File "explosives.html"
Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistry/blog/7643/explosiveshtml
File size: 83.82 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Google Tag Manager -->
<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
<title>DP Chemistry: Explosives</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
<!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="PETN, terrorism, Tollens, test for aldehydes, security, bombers, explosives, nitrationChemistry, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP"><meta name="description" content="Explosives. thinkib Chemistry is an InThinking website."><meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:title" name="og:title" content="DP Chemistry: Explosives">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:image" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/teacher-resources.png">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:description" name="og:description" content="What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives were detected in cargo planes bound for the USA – one in Dubai and one in East Midlands...">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:url" name="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/blog/7643/explosives">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:site_name" name="og:site_name" content="Subscription websites for IB teachers & their classes">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:locale" name="og:locale" content="en">
<meta prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#" property="og:type" name="og:type" content="website">
<meta name="description" content="What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives were detected in cargo planes bound for the USA – one in Dubai and one in East Midlands...">
<meta name="image" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/teacher-resources.png">
<meta name="keywords" content="PETN, Terrorism, Tollens, Test for aldehydes, Security, Bombers, Explosives, NitrationChemistry, ThinkIB.net, InThinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, inthinking, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools">
<meta itemprop="name" content="DP Chemistry: Explosives">
<meta itemprop="description" content="What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives were detected in cargo planes bound for the USA – one in Dubai and one in East Midlands...">
<meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/teacher-resources.png">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="DP Chemistry: Explosives">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives were detected in cargo planes bound for the USA – one in Dubai and one in East Midlands...">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/teacher-resources.png">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@InThinker">
<link href="../../../css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="../../../css/top-nav.min.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style.min.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link href="../../../css/style-ib.min.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
<link href="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../assets/css/ckeditor5-custom.css" type="text/css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500"><link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../css/article.min.css?v=202212151220"><script src="../../../js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="../../../js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
<script>
const SITE_TAG = "ib"
const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
let imageThinker = "img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
</script>
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="../../../img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content=" "><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>
<body onunload="" class="">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<div id="header">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="pull-right visible-phone">
<a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
</a>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-left">
<h1><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers & their classes</span></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
<p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
</div>
<div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>
<div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
<a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
<img class="header-logo" src="../../../img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
</a>
<div class="search">
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
<i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="topmenu">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div>
<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><ul><li class=""><a href="/subscribe"><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth"></i> Subscribe today</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../sitemap.html"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fixwidth"></i> Sitemap</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../last-updates.html"><i class="fa fa-file-text-o fixwidth"></i> Latest updates</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../teaching-materials.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece fixwidth"></i> Teaching materials</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../blog.html"><i class="fa fa-paperclip fixwidth"></i> Blog</a></li><li class=""><a href="../../twitter.html"><i class="fa fa-twitter fixwidth"></i> Tweets</a></li><li><a><i class="fa fa-external-link fixwidth"></i> <em>InThinking</em> sites</a><ul><li><a class="text-right" href="https://thinkib.net"><span class="pull-left"> All subjects</span> <em style="opacity: .8;">www.thinkib.net</em></a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/biology" target="_blank">IBDP Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/businessmanagement" target="_blank">IBDP Business Management</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/economics" target="_blank">IBDP Economics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalit" target="_blank">IBDP English A Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBDP English A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/englishb" target="_blank">IBDP English B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ess" target="_blank">IBDP Environmental Systems & Societies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/frenchb" target="_blank">IBDP French B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/geography" target="_blank">IBDP Geography</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/german" target="_blank">IBDP German A: Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/history" target="_blank">IBDP History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathanalysis" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Analysis & Approaches</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/mathapplications" target="_blank">IBDP Maths: Applications & Interpretation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/physics" target="_blank">IBDP Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/psychology" target="_blank">IBDP Psychology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/leadership" target="_blank">IB School Leadership</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanisha" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish A</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanish-abinitio" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish Ab Initio</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/spanishb" target="_blank">IBDP Spanish B</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/teachmaths" target="_blank">teachMathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/visualarts" target="_blank">IBDP Visual Arts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-englishalanglit" target="_blank">IBMYP English Language & Literature</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-resources" target="_blank">IBMYP Resources</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/myp-spanishb" target="_blank">IBMYP Spanish Language Acquisition</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/ibcp" target="_blank">IB Career-related Programme</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkigcse.net" target="_blank"><strong>ThinkIGCSE</strong> - <em>Subject sites for IGCSE teachers</em></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><li><a href="../../page/16256/start-here.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/36257/how-to-navigate-the-site.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24826/using-student-access-.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/27330/creating-student-accounts-.html">Creating student accounts </a></li><li><a href="../../page/32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27328/setting-assignments.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27362/using-qbank.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16258/dart-board-chemistry.html">'Dart board' chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16274/essential-resources.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16276/syllabus.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16278/possible-teaching-schedule.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/46318/teaching-learning-resources.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/17394/approaches-to-teaching.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17395/teaching-styles-.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17396/teaching-skills-.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17398/workshops-.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17397/teacher-recommendations-.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/27280/approaches-to-learning.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/27208/thinking-skills.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27216/reflection.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27209/communication-skills.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27211/social-skills.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27232/self-management.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27312/research.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/17120/resources.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17119/ib-specific-books.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17121/general-text-books.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17131/post-ib-text-books.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17132/journals.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17133/newspaper-articles.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17124/demonstrations.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17139/chemistry-videos.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17140/web-links.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17138/chemistry-apps.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet-.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17392/books-for-enjoyment-.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/27313/unit-plans.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="../../page/22523/critical-thinking.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18044/do-you-speak-ib.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17382/changes-to-terminology.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16347/core-ahl.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/16344/syllabus.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16328/topic-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16907/topics-2-12-.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17021/topics-3-13.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17114/topics-4-14.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17669/topics-5-15-.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17848/topics-6-16.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18038/topics-7-17-.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18120/topics-8-18-.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18350/topics-9-19.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18475/topics-10-20-.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17285/topics-11-21-.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16441/the-nature-of-science.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16450/key-terms-concepts.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="../../page/34566/nos-critical-thinking.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../../page/32100/how-the-elements-were-named.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="../../page/36753/the-culture-of-chemistry.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17333/nature-of-science-questions.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, 'Utilization' etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16414/topic-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16916/topics-2-12.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17023/topics-3-13-.html">Topics 3 & 13 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17055/topics-4-14-.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17270/topics-5-15-.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17854/topics-6-16-.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18041/topics-7-17-.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18099/topics-8-18.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18349/topics-9-19-.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18420/topics-10-20.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17269/topics-11-21-.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics-.html" class="father">'Utilization' - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17868/example-of-connections.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="../../page/34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16687/sl-questions-by-topic.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16688/hl-questions-by-topic.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/19044/options-.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/19503/option-a-.html" class="father">Option A </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/19504/introduction-to-materials-science-.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19541/catalysts-.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19580/liquid-crystals.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19665/polymers-.html">Polymers </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19672/nanotechnology.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19843/environmental-impact-plastics.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography-.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19666/condensation-polymers.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/19284/option-b-.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/19290/introduction-to-biochemistry-.html">Introduction to biochemistry </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19287/proteins-enzymes-.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19291/lipids.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19299/carbohydrates-.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19305/vitamins-.html">Vitamins </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19313/biochemistry-the-environment-.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl-.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL) </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19347/nucleic-acids-.html">Nucleic acids </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19361/biological-pigments-.html">Biological pigments </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/19390/option-c-.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/19391/energy-sources.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19407/fossil-fuels.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19429/solar-energy.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19437/environmental-impact-global-warming.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl-.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL) </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/19078/option-d.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action-.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19158/aspirin-penicillin-.html">Aspirin & penicillin </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19174/opiates.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19194/antiviral-medications-.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19258/nuclear-medicine-.html">Nuclear medicine </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19273/drug-detection-analysis-.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia-.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/16682/internal-assessment.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/18892/scaffolding-the-investigation.html">'Scaffolding' the investigation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18896/timing-organisation-.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18905/choosing-the-research-question.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18946/personal-engagement.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18950/exploration.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18957/analysis.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18965/evaluation.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18966/communication.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="../../page/37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia-.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19506/ia-example-marking-exercise-.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="../../page/23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="../../page/25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports-.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="../../page/37542/history-of-internal-assessment.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16598/mandatory-laboratory-components.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide-.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16615/acid-base-titrations-.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16616/a-green-acid-base-practical.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16618/caco3-in-egg-shells.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16644/enthalpy-changes.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16631/reaction-rates.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16635/rate-dependent-factors.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16637/iodination-of-propanone.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4-.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="../../page/16640/voltaic-cells.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16659/3-d-molecular-modelling-.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/17168/other-good-practicals.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/17196/common-chemical-reactions.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period-.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17239/the-halogens.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17170/polarity-of-molecules.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18083/le-chateliers-principle-.html">Le Chatelier's principle </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium-.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools-.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution-.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18356/electrolytic-cells-.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene-.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19887/preparation-of-nylon-66.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="../../page/19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content-.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19342/hydrolysis-of-starch-.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="../../page/19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin-.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/18851/ict-in-practical-work.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/18852/data-logging-.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18853/software-for-graph-plotting-.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing-.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="../../page/18855/databases.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="../../page/18856/computer-modelling-simulations-.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16594/group-4-project.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16595/practicalities.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16596/reflective-statement-.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16666/a-new-laboratory.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16284/exams.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/16286/essential-facts.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16287/objectives-command-terms.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16288/grade-descriptors.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16289/grade-boundaries.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16302/paper-1-multiple-choice.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16303/advice-to-students-paper-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="../../page/31515/practice-paper-1-exams.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16305/paper-2.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16306/advice-to-students-paper-2.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16307/areas-of-difficulty.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16313/paper-3-.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16314/advice-to-students-paper-3.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16342/data-response-questions.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/20054/experimental-work-questions.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16324/the-examination-process.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/16316/setting-the-exam-papers.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16317/predicted-grades.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16318/marking-the-papers.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16319/commenting-on-the-exams.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16320/grade-awarding.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16321/enquiry-upon-results.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16322/chief-examiners-report.html">Chief Examiner's report</a></li><li><a href="../../page/16323/retaking-the-exam.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/16325/faqs.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/3147/ib-core.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/3149/learner-profile.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="../../page/21735/extended-essays-.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/21736/overview-.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="../../page/21780/responsibilities.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="../../page/21790/resources.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="../../page/21800/research.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="../../page/21804/writing-the-essay.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../../page/21810/assessment.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../../page/22434/summary-of-advice-.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="../../page/25272/faqs-.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/307/theory-of-knowledge-tok.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41171/the-12-tok-concepts.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="../../page/3507/why-tok-chemistry.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="../../page/3505/a-modern-paradigm.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics.html">SL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="../../page/20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17792/sl-questions-on-the-options.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics.html">HL Multiple choice 'quizzes' on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams-.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="../../page/17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="../../page/20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="../../page/17793/hl-questions-on-the-options.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="../../page/24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks-.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41465/complete-course-for-students-.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="../../page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27965/topics-3-13-periodicity.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="../../page/28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium-.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="../../page/28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases-.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="../../page/28031/topics-9-19-redox-process.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="../../page/28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="../../page/28074/option-a-materials-.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="../../page/28087/option-b-biochemistry.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="../../page/28098/option-c-energy-.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="../../page/28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project-.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41528/internal-assessment.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41657/group-4-project.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41387/approaches-to-learning-.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41380/thinking-skills.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41383/communication-skills.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41384/social-skills-.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41385/self-management-skills.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41386/research-skills.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41382/reflection-skills-.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41488/the-nature-of-science.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41489/key-terms-concepts-.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named-.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41490/nos-critical-thinking.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41493/the-culture-of-chemistry-.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41494/nature-of-science-questions-.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41401/external-assessment-exams.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41403/essential-facts-.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41409/paper-1-multiple-choice-.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41417/paper-2-.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="../../page/41431/paper-3-.html">Paper 3 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="../../page/41662/extended-essay-.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="../../page/41685/preparation.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41686/researching-.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="../../page/42075/writing-the-essay.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="../../page/41687/assessment.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
<input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
<button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
Search
</button>
<a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
<i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
</a>
</form>
</div>
</nav>
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<div id="container" class="container-fluid">
<div id="content">
<div class="row-fluid">
<div id="left-column" class="span3"><div id="userbox">
<a href="#modal-login" role="button" class="btn btn-primary" data-toggle="modal" onclick="return false;">
Log in
</a>
<a href="subscribe" class="btn btn-danger">
Subscribe / Renew
</a>
<a class="btn" href="#modal-warning-students" data-toggle="modal" onclick="return false;">Free trial</a>
</div>
<div id="modal-warning-students" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog">
<!-- <div class="modal-header">
<button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button">×</button>
</div> -->
<div class="modal-body" style="padding: 15px 50px">
<div style="text-align: center">
<h2 style="color: #BB1313; margin-top: 0">If you are a student, stop now!</h2>
<img style="width: 96px; height: 96px" src="../../../img/warning-skull.svg">
</div>
<p>
<br>
Only teachers can take out free trials or subscriptions to our subject sites at
<a href="/">www.thinkib.net</a>
</p>
<p>
In line with the IB Learner Profile, "Act with integrity and honesty".
</p>
<p>
If you are a student and wish to access these resources, ask your school to subscribe.
</p>
<p>
Alternatively, sign up to our sites at <a href="https://www.studyib.net">www.studyib.net</a>
which are specifically designed for self study and revision.
</p>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer" style="text-align: center">
<a class="btn btn-success" href="/subscribe?highlight=trial">
I confirm I am a teacher
</a>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Modal -->
<div id="modal-login" class="modal hide fade text-left" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="log-in form" aria-hidden="true">
<div class="modal-header" style="padding: 15px;">
<button aria-hidden="true" data-dismiss="modal" class="close" type="button">×</button>
<div style="margin: 0 20px;">
<h2 style="margin: 0;">Log in</h2>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px;">
<form method="post" style="margin: 0 auto; width: 60%;" action="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry/blog/7643/explosives">
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex">
<!-- <label><i class="fa fa-user"></i> Username</label> -->
<input class="span12" type="text" placeholder="Username" name="username">
</div>
<div class="control-group password-container" style="display: flex;">
<!-- <label><i class="fa fa-lock"></i> Password</label> -->
<input class="span12" type="password" placeholder="Password" name="password">
<i class="fa fa-eye toggle-password"></i>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<a href="../../lost-password.html" style="font-weight: normal">
Forgot your password?
</a>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; margin-bottom: 35px;">
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-large btn-primary" value="1" name="submit-login" style="width: 100%;">
<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
Log in
</button>
</div>
<div class="control-group" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column;">
<a href="https://managebac.com" onclick="managebacPopup(); return false;" target="popup" name="managebac-login-access" value="1" class="btn" style="margin-bottom: 12px; text-align: left;">
<img style="margin: 0;" src="../../../img/mb-logo-small.png" height="24" width="24">
Log in with ManageBac
</a>
<a href="https://managebac.cn" onclick="managebacChinaPopup(); return false;" target="popup" name="managebac-login-access" class="btn" value="1" style="text-align: left;">
<img src="../../../img/china-flag.svg">
Log in with ManageBac China
</a>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</div>
<script>
// var alert = [
// '<div class="modal-footer" style="color: #933; font-weight: bold">',
// 'Notice: ThinkIB will be down for planned maintenance during two hours on Wednesday 28th July from 7am to 9am CEST',
// '</div>'
// ].join('');
// var d = new Date();
// var dayD = new Date(1627455600000); // <- 28 July 2021 7:00 * 1000
// if (d.getTime() < dayD) {
// document.write(alert);
// }
</script>
</div>
<style>#userbox > a {margin-bottom: 4px;}</style><script>function managebacPopup(){return window.open("https://accounts.faria.org/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=RJ2txYSqkbXku1EsLPXiEzKf8kpmgkeKarpSf2eW1GM&redirect_uri=https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback&scope=openid+email&state=1f32ff96ad7a5760&display=popup","ManageBac Login","width=1000,height=750"),$("#modal-login").modal("hide"),setLoginLocation("global"),!1}function managebacChinaPopup(){return window.open("https://accounts.managebac.cn/oauth/authorize?response_type=code&client_id=28KPAhfeYrEQHe88mpP5G62feOQ7r2kJkplc3mmJZfg&redirect_uri=https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback&scope=openid+email&state=1f32ff96ad7a5760&display=popup","ManageBac Login","width=1000,height=750"),$("#modal-login").modal("hide"),setLoginLocation("china"),!1}function managebacRefresh(){location.reload()}function setLoginLocation(e){var o="https://www.thinkib.net/mb/callback".replace("callback","");$.get(o+e+"-login")}</script><h3 style="">Recent posts<small class="pull-right" style="margin-top: 14px"><a href="../../blog.html">View all <i class="gray fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></i></a></small></h3><table class="table table-striped"><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="The excitement of discovery - 9 December 2022" href="../46331/the-excitement-of-discovery-.html">The excitement of discovery </a><br><small class="gray"><em>9 Dec 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Concept-based assessment - 13 November 2022" href="../46027/concept-based-assessment.html">Concept-based assessment</a><br><small class="gray"><em>13 Nov 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="5+ is different to +5 - 20 September 2022" href="../45629/5-is-different-to-5.html">5+ is different to +5</a><br><small class="gray"><em>20 Sep 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Training students to think critically - 8 September 2022" href="../45568/training-students-to-think-critically.html">Training students to think criti…</a><br><small class="gray"><em>8 Sep 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Intergalactic-mindedness - 15 July 2022" href="../44808/intergalactic-mindedness.html">Intergalactic-mindedness</a><br><small class="gray"><em>15 Jul 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Some thoughts on the May 2022 IB Chemistry examinations - 30 May 2022" href="../44337/some-thoughts-on-the-may-2022-ib-chemistry-examinations.html">Some thoughts on the May 2022 IB…</a><br><small class="gray"><em>30 May 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Anti-Markovnikov addition - 16 March 2022" href="../43599/anti-markovnikov-addition.html">Anti-Markovnikov addition</a><br><small class="gray"><em>16 Mar 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Initial reflections on the new programme - 31 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2022" href="../43165/initial-reflections-on-the-new-programme.html">Initial reflections on the new p…</a><br><small class="gray"><em>31 Jan 22</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Covering the mandatory practical areas during lockdown - 26 November 2021" href="../42419/covering-the-mandatory-practical-areas-during-lockdown.html">Covering the mandatory practical…</a><br><small class="gray"><em>26 Nov 21</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Greenhouse gas bulletin and COP26 - 25 October 2021" href="../42148/greenhouse-gas-bulletin-and-cop26.html">Greenhouse gas bulletin and COP2…</a><br><small class="gray"><em>25 Oct 21</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="Testing concepts using the H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup> ion - 18 October 2021" href="../42030/testing-concepts-using-the-h3-ion.html">Testing concepts using the H<></a><br><small class="gray"><em>18 Oct 21</em></small></td></tr><tr><td style="line-height: 1.0"><a title="“The Strangest Man” - 29 July 2021" href="../40674/the-strangest-man.html">“The Strangest Man”</a><br><small class="gray"><em>29 Jul 21</em></small></td></tr></table></div><!-- /#left-column-->
<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Explosives%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="../../../login-477.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives&t=Explosives"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Explosives&body=What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="../../teaching-materials.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div>
<ul class="page-actions no-print stacked nav nav-list visible-desktop"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i><span>Presentation mode</span></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i><span>Print this page</span></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i><span>Personal notes</span></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i><span>Share this page</span></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Explosives%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="../../../login-477.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives&t=Explosives"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Explosives&body=What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="../../teaching-materials.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i><span>Teaching materials</span></a></li></ul>
<article id="main-article" class="row-fluid">
<section class="row-fluid" id="main-content">
<h1 class="section-title">Explosives</h1>
<p class="blog-info">
Monday 1 November 2010
</p>
<div class="row-fluid">
<div style="padding: 0 30px;"><p>What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives were <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11663405 ">detected in cargo planes</a> bound for the USA – one in Dubai and one in East Midlands Airport in the UK. The parcels are thought to have originated from Yemen.</p>
<p>The explosives (which in one of the parcels were concealed inside a printer ink cartridge) contained the explosive PETN. Explosives are not on the IB course as such although as part of the Nature of Science it is well worth <a href="../../page/18041/topics-7-17-.html">mentioning the role Fritz Haber played</a> in fixing nitrogen which very probably prolonged the First World War. Most people have heard of nitroglycerine or nitrocellulose – but what exactly is PETN? In fact it is not new and was used as an explosive in World War I. It was first synthesised in 1891 by the German chemist <a href="http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/8888118 ">Bernhard Tollens</a> (1841 – 1918). Many will recognise the name Tollens as it is the same Tollens who introduced Tollens’ reagent, the <a href="http://www.chemie.uni-regensburg.de/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/D-Tollens-e.htm ">silver mirror test</a> for the presence of aldehydes using ammoniacal silver nitrate which also produces an explosive solid. Tollens and his co-worker Wigand nitrated pentaerythritol, C(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>4</sub>, to form pentaerythritol tetranitrate or PETN. It obviously has many similarities with nitroglycerine except of course it contains an extra nitro-group as the starting material possesses four –OH groups rather than the three in propane-1,2-3-triol (glycerol).</p>
<p style="text-align: center; "><img alt="" class="centre noborder" height="240" src="../../../ib/chemistry/images/blog/PETN(1)-1.png" title="pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN)" width="300"></p>
<p>I wouldn’t recommend discussing the synthesis of this with your students – MI5 (or is it MI6?) are probably logging this already(!) - but since many of us and our students travel internationally it seems reasonable to have some chemical knowledge of what we might be up against. PETN has been the explosive of choice recently. On Christmas Day 2009 a Nigerian student tried to blow up a NorthWest Airlines flight as it approached Detroit – the PETN was contained in his underwear - and a few years earlier in 2001 the ‘shoe bomber’ Richard Reid, had PETN concealed in his shoes and was prevented in his attempt to blow up an American Airlines flight en route from Paris to Miami. There are several reasons why terrorists are using PETN. Although not impossible, it is very difficult to detect and it is also considerably more stable than many other nitro- explosives such as nitroglycerine. I have seen one report that the recent bombs contained lead azide, Pb(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> to initiate the reaction but it can also be detonated by an electric spark and a mobile phone was reported to be present with the bomb at East Midlands Airport. The ‘shoe bomber’ attempted to use triacetone triperoxide as his detonator. For this reason there are severe restrictions on the amount of liquids that most air travellers are allowed to take on board with them.</p>
<p>Like many substances, nitro- compounds can often be used for both good and bad purposes. Both nitroglycerine<sup><span style="color:#0000cd;">1 </span></sup>and PETN are used in medicine as vasodilators in heart conditions – so maybe there should be a small amount of these 'explosives' kept in the medicine cabinet on all planes!</p>
<p>Happy (and safe) flying!</p>
<p><sup><span style="color:#0000cd;">1.</span></sup>There is a nice TOK point here related to language. In the same way that nuclear magnetic resonance is called magnetic resonance imaging in hospitals to avoid the use of the word nuclear, nitroglycerine is called glyceryl trinitrate to avoid the connotation with explosives. </p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<p class="search-tags"><strong>Tags: </strong><a href="../../search/PETN.html">PETN</a>, <a href="../../search/%20terrorism.html"> terrorism</a>, <a href="../../search/%20Tollens.html"> Tollens</a>, <a href="../../search/%20test%20for%20aldehydes.html"> test for aldehydes</a>, <a href="../../search/%20security.html"> security</a>, <a href="../../search/%20bombers.html"> bombers</a>, <a href="../../search/%20explosives.html"> explosives</a>, <a href="../../search/%20nitration.html"> nitration</a></p>
<div class="prevnext-posts"><div class="pull-right text-right"><a href="../7961/blue-light-cystoscopy.html" style="font-style: normal">Blue light cystoscopy <i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-right"></i></a><br><em class="gray"><small>10 Dec 2010</small></em></div><div class="pull-left"><a href="../7438/sticky-tape-a-pencil.html" style="font-style: normal"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-left"></i> Sticky tape & a pencil</a><br><em class="gray"><small>5 Oct 2010</small></em></div></div>
<hr>
</section>
<a id="exit-fs" title="Exit presentation mode" href="#"><i class="fa fa-arrows-alt" onclick="return false;"></i></a>
</article>
<div class="page-actions no-print navbar inline hidden-desktop"><div class="navbar-inner"><ul class="nav"><li><a class="presentation" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-desktop"></i></a></li><li><a class="print-section-blog" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-print"></i></a></li><li><a class="personal-notes" href="#" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-file-text"></i></a></li><li class="dropdown"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-target="#" href="#"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu"><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=%22Explosives%22+-+via+%40InThinker+%23chemistry%0A&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-twitter-square"></i><span>Twitter</span></a></li><li><a class="" target="_blank" title="Share on Facebook" href="../../../login-477.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives&t=Explosives"><i class="fa fa-facebook-square"></i><span>Facebook</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i><span>LinkedIn</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-google-plus-square"></i><span>Google +</span></a></li><li><a class="" href="mailto:?subject=Explosives&body=What might be flying with you – or even with your IB exam scripts, extended essays or IA samples for moderation as they are sent round the world as cargo courtesy of DHL? On 29 October 2010 two parcels that contained explosives...%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkib.net%2Fchemistry%2Fblog%2F7643%2Fexplosives"><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i><span>Email</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="" href="../../teaching-materials.html"><i class="fa fa-puzzle-piece colored"></i></a></li></ul></div></div>
<article>
<div class="row-fluid">
<section id="comments"><h2><i class="fa fa-comments"></i> Comments <span id="n-comments" class="gray" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></h2><hr><p>To post comments you need to <a data-toggle="modal" role="button" href="#modal-login" onclick="return false;"> log in</a>. If it is your first time you will need to <a href="subscribe">subscribe</a>.</p></section>
</div>
</article></div><!-- /#main-column -->
</div>
</div><!-- /#content -->
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div class="wmap">
<div class="layout-wrapper">
<p>
© <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
About us
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
Legal
</a>
|
<a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
Contact
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
<img src="../../../social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
<img src="../../../social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
</a>
<a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
<img src="../../../social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="new">
<!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
<script src="../../../js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
<script src="../../../js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
<script>var blogId = 7643;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/tib-fullscreen/tib-fullscreen.min.js?v=202109221648"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/js/ckeditor5-utils.min.js?v=20211202"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../assets/build/app.js?v=202204141130"></script><script src="../../../js/header-circle.min.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="../../../js/password-toggler.min.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
setTimeout(function() {
$.ajax({
cache: true,
url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
dataType: "script",
success: function () {
cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
}
});
}, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="../../../js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
let commentEditor={};function initCommentsEditor(){const t=document.querySelector("#comment-content");t&&CKEDITOR.BasicEditor.create(t,{toolbar:{viewportTopOffset:50,items:["bold","italic","link","subscript","superscript"]},link:{decorators:{addLinkNoFollow:{mode:"automatic",callback:function(t){if(null!=t)return["http://","http://www","https://","https://www","ftp:"].some((o=>t.startsWith(o)))},attributes:{target:"_blank",class:"ck-link",rel:"nofollow"}}}}}).then((function(t){commentEditor=t,commentEditor.execute("heading",{value:"paragraph"})})).catch((function(t){console.error(t)}))}function replaceComment(content,commentId){$("#cancel-comment-post").trigger("click"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html(content)}function placeComment(html,fatherId){$("#comment-form").hide(),$("#comment-form textarea").val(""),fatherId>0?($("#comments #comm-"+fatherId).append(html),$("#comments").append($("#comment-form"))):$("#comments").append(html).append($("#comment-form")),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked"),$("#comment-form").show("fast")}function update_sticky_comments(arrIds,mode){$.post("pages/edit/update-sticky-comments.php?mode="+mode,{ids:arrIds,ticket:$("#comment-ticket").val()},(function(data){1==data.success?("set"==data.mode&&$("#sticky-"+data.id).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().addClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Unmark as important")})),"unset"==data.mode&&($("#sticky-"+data.id).removeClass("sticky"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).attr("title","Mark as important"),$("#sticky-"+data.id).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().removeClass("sticky"),$(this).find("a.pull-right").first().attr("title","Mark as important")})))):alert(data.error)}),"json")}"undefined"!=typeof CKEDITOR&&initCommentsEditor(),$("section#comments").on("click","#edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentId=$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(),commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"edit",comment_id:commentId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){"0"==data.success?alert(data.error):replaceComment(data.text,commentId)}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.edit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden");var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),form=$("form#comment-form"),text=$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content div.comment-text").html();commentEditor.setData(text),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(text),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > img").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content > div.comment-text").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-footer").addClass("hidden"),$("#comm-"+commentId+" > .comment-content").append(form),$("form#comment-form #submit-comment").hide(),$("form#comment-form #edit-comment").show(),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val(commentId),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#submit-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var commentContent=commentEditor.getData(),fatherId=$("#father-comment").val(),ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),sectionId=$("#section-id").val();$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"post",section_id:sectionId,father_id:fatherId,content:commentContent,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{commentEditor.setData(""),placeComment(data.html,fatherId),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").hide();var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length>0&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n+1)}}),"json")})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.reply-comment",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content").removeClass("marked");var form=$("form#comment-form"),fatherId=$(this).parent().parent(".comment").attr("rel");form.find("#father-comment").val(fatherId),$(this).parent().parent(".comment").find("> .reply-area").append(form),$(this).find(".fa-reply").removeClass("fa-reply").addClass("fa-arrow-down"),$(this).parent().prev(".comment-content").addClass("marked"),$("form#comment-form #cancel-comment-post").show(),fancyScrollTo("comment-form"),$("form#comment-form textarea").focus()})),$("section#comments").on("click","#cancel-comment-post",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$(".comment .hidden").removeClass("hidden"),$(".comment .fa-arrow-down").removeClass("fa-arrow-down").addClass("fa-reply"),$(".comment-content.marked").removeClass("marked"),commentEditor.setData("");var form=$("form#comment-form");$("section#comments").append(form),$("form#comment-form #father-comment").val("0"),$("form#comment-form textarea").val(""),$("form#comment-form #comment-mode").val("new"),$("#edit-comment").hide(),$(this).hide(),$("#submit-comment").show()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.delete-comment",(function(e){var commentId=$(this).data("comment-id"),isFather=$("#comm-"+commentId).children(".comment").length>0,ticket=$("#comment-ticket").val(),msg="You are going to delete a comment.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?";isFather&&(msg="You are going to delete a comment and all its replies.\n\nThis action cannot be undone.\n\nAre you sure?"),confirm(msg)&&$.post("pages/comment.php",{action:"delete",comment_id:commentId,is_father:isFather,ticket:ticket},(function(data){if("0"==data.success)alert(data.error);else{$("#comm-"+commentId+".comment").replaceWith(data.text);var n=0;$("#n-comments").text().length&&(n=parseInt($("#n-comments").text())),$("#n-comments").text(n-parseInt(data.deleted))}}),"json"),e.preventDefault(),e.stopPropagation()})),$("section#comments").on("click","a.pull-right",(function(e){e.preventDefault();var arrayIds=[];$(this).hasClass("sticky")?(arrayIds.push($(this).closest("div.comment").attr("rel")),$(this).closest("div.comment").find("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"unset")):($(this).parents("div.comment").each((function(e){arrayIds.push($(this).attr("rel"))})),update_sticky_comments(arrayIds,"set"))}));
$('.page-bookmarker').click(function(e){
e.preventDefault();
var pid = $(this).data('pid');
var random = $(this).data('ticket');
bookmarkPage(pid, random);
});
function bookmarkPage(pageId, random){
$.get(
'pages/bookmarks.php',
{
'id' : pageId,
'ticket' : random
},
function(data){
if(data['success'] == '1') {
var buttonTitle = 'Favourite';
if( $('.page-bookmarker').attr('title') == 'Favourite' ) {
buttonTitle = 'Unfavourite';
}
$('.page-bookmarker > i').toggleClass('colored');
$('.page-bookmarker.stacked > span').text(buttonTitle);
$('.page-bookmarker').attr('title', buttonTitle);
}
},
'json'
);
}
// the comment icon becomes a popover
$('img.ico[src="/img/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){
var comment = $(this).attr('title');
$(this).removeAttr('title');
$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />');
});
$('img.ico[src="img/icons/comments.png"]').each(function(){
var comment = $(this).attr('title');
$(this).removeAttr('title');
$(this).wrap('<a class="tib-popover" href="#" data-content="'+comment+'" data-togle="popover" data-placement="top" />');
});
$('.tib-popover').popover({
html : true,
trigger : 'hover',
delay : {show: 300, hide: 300},
placement : function (context, source) {
var position = $(source).position();
if (position.top > 200) { return "top";}
if (position.left < 515) { return "right"; }
if (position.top < 200) { return "bottom";}
if (position.left > 515) { return "left"; }
return "top";
}
}).click(function(e){
e.preventDefault();
});
// LIVE CAROUSEL MANAGEMENT
// Miliseconds for the next slide
var carouselTime = 6500;
// Start carousels
$('div.carousel.slide').carousel({interval: carouselTime});
$('.tib-indicators > img').click(function(){
// IN
var index = $(this).index();
var container = $(this).closest('.carousel.slide');
container.carousel(index);
});
$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if ( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
if (n > 1) {
var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
$(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
}
n++;
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>