkanes-questions-1.html" title="Alkanes questions">Alkanes questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41124/alkenes-questions-1.html" title="Alkenes questions">Alkenes questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18741/alcohols--1.html" title="Alcohols ">Alcohols </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24772/mc-test-alcohols-1.html" title="MC test: Alcohols">MC test: Alcohols</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41125/alcohols-questions-1.html" title="Alcohols questions">Alcohols questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18742/halogenoalkanes-benzene--1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene ">Halogenoalkanes & benzene </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24797/mc-test-halogenoalkanes-benzene-1.html" title="MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene">MC test: Halogenoalkanes & benzene</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41130/halogenoalkanes-benzene-questions-1.html" title="Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions">Halogenoalkanes & benzene questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18762/nucleophilic-substitution--1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution ">Nucleophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24757/mc-test-nucleophilic-substitution-1.html" title="MC test: Nucleophilic substitution">MC test: Nucleophilic substitution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41138/nucleophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Nucleophilic substitution questions">Nucleophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18766/electrophilic-addition--1.html" title="Electrophilic addition ">Electrophilic addition </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24805/mc-test-electrophilic-addition-electrophilic-substitution-reacti-2.html" title="MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions">MC test: Electrophilic addition & electrophilic substitution reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41148/electrophilic-addition-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic addition questions">Electrophilic addition questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18780/electrophilic-substitution--2.html" title="Electrophilic substitution ">Electrophilic substitution </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41149/electrophilic-substitution-questions-1.html" title="Electrophilic substitution questions">Electrophilic substitution questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18793/reduction-reactions--1.html" title="Reduction reactions ">Reduction reactions </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24811/mc-test-reduction-reactions-1.html" title="MC test: Reduction reactions">MC test: Reduction reactions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41150/reduction-reactions-questions-1.html" title="Reduction reactions questions">Reduction reactions questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18797/synthetic-routes--1.html" title="Synthetic routes ">Synthetic routes </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24822/mc-test-synthetic-routes-1.html" title="MC test: Synthetic routes">MC test: Synthetic routes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41152/synthetic-routes-questions--1.html" title="Synthetic routes questions ">Synthetic routes questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18844/stereoisomerism--1.html" title="Stereoisomerism ">Stereoisomerism </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24817/mc-test-stereoisomerism-1.html" title="MC test: Stereoisomerism">MC test: Stereoisomerism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../41166/stereoisomerism-questions-1.html" title="Stereoisomerism questions">Stereoisomerism questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17285/topics-11-21--1.html" title="Topics 11 & 21 ">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17276/uncertainty-errors--1.html" title="Uncertainty & errors ">Uncertainty & errors </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24818/mc-test-uncertainties-errors-1.html" title="MC test: Uncertainties & errors">MC test: Uncertainties & errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../38869/uncertainty-error-questions--1.html" title="Uncertainty & error questions ">Uncertainty & error questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../15014/graphical-techniques-1.html" title="Graphical techniques">Graphical techniques</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24819/mc-test-graphical-techniques-1.html" title="MC test: Graphical techniques">MC test: Graphical techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39387/graphical-techniques-questions--1.html" title="Graphical techniques questions ">Graphical techniques questions </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../18968/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24820/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds--1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds ">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39388/index-of-hydrogen-deficiency-questions-1.html" title="Index of hydrogen deficiency questions">Index of hydrogen deficiency questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39351/identification-from-spectra-question-1-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 1">Identification from spectra - Question 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39353/identification-from-spectra-question-2-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 2">Identification from spectra - Question 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39354/identification-from-spectra-question-3-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 3">Identification from spectra - Question 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39355/identification-from-spectra-question-4-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 4">Identification from spectra - Question 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39356/identification-from-spectra-question-5-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 5">Identification from spectra - Question 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39357/identification-from-spectra-question-6-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 6">Identification from spectra - Question 6</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39358/identification-from-spectra-question-7-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 7">Identification from spectra - Question 7</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39359/identification-from-spectra-question-8-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 8">Identification from spectra - Question 8</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39360/identification-from-spectra-question-9-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 9">Identification from spectra - Question 9</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39361/identification-from-spectra-question-10-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 10">Identification from spectra - Question 10</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../19027/spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl--1.html" title="Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) ">Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL) </a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../24821/mc-test-spectroscopic-identification-of-organic-compounds-ahl-1.html" title="MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)">MC test: Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds (AHL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39375/identification-from-spectra-question-11-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 11">Identification from spectra - Question 11</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39376/identification-from-spectra-question-12-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 12">Identification from spectra - Question 12</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39377/identification-from-spectra-question-13-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 13">Identification from spectra - Question 13</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39378/identification-from-spectra-question-14-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 14">Identification from spectra - Question 14</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39379/identification-from-spectra-question-15-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 15">Identification from spectra - Question 15</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39380/identification-from-spectra-question-16-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 16">Identification from spectra - Question 16</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39381/identification-from-spectra-question-17-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 17">Identification from spectra - Question 17</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39382/identification-from-spectra-question-18-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 18">Identification from spectra - Question 18</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39383/identification-from-spectra-question-19-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 19">Identification from spectra - Question 19</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../39385/identification-from-spectra-question-20-1.html" title="Identification from spectra - Question 20">Identification from spectra - Question 20</a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" title="The Nature of Science">The Nature of Science</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html" title="Key terms & concepts">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html" title="NOS & Critical Thinking">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html" title="How the elements were named">How the elements were named</a></li><li class="" 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style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="SL Questions by topic">SL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16903/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1--1.html" title="1. 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Acids and bases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17416/9-redox-processes-1.html" title="9. Redox processes">9. Redox processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17411/10-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (1) ">10. Organic chemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17412/10-organic-chemistry-2--1.html" title="10. Organic chemistry (2) ">10. Organic chemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17286/11-measurement-data-processing-1--1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (1) ">11. Measurement & data processing (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17287/11-measurement-data-processing-2-1.html" title="11. Measurement & data processing (2)">11. Measurement & data processing (2)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html" title="HL Questions by topic">HL Questions by topic</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16709/1-stoichiometric-relationships-1-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16735/1-stoichiometric-relationships-2-1.html" title="1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)">1. Stoichiometric relationships (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../37016/2-12-atomic-structure-1-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (1)">2 &12. Atomic structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16721/2-12-atomic-structure-2-1.html" title="2 &12. Atomic structure (2)">2 &12. Atomic structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16815/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-1--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16816/3-13-periodicity-transition-metals-2--1.html" title="3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) ">3 & 13. Periodicity & transition metals (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16861/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (1)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16862/4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-2-1.html" title="4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)">4 & 14. Chemical bonding & structure (2)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16894/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-1--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../16893/5-15-energetics-thermochemistry-2--1.html" title="5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) ">5 & 15. Energetics & thermochemistry (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17654/6-16-chemical-kinetics-1--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17655/6-16-chemical-kinetics-2--1.html" title="6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) ">6 & 16. Chemical kinetics (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17471/7-17-equilibrium-1--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17472/7-17-equilibrium-2--1.html" title="7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) ">7 & 17. Equilibrium (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17421/8-18-acids-bases-1--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17422/8-18-acids-bases-2--1.html" title="8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) ">8 & 18. Acids & bases (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17417/9-19-redox-processes-1--1.html" title="9 & 19 Redox processes (1) ">9 & 19 Redox processes (1) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17418/9-19-redox-processes-2--1.html" title="9 & 19. Redox processes (2) ">9 & 19. Redox processes (2) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a href="../17413/10-20-organic-chemistry-1--1.html" title="10 & 20. 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</div><section id="main-content"><div id="toc-1672972926" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a></div><h1><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/standard-1.png"> <img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/higher-1.png"> 9.1 Oxidation & reduction (4 hours)</h1><div class="pinkBg"><div><h2>Pause for thought</h2><strong>1. Definitions of oxidation</strong><p>We should encourage students to think critically and ask searching questions. In the previous syllabus this topic started with the definition that oxidation is the loss of electrons. In this new programme it states "Oxidation and reduction can be considered in terms of oxygen gain/hydrogen loss, electron transfer or change in oxidation number". It is worth examining this statement.</p><p>The combustion of hydrogen that occurred during the Hindenburg zeppelin airship disaster in 1937 killed 35 people. It was clearly an example of oxidation as oxygen added to hydrogen to form water.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="235" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core%20and%20AHL/redox/hydrogen%20combustion.jpg" title="Hydrogen fuel burning in the Hindenburg disaster in 1937" width="300"></p><p>In fact two of the classic examples of oxidation are the combustion of hydrogen to form water and the combustion of carbon to form carbon dioxide. Much of the energy we use in the World comes from burning a combination of these two elements in the form of hydrocarbons. Many text books do still define oxidation in terms of electron loss and reduction in terms of electron gain but are any electrons actually transferred when hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water or when carbon or hydrocarbons burn?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" height="92" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Core%20and%20AHL/redox/Formation%20of%20water.jpg" width="410"></p><p>In all of these examples it is obvious that the hydrogen and the carbon are oxidized as oxygen is added and yet in none of these cases does the substance being oxidized lose any electrons. Students already know from <a href="../17117/covalent-bonding-1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 4 & 14 » Covalent bonding">sub-topic 4.2 : Covalent bonding</a> that each hydrogen atom shares two electrons in hydrogen gas, hydrocarbons and in water, the oxidized product. Similarly each carbon atom shares eight electrons in graphite and eight electrons in hydrocarbons and in carbon dioxide, the oxidized product, it still shares eight electrons. They should understand that although the loss of electrons is always oxidation the converse is not always true. You can read more about this in the <a href="../18349/topics-9-19-tok-etc.html" title="Topics 9 & 19 (TOK etc)">TOK section in Topics 9 & 19</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2. Why is lithium above potassium in the activity series?</strong></p><p>The activity series for students to use is given in Section 25 of the IB data booklet. Students and teachers know that potassium reacts more vigorously than lithium when it is added to water. so why is lithium listed above potassium in the activity series? For a full explanation of this and how the activities series for metals differs from the reactivity series for metals see the separate page on <a href="../31229/understanding-the-activity-series.html" title="Exams » Paper 2 » Areas of difficulty » Understanding the activity series">Understanding the activity series</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3. A practical example.</strong></p><p>The syllabus now includes one very specific environmental application of redox processes - the determination of dissolved oxygen in water. In fact the syllabus goes slightly further than this as it relates the amount of dissolved oxygen to the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Although this provides a good example to test whether students can apply redox equations when performing calculations it is rather out of date as modern methods to determine BOD bypass this procedure and simply use an oxygen probe (sensor) connected to a data logger (see other resources 3 below).</p><p><img alt="" class="right noborder" height="448" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/Options/Option E/Icelandic waterfall.jpg" title="An Icelandic waterfall- one obvious way in which water can become reoxygenated." width="336">The fact that oxygen dissolves in water is essential for aquatic life. The solubility of oxygen in water depends on several factors with the two most important ones being the salinity of the water and the temperature – an increase in both lowers the amount of dissolved oxygen. The amount of dissolved oxygen present also depends upon the amount of algae or organic material in the water both of which use up oxygen. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen required to decompose organic matter in water at a fixed temperature over a certain time period (usually quoted at 20 <sup>o</sup>C over five days). It is a useful measure to determine the degree of pollution of a water sample. Water with a BOD of more than 5 ppm is generally considered polluted. Even water with a high BOD can still recover and be reoxygenated if the water is fast flowing.</p><p>The amount of dissolved oxygen is traditionally determined using the Winkler method. This was devised by the Hungarian Lajos Winkler (1863-1939) for his Ph.D. thesis in 1888. Excess manganese(II) sulfate and hydroxide ions are added to a known volume of the water sample. The dissolved oxygen oxidises the manganese(II) ions to give a brown precipitate (usually considered to be a hydrated form of manganese(IV) oxide). In the presence of acid this then oxidises iodide ions into iodine and is itself reduced back to manganese(II). The iodine produced is titrated with standard sodium thiosulfate solution using starch as the indicator.</p><p style="margin-left:36.0pt;">2Mn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + O<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 4OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) → 2MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p><p style="margin-left:36.0pt;">(Note that some texts give the formula of the Mn(IV) product as MnO(OH)<sub>2</sub> but this does not affect the overall stoichiometry.)</p><p style="margin-left:36.0pt;">MnO<sub>2</sub>(s) + 2I<sup>−</sup>(aq) + 4H<sup>+</sup>(aq)→ Mn<sup>2</sup><sup>+</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p><p style="margin-left:36.0pt;">2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 2I<sup>−</sup>(aq)</p><p>By following the stoichiometry it can be seen that one mole of dissolved oxygen is equivalent to four moles of thiosulfate ions.</p><hr class="hidden"></div></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><h2>Nature of science</h2><p>Scientists often broaden similarities to general principles. The way in which the definition of redox has changed from one involving just oxygen and hydrogen to one involving the transfer of electrons and a change in oxidation states is a good example of this.</p><hr class="hidden"></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><div class="yellowBg"><div><h2><strong><strong>Learning outcomes</strong></strong></h2><p>After studying this topic students should be able to:</p><p><strong><strong>Understand</strong></strong></p><div title="Page 72"><div><div><div><ul><li>There are different ways of considering oxidation and reduction. It can be considered in terms of gain or loss of oxygen, loss or gain of hydrogen, transfer of electrons or change in oxidation state.</li><li><p>Oxidizing agents are reduced and reducing agents are oxidized.</p></li><li><p>Transition metals and most non-metals can have variable oxidation numbers and oxidation states.</p></li><li><p>Metals are ranked according to the ease with which they undergo oxidation in the activity series.</p></li><li><p>Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which is used as a measure of the degree of pollution in a water sample, can be measured by the Winkler method.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Apply their knowledge to:</strong></p><div title="Page 72"><div><div><ul><li>Deduce the oxidation states of atoms in an ion or a compound.</li><li>Deduce the name of a transition metal compound from a given formula.</li><li>Apply oxidation numbers using Roman numerals.</li><li>Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents and the species that are oxidized and reduced in redox reactions.</li><li>Deduce the balanced equation for a redox reaction using half-equations in acidic or neutral solutions.</li><li>Deduce the feasibility of a redox reaction from the activity series or reaction data.</li><li>Solve problems involving redox titrations.</li><li>Apply the Winkler Method to calculate BOD.</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div title="Page 72"><div><div><div><div title="Page 72"><div><div><div title="Page 73"><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></h4><div class="yellowBg"><div><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Clarification notes</strong></span></b></h4><div title="Page 73"><div><div><div>Although oxidation number and oxidation state are often used interchangeably IUPAC does formally distinguish between the two terms. According to IUPAC oxidation numbers are represented by Roman numerals and oxidation states should be represented with the sign given before the number, e.g. +3 and not 3+.<br><br>The oxidation state of hydrogen (-1) in metal hydrides and oxygen (-1) in peroxides should be known.<br><br>An activity series is given in Section 25 of the data booklet.<hr class="hidden"></div><div></div><div><h4>International-mindedness</h4><div title="Page 72"><div><div><div><p>The United Nations recognises access to a supply of clean drinking water as a fundamental human right. Even so, over one billion people in the world are thought to lack this basic provision. Oxidizing agents, such as chlorine or ozone, are commonly used to disinfect water by killing microbial pathogens.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="box"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Teaching tips</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><span style=""><span style="font-weight: normal;">I normally introduc</span></span>e this by building up from the basic definition that oxidation is the addition of oxygen and then show how this definition has been extended to include the loss of hydrogen and then the loss of electrons. Similarly reduction is the loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen or the gain of electrons. Using an example such as the combustion of magnesium in air they can easily deduce that magnesium loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons. I'd rather they used examples like this to understand the definitions but many will still use OILRIG as an <em>aide memoire</em>.</p><p>For oxidation states you will need to first give them the 'rules'. These can be found in most text books but it is worth stressing that they are just a useful tool that chemists have devised as they are based on the false assumption that covalent compounds can be assumed to be ionic. I then give them a whole list of compounds and ask them to deduce the oxidation state of each element. Once they 'get' it I then give a series of reactions where they can see that the reaction is only a redox reaction if there is a change in oxidation states. Oxidation is an increase in oxidation state and reduction is a decrease in oxidation state.</p><p>You will need to carefully explain the difference between oxidation state, oxidation number, charge on an ion and charge of a complex ion, i.e. using +2, (II) and <sup>+2</sup> and <sup>2+</sup> in a compound such as CuSO<sub>4</sub>(aq). Although the current syllabus emphasises this, it still mixes oxidation number and oxidation state up in various places (for example, the data booklet in Section 14 talks about oxidation numbers and then lists oxidation states!). Be careful with past examination questions too. In the past (II) has not been accepted as an answer for the oxidation number of Cu in CuSO<sub>4</sub><sub> </sub>-<sub> </sub>the answer they wanted was +2. Now (II) would appear to be the only correct answer!!</p></td><td style="width: 50%;" valign="top"><h4><b><span style="font-weight: normal; "><strong>Study guide</strong></span></b></h4><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/2014%20Basic%20information/New%20cover.jpg" style="width: 67px; height: 96px;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pages 70 - 72</span></b></p><hr class="hidden"><h2>Questions</h2><p>For ten 'quiz' multiple choice questions with the answers explained see <a href="../24725/mc-test-oxidation-reduction-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 9 & 19 » Oxidation & reduction » MC test: Oxidation & reduction">MC test: Oxidation & reduction</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 1em;">For three different sets of short-answer questions which can be set as an assignment for a test, homework or given for self study together with model answers see <a href="../41033/oxidation-reduction-questions-1--1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 9 & 19 » Oxidation & reduction » Oxidation & reduction questions (1) ">Oxidation & reduction questions (1)</a>, <a href="../41034/oxidation-reduction-questions-2-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 9 & 19 » Oxidation & reduction » Oxidation & reduction questions (2)">Oxidation & reduction questions (2)</a> and <a href="../41035/oxidation-reduction-questions-3-1.html" title="Core & AHL » Teaching each topic & sub-topic » Topics 9 & 19 » Oxidation & reduction » Oxidation & reduction questions (3)">Oxidation & reduction questions (3)</a>.</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Vocabulary list:</strong></span></b></span></h4><p>Oxidation<br>Reduction<br>Redox<br>Oxidation state<br>Oxidation number<br>Roman numerals</p><hr class="hidden"><h4><strong><strong>IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</strong></strong></h4><p>See <a href="../18349/topics-9-19--1.html" title="New 2014 programme (First exams 2016) » Core & AHL » Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc. » Topics 9 & 19 ">separate page </a>which covers all of Topic 9.</p><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style=""><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Practical work</strong></span></b></span></h2><p><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"><a href="../18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html"> Chlorine in swimming pools</a></p><p><a href="../18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html"><img src="../../../img/icons/lab-1.png"> Redox titrations with KMnO<sub>4</sub></a></p><hr class="hidden"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="greenBg"><h2 id="header-13">Teaching slides</h2><p>Teachers may wish to share these slides with students for learning or for reviewing key concepts.</p><div id="myCarousel-14" class="carousel slide" data-id="307"><!-- Carousel items --><div class="carousel-inner"><div class="active item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/911.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/911.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/912.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/912.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/913.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/913.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/914.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/914.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9151.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9151.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9161.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9161.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/917.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/917.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/918.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/918.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/919.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/919.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9110.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9110.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9111.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9111.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9112.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9112.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9113.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9113.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9114.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9114.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9115.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9115.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="/files/tib-galleries/3-307/screenshot-2022-03-01-at-153244.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-307/screenshot-2022-03-01-at-153244.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div><div class="item"><a class="fancy" href="../../../tib-galleries/3-307/9117.png" rel="gallery-307" title=""><img alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9117.png"></a><div class="carousel-caption"><p>Oxidation & reduction: </p></div></div></div><!-- Carousel nav --><a class="carousel-control left" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="prev">‹</a><a class="carousel-control right" href="#myCarousel-14" data-slide="next">›</a><div class="tib-indicators"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 10px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/911-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/912-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/913-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/914-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9151-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9161-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/917-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/918-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/919-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9110-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9111-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9112-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9113-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9114-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9115-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="/files/tib-galleries/3-307/screenshot-2022-03-01-at-153244-thumb128.jpg"><img class="" title="Click to view" style="margin: 5px 4px; width: 48px; height: 48px;" alt="" src="files/tib-galleries/3-307/9117-thumb128.jpg"></div></div><p> </p></div><hr class="hidden"><div class="blueBg"><h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other resources</span></h2><p><strong>1.</strong> A video that shows how oxidation states change across the periodic table (although the terms oxidation states and numbers are interchanged at times).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/EHe8-AFMsMA?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/EHe8-AFMsMA" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-1" name="video-1"> </span> Oxidation states (I)</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>2.</strong> Deducing whether an element has been oxidized or reduced during a redox reaction using oxidation states (note that the video uses oxidation numbers rather than states as this was from the old programme).</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/eBk2sd7nnPc?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://youtu.be/eBk2sd7nnPc" target="_blank" title="Videos"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/video-1.png"><span class="anchor" id="video-2" name="video-2"> </span> Oxidation states (II)</a></p><hr class="hidden"><p><strong>3. </strong>The old fashioned Winkler method may be good but it is much easier these days to use a dissolved oxygen probe. The video shows how easy it is to use the Nexsens dissolved oxygen sensor.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="280" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/H-apFY1HMnA?rel=0" width="360"></iframe></p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-apFY1HMnA">Dissolved oxygen sensor <img src="http://www.thinkib.net/img/icons/video.png"></a></p><hr class="hidden"><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div></section></article><section id="media-extras"><div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="page-bookmarker" data-ticket="IB Docs (2) Team" data-pid="18365" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li><a class="" data-toggle="modal" href="#modal-feedback" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Oxidation+%26+reduction%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18365%2Foxidation-reduction"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18365%2Foxidation-reduction&t=Oxidation+&+reduction"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18365%2Foxidation-reduction"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fpage%2F18365%2Foxidation-reduction"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Oxidation & reduction&body=We should encourage students to think critically and ask searching questions. In the previous syllabus this topic started with the definition that oxidation is the loss of electrons. In this new programme it states " oxidation...%0ahttps%3a%2f%2fwww.thinkib.net%2fchemistry%2fpage%2f18365%2foxidation-reduction"=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="chemistry/teaching-materials"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div><div style="border-top: solid 1px #eee;border-bottom: solid 1px #eee;padding: 4px 0 4px 0;line-height: 1em;color: #666;font-size: .8em"><small><em>All materials on this website are for the exclusive use of teachers and students at subscribing schools for the period of their subscription. Any unauthorised copying or posting of materials on other websites is an infringement of our copyright and could result in your account being blocked and legal action being taken against you.</em></small></div></section><section id="comments"></section></div><!-- /#main-column -->
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