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Cognitive approach">3. Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22791/cognitive-processing.html" title="Cognitive processing">Cognitive processing</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22792/schema-theory.html" title="Schema theory">Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22793/multi-store-memory-model.html" title="Multi-store memory model">Multi-store memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23593/working-memory-model.html" title="Working memory model">Working memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22794/thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Thinking and decision making">Thinking and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22795/reliability-of-cognitive-processes.html" title="Reliability of cognitive processes">Reliability of cognitive processes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22796/reconstructive-memory.html" title="Reconstructive memory">Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22798/emotion-and-memory.html" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33334/memory-and-the-holocaust-.html" title="Memory and the Holocaust ">Memory and the Holocaust </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22797/biases-in-thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Biases in thinking and decision making">Biases in thinking and decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23608/emotion-and-decision-making.html" title="Emotion and decision making">Emotion and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22799/the-digital-world.html" title="The digital world">The digital world</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22800/memory-in-the-digital-world.html" title="Memory in the digital world">Memory in the digital world</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22801/technology-and-thinking.html" title="Technology and thinking">Technology and thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37079/technology-emotion-and-cognition.html" title="Technology, emotion, and cognition">Technology, emotion, and cognition</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23586/references-cognitive-approach.html" title="References: Cognitive approach">References: Cognitive approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22386/4-biological-approach.html" title="4. Biological approach">4. Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22418/the-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="The brain and behaviour">The brain and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22419/methodology-biological-approach.html" title="Methodology: biological approach">Methodology: biological approach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22420/localization-plasticity.html" title="Localization & Plasticity">Localization & Plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22421/neurotransmission-.html" title="Neurotransmission ">Neurotransmission </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22422/hormones.html" title="Hormones">Hormones</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22423/pheromones-and-mating-behaviour.html" title="Pheromones and mating behaviour">Pheromones and mating behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45731/pheromones-and-aggression.html" title="Pheromones and aggression">Pheromones and aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22428/genetics-and-behaviour.html" title="Genetics and behaviour">Genetics and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22429/methodology-in-genetic-research.html" title="Methodology in genetic research">Methodology in genetic research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45429/kinship-studies-.html" title="Kinship studies ">Kinship studies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22430/epigenetics-and-depression.html" title="Epigenetics and depression">Epigenetics and depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22431/evolutionary-psychology.html" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22432/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: genetics">Ethical considerations: genetics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22435/hl-extension-animal-research.html" title="HL Extension: Animal research">HL Extension: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22436/methods-of-animal-research.html" title="Methods of animal research">Methods of animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22437/ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="Ethics in animal research">Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22438/animal-research-in-genetics.html" title="Animal research in genetics">Animal research in genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22424/references-biological-approach.html" title="References: Biological approach">References: Biological approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22387/5-sociocultural-approach.html" title="5. Sociocultural approach">5. Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22439/the-individual-and-the-group.html" title="The individual and the group">The individual and the group</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22440/methodology-in-sociocultural.html" title="Methodology in sociocultural">Methodology in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22441/social-identity-theory.html" title="Social Identity Theory">Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22443/social-cognitive-theory.html" title="Social Cognitive Theory">Social Cognitive Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22444/stereotyping.html" title="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22445/culture-behaviour-and-cognition.html" title="Culture, behaviour and cognition">Culture, behaviour and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22447/cultural-dimensions-.html" title="Cultural dimensions ">Cultural dimensions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22446/culture-and-cognition.html" title="Culture and cognition">Culture and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22448/enculturation.html" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34345/acculturation.html" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22449/globalization-and-identity.html" title="Globalization and identity">Globalization and identity</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22450/globalization-and-attitudes.html" title="Globalization and attitudes">Globalization and attitudes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22451/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22442/references-sociocultural-approach.html" title="References: Sociocultural approach">References: Sociocultural approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22388/6-abnormal-psychology.html" title="6. Abnormal psychology">6. Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22452/diagnosis.html" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22453/classification-systems.html" title="Classification systems">Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22454/validity-and-reliability.html" title="Validity and reliability">Validity and reliability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22455/factors-influencing-diagnosis.html" title="Factors influencing diagnosis">Factors influencing diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22456/ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Ethics in diagnosis">Ethics in diagnosis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22458/etiologies-of-disorders.html" title="Etiologies of disorders">Etiologies of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34781/anxiety-disorders.html" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34782/biological-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Biological approach to anxiety">Biological approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34783/cognitive-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Cognitive approach to anxiety">Cognitive approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34784/sociocultural-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anxiety">Sociocultural approach to anxiety</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22459/depressive-disorders.html" title="Depressive disorders">Depressive disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22460/biological-approach-to-depression.html" title="Biological approach to depression">Biological approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22477/cognitive-approach-to-depression.html" title="Cognitive approach to depression">Cognitive approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22478/sociocultural-approach-to-depression.html" title="Sociocultural approach to depression">Sociocultural approach to depression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24019/eating-disorders.html" title="Eating disorders">Eating disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23983/biological-approach-to-anorexia.html" title="Biological approach to anorexia">Biological approach to anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23984/cognitive-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Cognitive approach to anorexia ">Cognitive approach to anorexia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24018/sociocultural-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anorexia ">Sociocultural approach to anorexia </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36224/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html" title="Obsessive Compulsive Disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36195/biological-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Biological approach to OCD">Biological approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36415/cognitive-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Cognitive approach to OCD">Cognitive approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36494/sociocultural-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to OCD">Sociocultural approach to OCD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22479/trauma-and-stress-related-disorders.html" title="Trauma and stress related disorders">Trauma and stress related disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22480/biological-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Biological approaches to PTSD">Biological approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22481/cognitive-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Cognitive approaches to PTSD">Cognitive approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22482/sociocultural-approach-to-ptsd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to PTSD">Sociocultural approach to PTSD</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22483/prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Prevalence of disorders">Prevalence of disorders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22484/treatment-of-disorders.html" title="Treatment of disorders">Treatment of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23986/anorexia-biological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Biological treatments">Anorexia: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24036/anorexia-psychological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Psychological treatments">Anorexia: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37065/gad-biological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Biological treatments">GAD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37136/gad-psychological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Psychological treatments">GAD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36566/ocd-biological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Biological treatments">OCD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36985/ocd-psychological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Psychological treatments">OCD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22485/depression-biological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Biological treatments">Depression: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22502/depression-psychological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Psychological treatments">Depression: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24002/ptsd-biological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Biological treatments">PTSD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23982/ptsd-psychological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Psychological treatments">PTSD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22503/culture-and-treatment.html" title="Culture and treatment">Culture and treatment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22504/effectiveness-of-treatment.html" title="Effectiveness of treatment">Effectiveness of treatment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22457/references-abnormal.html" title="References: Abnormal">References: Abnormal</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22389/7-developmental-psychology.html" title="7. Developmental psychology">7. Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23616/developing-as-a-learner-.html" title="Developing as a learner
">Developing as a learner
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23499/cognitive-development-piaget.html" title="Cognitive development: Piaget">Cognitive development: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23636/cognitive-development-vygotsky.html" title="Cognitive development: Vygotsky">Cognitive development: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45298/theories-of-brain-development.html" title="Theories of brain development">Theories of brain development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23509/influences-on-development.html" title="Influences on development">Influences on development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23501/role-of-peers-and-play.html" title="Role of peers and play">Role of peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23503/poverty-and-development.html" title="Poverty and development">Poverty and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23502/trauma-and-development.html" title="Trauma and development">Trauma and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23517/resilience.html" title="Resilience">Resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23617/developing-an-identity.html" title="Developing an identity
">Developing an identity
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23504/attachment.html" title="Attachment">Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23506/gender-identity.html" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23507/theory-of-mind-and-empathy.html" title="Theory of mind and empathy">Theory of mind and empathy</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23634/references-development.html" title="References: Development">References: Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22390/8-health-psychology.html" title="8. Health psychology">8. Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23510/determinants-of-health.html" title="Determinants of health">Determinants of health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23512/disposition-and-health-beliefs.html" title="Disposition and health beliefs">Disposition and health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23511/risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Risk and protective factors">Risk and protective factors</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23514/health-problems.html" title="Health problems">Health problems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23979/health-problem-addiction.html" title="Health problem: Addiction">Health problem: Addiction</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33739/biological-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Biological explanations of addiction">Biological explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33740/cognitive-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Cognitive explanations of addiction">Cognitive explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33741/sociocultural-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of addiction">Sociocultural explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23628/health-promotion-addiction.html" title="Health promotion: Addiction">Health promotion: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23631/treatments-for-addiction.html" title="Treatments for addiction">Treatments for addiction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23725/health-problem-obesity.html" title="Health problem: Obesity">Health problem: Obesity</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32358/biological-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Biological explanations of obesity">Biological explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32359/cognitive-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Cognitive explanations of obesity">Cognitive explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32360/sociocultural-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of obesity">Sociocultural explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23629/health-promotion-obesity.html" title="Health promotion: obesity">Health promotion: obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23988/strategies-for-reducing-obesity.html" title="Strategies for reducing obesity">Strategies for reducing obesity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23625/health-problem-stress.html" title="Health problem: Stress">Health problem: Stress</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23622/physiological-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Physiological aspects of stress">Physiological aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23623/cognitive-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Cognitive aspects of stress">Cognitive aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23624/social-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Social aspects of stress">Social aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23630/health-promotion-stress-.html" title="Health promotion: stress ">Health promotion: stress </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23993/prevalence-of-health-problems.html" title="Prevalence of health problems">Prevalence of health problems</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23621/health-promotion.html" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23626/effectiveness-of-health-promotion-programs.html" title="Effectiveness of health promotion programs">Effectiveness of health promotion programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32599/ethics-in-health-promotion.html" title="Ethics in health promotion">Ethics in health promotion</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23635/references-health-psychology.html" title="References: Health psychology">References: Health psychology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22391/9-human-relationships.html" title="9. Human relationships">9. Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22837/social-responsibility.html" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22838/origins-of-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Origins of prosocial behaviour">Origins of prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22840/factors-influencing-bystanderism.html" title="Factors influencing bystanderism">Factors influencing bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22843/promoting-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Promoting prosocial behaviour">Promoting prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22842/methodology-of-helping-research.html" title="Methodology of helping research">Methodology of helping research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22844/interpersonal-relationships.html" title="Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22848/biological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Biological theories of attraction">Biological theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22849/cognitive-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Cognitive theories of attraction">Cognitive theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33682/sociocultural-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Sociocultural theories of attraction">Sociocultural theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22850/communication-in-relationships.html" title="Communication in relationships">Communication in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22851/why-relationships-end.html" title="Why relationships end">Why relationships end</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22861/group-dynamics.html" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22864/cooperation.html" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22862/prejudice-.html" title="Prejudice ">Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22916/discrimination-and-conflict.html" title="Discrimination and conflict">Discrimination and conflict</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22863/conflict-resolution.html" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22847/references-relationships.html" title="References: Relationships">References: Relationships</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22392/10-internal-assessment.html" title="10. Internal assessment">10. Internal assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22394/a-getting-started.html" title="A. Getting started">A. Getting started</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22397/b-introduction.html" title="B. Introduction">B. Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22398/c-exploration.html" title="C. Exploration">C. Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22399/d-analysis.html" title="D. Analysis">D. Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22400/e-evaluation.html" title="E. Evaluation">E. Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22401/overview-of-report-format.html" title="Overview of report format">Overview of report format</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22393/11-external-assessment.html" title="11. External assessment">11. External assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24844/paper-1-saqs.html" title="Paper 1: SAQs">Paper 1: SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24847/writing-erqs.html" title="Writing ERQs">Writing ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24067/sample-options-essay-.html" title="Sample options essay ">Sample options essay </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24846/the-unseen-passage-paper-3.html" title="The unseen passage: Paper 3">The unseen passage: Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23660/command-terms.html" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25035/describe-vs-outline.html" title="Describe vs outline">Describe vs outline</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23662/explaining-explain.html" title="Explaining explain">Explaining explain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23661/discussing-discuss.html" title="Discussing discuss">Discussing discuss</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25037/evaluate-not-just-limitations.html" title="Evaluate - not just limitations">Evaluate - not just limitations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25036/spotting-the-difference-contrast.html" title="Spotting the difference - contrast">Spotting the difference - contrast</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23663/the-extent-of-extent-.html" title="The extent of extent ">The extent of extent </a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35934/student-resources.html" title="Student resources">Student resources</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36490/welcome-to-inthinking.html" title="Welcome to Inthinking">Welcome to Inthinking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45399/podcasts.html" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41172/recommended-reading.html" title="Recommended reading">Recommended reading</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35939/abnormal-psychology.html" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41257/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27662/checking-understanding-biological-treatments.html" title="Checking understanding: Biological treatments">Checking understanding: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27582/checking-understanding-diagnosis-.html" title="Checking understanding: Diagnosis ">Checking understanding: Diagnosis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27381/checking-understanding-ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis">Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27673/checking-understanding-therapy-.html" title="Checking understanding: therapy ">Checking understanding: therapy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36698/quiz-approaches-to-mdd.html" title="Quiz: Approaches to MDD">Quiz: Approaches to MDD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24201/key-studies-abnormal.html" title="Key studies: abnormal">Key studies: abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36496/al-solaim-and-loewenthal-2011.html" title="Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)">Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29091/alloy-et-al-1999-.html" title="Alloy et al (1999) ">Alloy et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29319/amenson-and-lewinsohn-1981.html" title="Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)">Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36984/amir-et-al-2015.html" title="Amir et al (2015)">Amir et al (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36592/askari-et-al-2012.html" title="Askari et al (2012)">Askari et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24541/becker-et-al-2002.html" title="Becker et al (2002)">Becker et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24535/bolton-2002.html" title="Bolton (2002)">Bolton (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37073/braun-et-al-2011.html" title="Braun et al. (2011)">Braun et al. (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24536/brown-harris-1978-.html" title="Brown & Harris (1978) ">Brown & Harris (1978) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24370/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37145/chang-et-al-2020.html" title="Chang et al (2020)">Chang et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25718/cortisol-hypothesis.html" title="Cortisol hypothesis">Cortisol hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37071/davidson-et-al-1993.html" title="Davidson et al. (1993)">Davidson et al. (1993)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24534/elkin-et-al-1989-.html" title="Elkin et al (1989) ">Elkin et al (1989) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29307/friedlander-and-stockman-1983.html" title="Friedlander and Stockman (1983)">Friedlander and Stockman (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30039/holland-et-al-1988.html" title="Holland et al (1988)">Holland et al (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29275/joiner-et-al-1999.html" title="Joiner et al (1999)">Joiner et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27951/kendler-et-al-2006.html" title="Kendler et al (2006)">Kendler et al (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37155/ladouceur-et-al-2000.html" title="Ladouceur et al. (2000)">Ladouceur et al. (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24540/langer-and-abelson-1974-.html" title="Langer and Abelson (1974) ">Langer and Abelson (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24537/li-repac-1980-.html" title="Li-Repac (1980) ">Li-Repac (1980) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36413/lopatka-and-rachman-1995.html" title="Lopatka and Rachman (1995)">Lopatka and Rachman (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34100/luhrmann-2015.html" title="Luhrmann (2015)">Luhrmann (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36414/myers-and-wells-2013.html" title="Myers and Wells (2013)">Myers and Wells (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29833/nolen-hoeksema-2000.html" title="Nolen Hoeksema (2000)">Nolen Hoeksema (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36628/park-et-al-2020.html" title="Park et al (2020)">Park et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24538/parker-et-al-2001-.html" title="Parker et al (2001) ">Parker et al (2001) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27647/rosenhan-1973.html" title="Rosenhan (1973)">Rosenhan (1973)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36495/rosmarin-et-al-2010.html" title="Rosmarin et al (2010)">Rosmarin et al (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27600/serotonin-hypothesis-1967.html" title="Serotonin hypothesis (1967)">Serotonin hypothesis (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36194/shmelkov-et-al-2010-.html" title="Shmelkov et al. (2010) ">Shmelkov et al. (2010) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36193/thobois-et-al-2004.html" title="Thobois et al (2004)">Thobois et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28186/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36983/williams-and-grisham-2013.html" title="Williams and Grisham (2013)">Williams and Grisham (2013)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24208/revision-review-abnormal.html" title="Revision (review): Abnormal">Revision (review): Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27148/abnormal-glossary.html" title="Abnormal glossary">Abnormal glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27333/presentation-bias-in-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Bias in diagnosis">Presentation: Bias in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27568/presentation-biology-of-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of MDD">Presentation: Biology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32532/presentation-biology-of-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of PTSD">Presentation: Biology of PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27581/presentation-cognition-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and MDD">Presentation: Cognition and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32592/presentation-cognition-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and PTSD">Presentation: Cognition and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28547/presentation-culture-in-abnormal.html" title="Presentation: Culture in abnormal">Presentation: Culture in abnormal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28948/presentation-ethics-in-studying-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis">Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27585/presentation-sociocultural-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD">Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32596/presentation-sociocultural-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD">Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32421/presentation-validity-of-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Validity of diagnosis">Presentation: Validity of diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27926/study-guide-aetiologies.html" title="Study guide: Aetiologies">Study guide: Aetiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28237/study-guide-diagnosis.html" title="Study guide: Diagnosis">Study guide: Diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28476/study-guide-treatments.html" title="Study guide: Treatments">Study guide: Treatments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24215/writing-samples-abnormal.html" title="Writing samples: Abnormal">Writing samples: Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28726/erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27601/exemplar-biological-explanation-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD">Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27303/exemplar-classification-systems.html" title="Exemplar: Classification systems">Exemplar: Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31945/exemplar-clinical-biases.html" title="Exemplar: Clinical biases">Exemplar: Clinical biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27602/exemplar-cognitive-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27301/exemplar-concepts-of-normality.html" title="Exemplar: Concepts of normality">Exemplar: Concepts of normality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31941/exemplar-contrasting-two-therapies.html" title="Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies">Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27305/exemplar-ethical-considerations-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis">Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29049/exemplar-prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders">Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36791/exemplar-psychological-treatment-ptsd.html" title="Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD">Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27603/exemplar-sociocultural-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27586/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27304/exemplar-validity-and-reliability.html" title="Exemplar: Validity and reliability">Exemplar: Validity and reliability</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35936/biological-approach.html" title="Biological approach">Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41265/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26422/evaluating-wedekind.html" title="Evaluating Wedekind">Evaluating Wedekind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25972/memory-biological-research.html" title="Memory: Biological research">Memory: Biological research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34241/neurotransmission-checking-understanding.html" title="Neurotransmission: checking understanding">Neurotransmission: checking understanding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32057/quiz-biology-terminology.html" title="Quiz: biology terminology">Quiz: biology terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27899/research-methods-in-biology.html" title="Research methods in biology">Research methods in biology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24190/key-studies-biological.html" title="Key studies: biological">Key studies: biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25018/antonova-2011.html" title="Antonova (2011)">Antonova (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28461/bailey-pillard-1990-.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990) ">Bailey & Pillard (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28462/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30048/cases-et-al-1995.html" title="Cases et al (1995)">Cases et al (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28463/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28359/draganski-2004.html" title="Draganski (2004)">Draganski (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24260/eugene-pauly-squire-1992-2002.html" title="Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)">Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28459/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28458/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33340/is-broca-still-relevant-today.html" title="Is Broca still relevant today?">Is Broca still relevant today?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28464/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24266/maguire-2000.html" title="Maguire (2000)">Maguire (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24255/mcgaugh-cahill-1995.html" title="McGaugh & Cahill (1995)">McGaugh & Cahill (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26506/meaney-et-al-1988-.html" title="Meaney et al (1988) ">Meaney et al (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28454/newcomer-et-al-1999.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999)">Newcomer et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31712/prevot-et-al-2019.html" title="Prevot et al (2019)">Prevot et al (2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24267/rogers-kesner-2003.html" title="Rogers & Kesner (2003)">Rogers & Kesner (2003)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26358/ronay-and-von-hippel-2010.html" title="Ronay and von Hippel (2010)">Ronay and von Hippel (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24268/rosenzweig-bennet-diamond-1972-.html" title="Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) ">Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42225/setiawan-et-al-2013.html" title="Setiawan et al (2013)">Setiawan et al (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28460/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26699/troster-and-beatty-1989.html" title="Troster and Beatty (1989)">Troster and Beatty (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28466/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28467/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28465/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28865/zhou-2014.html" title="Zhou (2014)">Zhou (2014)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24191/revision-review-biological.html" title="Revision (review): Biological">Revision (review): Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27589/biology-glossary.html" title="Biology glossary">Biology glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29261/presentation-alzheimers.html" title="Presentation: Alzheimers">Presentation: Alzheimers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26472/presentation-brain-imaging.html" title="Presentation: Brain imaging">Presentation: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26471/presentation-ethics-and-animals.html" title="Presentation: Ethics and animals">Presentation: Ethics and animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26465/presentation-evolution.html" title="Presentation: Evolution">Presentation: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26467/presentation-genetics.html" title="Presentation: Genetics">Presentation: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27151/presentation-geography-of-the-brain.html" title="Presentation: Geography of the brain">Presentation: Geography of the brain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26470/presentation-neurotransmission.html" title="Presentation: Neurotransmission">Presentation: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26469/presentation-pheromones.html" title="Presentation: Pheromones">Presentation: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26539/revision-genetics-.html" title="Revision: Genetics ">Revision: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26538/revision-using-animal-models.html" title="Revision: Using animal models">Revision: Using animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28478/study-guide-animal-research.html" title="Study guide: Animal research">Study guide: Animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28156/study-guide-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Study guide: Brain and behaviour">Study guide: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28158/study-guide-genetics.html" title="Study guide: Genetics">Study guide: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28157/study-guide-hormones.html" title="Study guide: Hormones">Study guide: Hormones</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24192/writing-samplesbiological.html" title="Writing samples:Biological">Writing samples:Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25283/erq-sample-biological-research-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Biological Research methods">ERQ sample: Biological Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35302/erq-sample-ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research">ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25282/erq-sample-ethics-in-genetics-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics ">ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25393/erq-sample-genetics.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetics">ERQ sample: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28426/erq-sample-genetic-similarity.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetic similarity">ERQ sample: Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28723/erq-marking-animal-models.html" title="ERQ marking: Animal models">ERQ marking: Animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26581/erq-marking-bio-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Bio methods">ERQ marking: Bio methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26577/erq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="ERQ marking: Brain imaging">ERQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26578/erq-marking-evolution.html" title="ERQ marking: Evolution">ERQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26579/erq-marking-hormones.html" title="ERQ marking: Hormones">ERQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26580/erq-marking-localization.html" title="ERQ marking: Localization">ERQ marking: Localization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26583/erq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="ERQ marking: Neurotransmission">ERQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26582/erq-marking-pheromones.html" title="ERQ marking: Pheromones">ERQ marking: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26574/saq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="SAQ marking: Brain imaging">SAQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28722/saq-marking-evolution.html" title="SAQ marking: Evolution">SAQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25819/saq-marking-hormones.html" title="SAQ marking: Hormones">SAQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26576/saq-marking-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity">SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26575/saq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="SAQ marking: Neurotransmission">SAQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28974/saq-sample-agonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Agonists">SAQ sample: Agonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28973/saq-sample-antagonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Antagonists">SAQ sample: Antagonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25361/saq-sample-bio-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Bio research methods">SAQ sample: Bio research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25284/saq-sample-ethics-in-biology.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in biology">SAQ sample: Ethics in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25285/saq-sample-evolution.html" title="SAQ sample: Evolution">SAQ sample: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31774/saq-sample-excitatory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses">SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25286/saq-sample-genetics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Genetics ">SAQ sample: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26625/saq-marking-genetics.html" title="SAQ marking: Genetics">SAQ marking: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25290/saq-sample-hormones-.html" title="SAQ sample: Hormones ">SAQ sample: Hormones </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31775/saq-sample-inhibitory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses">SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25287/saq-sample-localization-of-function.html" title="SAQ sample: Localization of function">SAQ sample: Localization of function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28971/saq-sample-neural-networks.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural networks">SAQ sample: Neural networks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25389/saq-sample-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity">SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25289/saq-sample-neurotransmission-.html" title="SAQ sample: Neurotransmission ">SAQ sample: Neurotransmission </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25345/saq-sample-pheromones.html" title="SAQ sample: Pheromones">SAQ sample: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25288/saq-sample-studying-the-brain-.html" title="SAQ sample: Studying the brain ">SAQ sample: Studying the brain </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28972/saq-sample-neural-pruning.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural pruning">SAQ sample: Neural pruning</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35937/cognitive-approach.html" title="Cognitive approach">Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41259/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25807/checking-for-understanding-emotion-memory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory">Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34246/checking-for-understanding-schema-theory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Schema theory">Checking for understanding: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32271/quiz-cognitive-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Cognitive terminology">Quiz: Cognitive terminology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24205/key-studies-cognitive.html" title="Key studies: cognitive">Key studies: cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41865/anderson-and-pitchert-1978.html" title="Anderson and Pitchert (1978)">Anderson and Pitchert (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24249/bahrick-et-al-1975-.html" title="Bahrick et al (1975) ">Bahrick et al (1975) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24248/bartlett-1932-.html" title="Bartlett (1932) ">Bartlett (1932) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24250/berntsen-thomsen-2005.html" title="Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)">Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37640/bransford-and-johnson-1972.html" title="Bransford and Johnson (1972)">Bransford and Johnson (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25309/brewer-treyens-1981-.html" title="Brewer & Treyens (1981) ">Brewer & Treyens (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24251/brown-kulik-1977.html" title="Brown & Kulik (1977)">Brown & Kulik (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37260/cox-and-griggs-1982.html" title="Cox and Griggs (1982)">Cox and Griggs (1982)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42224/ebbinghaus-1885.html" title="Ebbinghaus (1885)">Ebbinghaus (1885)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28862/englich-and-mussweiler-2001.html" title="Englich and Mussweiler (2001)">Englich and Mussweiler (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24446/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28457/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28630/landry-and-bartling-2011.html" title="Landry and Bartling (2011)">Landry and Bartling (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24253/loftus-palmer-1974-.html" title="Loftus & Palmer (1974) ">Loftus & Palmer (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24254/loftus-pickrell-1995-.html" title="Loftus & Pickrell (1995) ">Loftus & Pickrell (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33380/mueller-and-oppenheimer-2014.html" title="Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)">Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24256/neisser-harsch-1992.html" title="Neisser & Harsch (1992)">Neisser & Harsch (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37157/newhagen-and-reeves-1992.html" title="Newhagen and Reeves (1992)">Newhagen and Reeves (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37008/serial-position-effect.html" title="Serial Position Effect">Serial Position Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24371/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34075/sparrow-2011.html" title="Sparrow (2011)">Sparrow (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28861/tversky-and-kahenman-1986.html" title="Tversky and Kahenman (1986)">Tversky and Kahenman (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28864/tversky-and-kahneman-1974.html" title="Tversky and Kahneman (1974)">Tversky and Kahneman (1974)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24261/yuille-cutshall-1986.html" title="Yuille & Cutshall (1986)">Yuille & Cutshall (1986)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24206/revision-review-cognitive.html" title="Revision (review): Cognitive">Revision (review): Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27590/cognitive-glossary.html" title="Cognitive glossary">Cognitive glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26466/presentation-dual-processing-model.html" title="Presentation: Dual Processing Model">Presentation: Dual Processing Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26468/presentation-reconstructive-memory.html" title="Presentation: Reconstructive memory">Presentation: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28828/presentation-schema-theory.html" title="Presentation: Schema theory">Presentation: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28554/presentation-working-memory-model.html" title="Presentation: Working Memory Model">Presentation: Working Memory Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25783/revision-reliability-of-memory.html" title="Revision: Reliability of memory">Revision: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28477/study-guide-cognition-and-tech.html" title="Study guide: Cognition and tech">Study guide: Cognition and tech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28154/study-guide-cognitive-processes.html" title="Study guide: Cognitive processes">Study guide: Cognitive processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28155/study-guide-reliability-of-cognition.html" title="Study guide: Reliability of cognition">Study guide: Reliability of cognition</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24213/writing-samples-cognitive.html" title="Writing samples: Cognitive">Writing samples: Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26705/erq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive biases">ERQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28724/erq-marking-effect-of-technology.html" title="ERQ marking: Effect of technology">ERQ marking: Effect of technology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25866/erq-marking-reliability-of-memory.html" title="ERQ marking: Reliability of memory">ERQ marking: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35992/erq-sample-cognitive-ethics.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics">ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25421/erq-sample-cognitive-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive methods">ERQ sample: Cognitive methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25870/erq-sample-emotion-and-memory.html" title="ERQ sample: Emotion and memory">ERQ sample: Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25294/erq-sample-memory-models.html" title="ERQ sample: Memory models">ERQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26706/saq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ marking: Cognitive biases">SAQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25817/saq-marking-schema-theory.html" title="SAQ marking: Schema theory">SAQ marking: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26624/saq-marking-thinking-models.html" title="SAQ marking: Thinking models">SAQ marking: Thinking models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25350/saq-sample-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ sample: Cognitive biases">SAQ sample: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25348/saq-sample-decision-making.html" title="SAQ sample: Decision making">SAQ sample: Decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25295/saq-sample-emotion-and-memory-.html" title="SAQ sample: emotion and memory ">SAQ sample: emotion and memory </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25297/saq-sample-ethics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics ">SAQ sample: Ethics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25363/saq-sample-memory-models.html" title="SAQ sample: Memory models">SAQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25296/saq-sample-reconstructive-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory">SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25293/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: research methods">SAQ sample: research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25298/saq-sample-schema-theory-.html" title="SAQ sample: Schema theory ">SAQ sample: Schema theory </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35940/developmental-psychology.html" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41260/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22227/checking-understanding-trauma-resilience.html" title="Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience">Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24202/key-studies-development.html" title="Key studies: development">Key studies: development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30041/baillargeon-1986.html" title="Baillargeon (1986)">Baillargeon (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30043/chugani-1999-giedd-2004.html" title="Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)">Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28525/coan-shaefer-and-davidson-2006.html" title="Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)">Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31148/coie-and-dodge-1988.html" title="Coie and Dodge (1988)">Coie and Dodge (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24544/condry-condry-1976-.html" title="Condry & Condry (1976) ">Condry & Condry (1976) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29799/curtiss-1977.html" title="Curtiss (1977)">Curtiss (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30037/koluchova-1972.html" title="Koluchova (1972)">Koluchova (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28868/martin-and-halverson-1983.html" title="Martin and Halverson (1983)">Martin and Halverson (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28528/morgan-et-al-2000.html" title="Morgan et al (2000)">Morgan et al (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24543/pollitt-1995-.html" title="Pollitt (1995) ">Pollitt (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28487/rutter-2007.html" title="Rutter (2007)">Rutter (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30038/van-ijzendoor-and-kroonenberg-1988-.html" title="Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) ">Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28822/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24209/revision-review-development.html" title="Revision (review): Development">Revision (review): Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27144/development-glossary.html" title="Development glossary">Development glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28849/presentation-attachment.html" title="Presentation: Attachment">Presentation: Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27220/presentation-brain-development.html" title="Presentation: Brain development">Presentation: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29079/presentation-gender-identity.html" title="Presentation: Gender identity">Presentation: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28523/presentation-peers-and-play.html" title="Presentation: Peers and Play">Presentation: Peers and Play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27224/presentation-piaget.html" title="Presentation: Piaget">Presentation: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28527/presentation-resilience.html" title="Presentation: Resilience">Presentation: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29077/presentation-theory-of-mind.html" title="Presentation: Theory of mind">Presentation: Theory of mind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27223/presentation-vygotsky.html" title="Presentation: Vygotsky">Presentation: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28475/study-guide-developing-as-a-learner.html" title="Study guide: Developing as a learner">Study guide: Developing as a learner</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28473/study-guide-identity.html" title="Study guide: Identity">Study guide: Identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28474/study-guide-influences-on-development.html" title="Study guide: Influences on development">Study guide: Influences on development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24216/writing-samples-development.html" title="Writing samples: Development">Writing samples: Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27310/erq-marking-cognitive-development.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive development">ERQ marking: Cognitive development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27187/exemplar-brain-development.html" title="Exemplar: Brain development">Exemplar: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24065/exemplar-deprivation-and-trauma.html" title="Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma">Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28644/exemplar-effects-of-poverty.html" title="Exemplar: Effects of poverty">Exemplar: Effects of poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31944/exemplar-gender-identity.html" title="Exemplar: Gender identity">Exemplar: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27299/exemplar-peers-and-play.html" title="Exemplar: Peers and play">Exemplar: Peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28530/exemplar-resilience.html" title="Exemplar: Resilience">Exemplar: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31943/exemplar-social-roles.html" title="Exemplar: Social roles">Exemplar: Social roles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27185/exemplar-theories-of-cognitive-dvpt.html" title="Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt">Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33700/exemplar-theory-of-mind.html" title="Exemplar: Theory of mind">Exemplar: Theory of mind</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35941/health-psychology.html" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41261/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27197/checking-understanding-stress.html" title="Checking understanding: Stress">Checking understanding: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24203/key-studies-health.html" title="Key studies: health">Key studies: health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33345/cole-kemeny-and-taylor-1997.html" title="Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)">Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29393/crum-2011.html" title="Crum (2011)">Crum (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31089/curran-and-hill-2017.html" title="Curran and Hill (2017)">Curran and Hill (2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29330/felitti-et-al-1998.html" title="Felitti et al (1998)">Felitti et al (1998)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29050/jamieson-et-al-2011.html" title="Jamieson et al (2011)">Jamieson et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28274/joseph-2015.html" title="Joseph (2015)">Joseph (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24546/kiecolt-glaser-1984-.html" title="Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) ">Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28273/koch-2008.html" title="Koch (2008)">Koch (2008)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28636/lowe-et-al-2004.html" title="Lowe et al (2004)">Lowe et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24545/marmot-et-al-1997-.html" title="Marmot et al (1997) ">Marmot et al (1997) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24372/newcomer-et-al-1999-.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999) ">Newcomer et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28217/roseman-et-al-1976.html" title="Roseman et al (1976)">Roseman et al (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29306/sapolsky-1990-2005.html" title="Sapolsky (1990, 2005)">Sapolsky (1990, 2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28275/sedentary-lifestyle.html" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28856/sorensen-et-al-1992.html" title="Sorensen et al (1992)">Sorensen et al (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20657/speisman-et-al-1964.html" title="Speisman et al (1964)">Speisman et al (1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29320/tung-et-al-2012.html" title="Tung et al (2012)">Tung et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30040/weinstein-1983.html" title="Weinstein (1983)">Weinstein (1983)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24210/revision-review-health.html" title="Revision (review): Health">Revision (review): Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27240/health-glossary.html" title="Health glossary">Health glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28342/presentation-biology-of-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Biology of obesity">Presentation: Biology of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34645/presentation-cognition-and-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and addiction">Presentation: Cognition and addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28343/presentation-cognition-and-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and obesity">Presentation: Cognition and obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27221/presentation-cognition-and-stress.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and stress">Presentation: Cognition and stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34503/presentation-defining-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Defining addiction">Presentation: Defining addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28661/presentation-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Presentation: Effectiveness of programs">Presentation: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28820/presentation-health-promotion.html" title="Presentation: Health promotion">Presentation: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27222/presentation-physiology-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Physiology of stress">Presentation: Physiology of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28387/presentation-prevalence-in-health.html" title="Presentation: Prevalence in health">Presentation: Prevalence in health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34654/presentation-sociocultural-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural addiction">Presentation: Sociocultural addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28837/presentation-sociocultural-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress">Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28240/study-guide-addiction.html" title="Study guide: Addiction">Study guide: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28241/study-guide-determinants-of-health.html" title="Study guide: Determinants of health">Study guide: Determinants of health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28472/study-guide-health-promotion.html" title="Study guide: Health promotion">Study guide: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28239/study-guide-obesity.html" title="Study guide: Obesity">Study guide: Obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28238/study-guide-stress.html" title="Study guide: Stress">Study guide: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24217/writing-samples-health.html" title="Writing samples: Health">Writing samples: Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28244/exemplar-biological-approach-to-addiction.html" title="Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction">Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28236/exemplar-biopsychosocial-model.html" title="Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model">Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28242/exemplar-cognitive-approach-to-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress">Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31521/exemplar-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs">Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28271/exemplar-ethics-and-health-problems.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and health problems">Exemplar: Ethics and health problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33701/exemplar-ethics-health-promotion.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics health promotion">Exemplar: Ethics health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28245/exemplar-health-beliefs.html" title="Exemplar: Health beliefs">Exemplar: Health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27435/exemplar-limitations-of-health-research.html" title="Exemplar: Limitations of health research">Exemplar: Limitations of health research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28234/exemplar-research-methods.html" title="Exemplar: Research methods">Exemplar: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28251/exemplar-risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Exemplar: Risk and protective factors">Exemplar: Risk and protective factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28243/exemplar-sociocultural-approach-to-obesity.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity">Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31366/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35942/human-relationships.html" title="Human relationships">Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41256/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25681/checking-understanding-biology-of-attraction.html" title="Checking understanding: Biology of attraction">Checking understanding: Biology of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28019/checking-understanding-communication.html" title="Checking understanding: Communication">Checking understanding: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34266/checking-understanding-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour">Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18895/relationships-revision-jeopardy.html" title="Relationships revision jeopardy">Relationships revision jeopardy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24204/key-studies-human-relationships.html" title="Key studies: human relationships">Key studies: human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24368/bailey-pillard-1990.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990)">Bailey & Pillard (1990)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24373/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29259/beaman-et-al-1978.html" title="Beaman et al (1978)">Beaman et al (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29302/bradbury-and-fincham-1992.html" title="Bradbury and Fincham (1992)">Bradbury and Fincham (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30044/clark-and-hatfield-1989.html" title="Clark and Hatfield (1989)">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24547/darley-batson-1973-.html" title="Darley & Batson (1973) ">Darley & Batson (1973) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28855/dion-et-al-1972.html" title="Dion et al (1972)">Dion et al (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31383/drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Drury et al (2009)">Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28869/fein-and-spencer-1997.html" title="Fein and Spencer (1997)">Fein and Spencer (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24369/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28390/marsh-et-al-2014.html" title="Marsh et al (2014)">Marsh et al (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29403/novotny-and-polonsky-2011.html" title="Novotny and Polonsky (2011)">Novotny and Polonsky (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29392/payne-2001.html" title="Payne (2001)">Payne (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28401/piliavin-et-al-1969.html" title="Piliavin et al (1969)">Piliavin et al (1969)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24376/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24378/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24377/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24211/revision-review-relationships.html" title="Revision (review): Relationships">Revision (review): Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28485/presentation-bystanderism.html" title="Presentation: Bystanderism">Presentation: Bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34263/presentation-communication.html" title="Presentation: Communication">Presentation: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28779/presentation-conflict-and-resolution.html" title="Presentation: Conflict and resolution">Presentation: Conflict and resolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28733/presentation-cooperation-and-competition.html" title="Presentation: Cooperation and competition">Presentation: Cooperation and competition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28483/presentation-origins-of-prosocial-.html" title="Presentation: Origins of prosocial ">Presentation: Origins of prosocial </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28737/presentation-prejudice-.html" title="Presentation: Prejudice ">Presentation: Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28484/presentation-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Presentation: Promoting prosocial">Presentation: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28486/presentation-why-relationships-end.html" title="Presentation: Why relationships end">Presentation: Why relationships end</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27149/relationships-glossary.html" title="Relationships glossary">Relationships glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28469/study-guide-group-dynamics.html" title="Study guide: Group dynamics">Study guide: Group dynamics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28471/study-guide-personal-relationships.html" title="Study guide: Personal relationships">Study guide: Personal relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28470/study-guide-social-responsibility.html" title="Study guide: Social responsibility">Study guide: Social responsibility</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24218/writing-samples-relationships.html" title="Writing samples: Relationships">Writing samples: Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28727/erq-marking-biology-in-relationships.html" title="ERQ marking: Biology in relationships">ERQ marking: Biology in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28424/exemplar-biology-of-social-responsibility.html" title="Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility">Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28427/exemplar-cognition-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Cognition and attraction">Exemplar: Cognition and attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28423/exemplar-communication-.html" title="Exemplar: Communication ">Exemplar: Communication </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28429/exemplar-ending-relationships.html" title="Exemplar: Ending relationships">Exemplar: Ending relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28425/exemplar-ethics-and-bystanderism.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism">Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28430/exemplar-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Exemplar: Promoting prosocial">Exemplar: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28428/exemplar-sociocultural-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction">Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35935/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41262/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24379/choosing-the-best-method.html" title="Choosing the best method">Choosing the best method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41275/exploring-psychology-myths.html" title="Exploring psychology myths">Exploring psychology myths</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24399/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-1-.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 ">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24400/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-2.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32061/quiz-experimental-research-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Experimental research terminology">Quiz: Experimental research terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24402/quiz-introduction-to-research.html" title="Quiz: Introduction to research">Quiz: Introduction to research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24212/revision-review-research.html" title="Revision (review): Research">Revision (review): Research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17886/basic-concepts.html" title="Basic concepts">Basic concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17988/case-studies.html" title="Case studies">Case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24398/experimental-designs-revision.html" title="Experimental designs revision">Experimental designs revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17986/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17987/observations.html" title="Observations">Observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31111/presentation-what-is-a-theory.html" title="Presentation: What is a theory">Presentation: What is a theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27588/qualitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Qualitative methods glossary">Qualitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27592/quantitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Quantitative methods glossary">Quantitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17985/sampling-techniques.html" title="Sampling techniques">Sampling techniques</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35938/sociocultural-approach.html" title="Sociocultural approach">Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41263/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24901/checking-understanding-ethics-in-sociocultural.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural">Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27043/checking-understanding-sit.html" title="Checking understanding: SIT">Checking understanding: SIT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36288/quiz-drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Quiz: Drury et al (2009)">Quiz: Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36393/quiz-hilliard-and-liben.html" title="Quiz: Hilliard and Liben">Quiz: Hilliard and Liben</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32080/quiz-sociocultural-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Sociocultural terminology">Quiz: Sociocultural terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24898/research-methods-sociocultural.html" title="Research methods sociocultural">Research methods sociocultural</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24200/key-studies-sociocultural.html" title="Key studies: sociocultural">Key studies: sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24238/abrams-et-al-1990-.html" title="Abrams et al (1990) ">Abrams et al (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24239/asch-1956-.html" title="Asch (1956) ">Asch (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29404/bagby-and-rector-1992.html" title="Bagby and Rector (1992)">Bagby and Rector (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29347/bandura-1961.html" title="Bandura (1961)">Bandura (1961)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24240/berry-1967.html" title="Berry (1967)">Berry (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36632/charlton-et-al-2002.html" title="Charlton et al (2002)">Charlton et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27270/chen-et-al-2005.html" title="Chen et al (2005)">Chen et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31373/drury-et-al-2009-.html" title="Drury et al (2009) ">Drury et al (2009) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31090/fagot-1978.html" title="Fagot (1978)">Fagot (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31786/greenfield-2006.html" title="Greenfield (2006)">Greenfield (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28867/hamilton-and-gifford-1976.html" title="Hamilton and Gifford (1976)">Hamilton and Gifford (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24375/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36369/hilliard-and-liben-2010.html" title="Hilliard and Liben (2010)">Hilliard and Liben (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24252/kearins-1981-.html" title="Kearins (1981) ">Kearins (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42864/kimball-1986.html" title="Kimball (1986)">Kimball (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24367/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37130/lueck-and-wilson-2010.html" title="Lueck and Wilson (2010)">Lueck and Wilson (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29346/norasakkunkit-uchida-2014.html" title="Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)">Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24244/rogers-frantz-1961-.html" title="Rogers & Frantz (1961) ">Rogers & Frantz (1961) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28456/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24247/steele-aronson-1995-.html" title="Steele & Aronson (1995) ">Steele & Aronson (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24245/tajfel-1971-.html" title="Tajfel (1971) ">Tajfel (1971) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33341/understanding-milgram-1963.html" title="Understanding Milgram (1963)">Understanding Milgram (1963)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31092/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39263/zhang-winterich-mittal-2010-.html" title="Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) ">Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24207/revision-review-sociocultural.html" title="Revision (review): Sociocultural">Revision (review): Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28378/presentation-acculturation.html" title="Presentation: Acculturation">Presentation: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28384/presentation-contact-hypothesis.html" title="Presentation: Contact hypothesis">Presentation: Contact hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28940/presentation-cultural-dimensions.html" title="Presentation: Cultural dimensions">Presentation: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28386/presentation-globalization.html" title="Presentation: Globalization">Presentation: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27591/sociocultural-glossary.html" title="Sociocultural glossary">Sociocultural glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28060/study-guide-culture.html" title="Study guide: Culture">Study guide: Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28396/study-guide-globalization.html" title="Study guide: Globalization">Study guide: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28009/study-guide-individual-and-the-group.html" title="Study guide: Individual and the group">Study guide: Individual and the group</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24214/writing-samples-sociocultural.html" title="Writing samples: Sociocultural">Writing samples: Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34576/erq-sample-acculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Acculturation">ERQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36918/erq-sample-formation-of-stereotypes.html" title="ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes">ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25013/erq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions">ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28725/erq-marking-globalization-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Globalization methods">ERQ marking: Globalization methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26704/erq-marking-sociocultural-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods">ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25203/erq-marking-sct.html" title="ERQ marking: SCT">ERQ marking: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25412/erq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions">ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28391/erq-sample-enculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Enculturation">ERQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25202/erq-sample-ethics-sociocultural-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural ">ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25147/erq-sample-sct.html" title="ERQ Sample: SCT">ERQ Sample: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26626/saq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ marking: cultural dimensions">SAQ marking: cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28720/saq-marking-enculturation.html" title="SAQ marking: Enculturation">SAQ marking: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24907/saq-marking-research-methods.html" title="SAQ marking: Research methods">SAQ marking: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25301/saq-marking-stereotyping.html" title="SAQ marking: Stereotyping">SAQ marking: Stereotyping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25351/saq-sample-acculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Acculturation">SAQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25362/saq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions">SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25342/saq-sample-culture-and-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Culture and memory">SAQ sample: Culture and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25344/saq-sample-enculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Enculturation">SAQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25009/saq-sample-ethics-in-the-sca.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA">SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24904/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Research methods">SAQ sample: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25148/saq-sample-sct-.html" title="SAQ sample: SCT ">SAQ sample: SCT </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25012/saq-sample-social-identity-theory.html" title="SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory">SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25199/saq-sample-stereotyping-.html" title="SAQ sample: Stereotyping ">SAQ sample: Stereotyping </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25491/practicing-paper-3.html" title="Practicing Paper 3">Practicing Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26921/case-study-domestic-violence.html" title="Case study: Domestic violence">Case study: Domestic violence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26927/case-study-ib-stress.html" title="Case study: IB Stress">Case study: IB Stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28185/case-study-moms-and-childhood-obesity.html" title="Case study: Moms and childhood obesity">Case study: Moms and childhood obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26918/case-study-ptsd-in-children.html" title="Case study: PTSD in children">Case study: PTSD in children</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26926/case-study-shopping-in-prague.html" title="Case study: Shopping in Prague">Case study: Shopping in Prague</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32597/correlation-aces-and-ptsd.html" title="Correlation: ACEs and PTSD">Correlation: ACEs and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32431/ethics-reporting-and-application.html" title="Ethics: reporting and application">Ethics: reporting and application</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31149/experiment-exercise-and-memory.html" title="Experiment: Exercise and memory">Experiment: Exercise and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28638/experiment-learning-to-use-condoms.html" title="Experiment: Learning to use condoms">Experiment: Learning to use condoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28216/experiment-self-efficacy-and-pedometers.html" title="Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers">Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28418/experiment-subway-samaritans.html" title="Experiment: Subway samaritans">Experiment: Subway samaritans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26928/focus-group-climate-change-denial.html" title="Focus group: Climate change denial">Focus group: Climate change denial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26929/focus-group-stigma-and-mental-illness-.html" title="Focus group: Stigma and mental illness ">Focus group: Stigma and mental illness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25498/focus-group-the-use-of-ecstasy.html" title="Focus group: The use of ecstasy">Focus group: The use of ecstasy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34639/focus-group-tpb-and-wine-consumption.html" title="Focus group: TPB and wine consumption">Focus group: TPB and wine consumption</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28738/focus-group-youre-from-brixton.html" title="Focus group: You're from Brixton?">Focus group: You're from Brixton?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26919/natural-experment-smoking-bans.html" title="Natural experment: Smoking bans">Natural experment: Smoking bans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26925/observation-aggression-in-hockey-players.html" title="Observation: Aggression in hockey players">Observation: Aggression in hockey players</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26922/observation-group-glee-in-preschool.html" title="Observation: Group glee in preschool">Observation: Group glee in preschool</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26920/observation-play-at-mcdonalds-.html" title="Observation: Play at McDonald's ">Observation: Play at McDonald's </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26924/observation-self-identification-as-homeless.html" title="Observation: Self-identification as homeless">Observation: Self-identification as homeless</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28838/presentation-avoiding-bias.html" title="Presentation: Avoiding bias">Presentation: Avoiding bias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28839/presentation-ensuring-credibility.html" title="Presentation: Ensuring credibility">Presentation: Ensuring credibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28844/presentation-generalizability.html" title="Presentation: Generalizability">Presentation: Generalizability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28345/quasi-experiment-food-mind-set.html" title="Quasi experiment: Food mind-set">Quasi experiment: Food mind-set</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33193/revision-evaluating-methods.html" title="Revision: Evaluating methods">Revision: Evaluating methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26923/structured-interview-placebo-in-sports.html" title="Structured interview: Placebo in sports">Structured interview: Placebo in sports</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28215/structured-interview-sun-bathing.html" title="Structured interview: Sun-bathing">Structured interview: Sun-bathing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26914/unstructured-interviews-congo-refugees.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees">Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26916/unstructured-interviews-stress.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Stress">Unstructured interviews: Stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24184/internal-assessment.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34223/ia-rubric-quiz.html" title="IA Rubric Quiz">IA Rubric Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24187/getting-started-with-ia.html" title="Getting started with IA">Getting started with IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24188/ia-menu-1.html" title="IA Menu 1">IA Menu 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31317/ia-menu-2.html" title="IA Menu 2">IA Menu 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26712/ideas-for-internal-assessment.html" title="Ideas for Internal Assessment">Ideas for Internal Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26727/instructions-debriefing-.html" title="Instructions & debriefing ">Instructions & debriefing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26720/introduction-to-ia-presentation.html" title="Introduction to IA presentation">Introduction to IA presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26730/the-letter-of-consent.html" title="The Letter of Consent">The Letter of Consent</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26717/writing-the-ia.html" title="Writing the IA">Writing the IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26716/internal-assessment-checklist.html" title="Internal assessment checklist">Internal assessment checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26726/tips-for-ia.html" title="Tips for IA">Tips for IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26741/writing-the-procedure.html" title="Writing the procedure">Writing the procedure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26734/writing-the-introduction.html" title="Writing the Introduction">Writing the Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26736/writing-the-exploration.html" title="Writing the Exploration">Writing the Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26738/writing-the-analysis.html" title="Writing the Analysis">Writing the Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26740/writing-the-evaluation.html" title="Writing the Evaluation">Writing the Evaluation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26005/internal-assessments-samples-and-marking.html" title="Internal assessments: Samples and marking">Internal assessments: Samples and marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25999/ia-exemplar-high.html" title="IA Exemplar High">IA Exemplar High</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26002/ia-exemplar-medium.html" title="IA Exemplar Medium">IA Exemplar Medium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26003/ia-exemplar-low.html" title="IA Exemplar Low">IA Exemplar Low</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26708/ia-marking-sample-1.html" title="IA marking: Sample 1">IA marking: Sample 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30933/ia-marking-sample-2.html" title="IA marking: Sample 2">IA marking: Sample 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30937/ia-marking-sample-3.html" title="IA marking: Sample 3">IA marking: Sample 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30935/ia-marking-sample-4.html" title="IA marking: Sample 4">IA marking: Sample 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30936/ia-marking-sample-5.html" title="IA marking: Sample 5">IA marking: Sample 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30934/ia-marking-sample-6.html" title="IA marking: Sample 6">IA marking: Sample 6</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31737/statistics.html" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32931/anova.html" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32653/binomial-sign-test.html" title="Binomial Sign Test">Binomial Sign Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33732/box-and-whisker-plots.html" title="Box and whisker plots">Box and whisker plots</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32797/chi-squared.html" title="Chi squared">Chi squared</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26733/chi-squared-calculator.html" title="Chi Squared Calculator">Chi Squared Calculator</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29332/chi-squared-practice-problems.html" title="Chi squared: Practice problems">Chi squared: Practice problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32796/independent-samples-t-tests.html" title="Independent samples t-tests">Independent samples t-tests</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24429/interpreting-significance-.html" title="Interpreting significance ">Interpreting significance </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32651/mann-whitney-u-test.html" title="Mann Whitney U Test">Mann Whitney U Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32933/paired-sample-t-tests-.html" title="Paired sample t-tests ">Paired sample t-tests </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32616/power-and-statistics.html" title="Power and statistics">Power and statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26722/statistics-revision-presentation.html" title="Statistics revision presentation">Statistics revision presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24408/testing-for-significance.html" title="Testing for significance">Testing for significance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32652/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-test.html" title="Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test">Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32614/what-to-do-with-outliers.html" title="What to do with outliers">What to do with outliers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../144/extended-essay.html" title="Extended Essay">Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7400/getting-started-with-ee.html" title="Getting started with EE">Getting started with EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23355/dos-and-donts-for-ee.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for EE">Do's and Don'ts for EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37123/ee-overview-presentation.html" title="EE overview presentation">EE overview presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16138/evaluating-ee-questions.html" title="Evaluating EE questions">Evaluating EE questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35944/finding-relevant-sources.html" title="Finding relevant sources">Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22165/how-to-read-a-journal-article.html" title="How to read a journal article">How to read a journal article</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7401/writing-the-extended-essay.html" title="Writing the Extended Essay">Writing the Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21689/ee-criterion-a-focus-method.html" title="EE Criterion A. Focus & method">EE Criterion A. Focus & method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18898/ee-introductions.html" title="EE introductions">EE introductions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21690/ee-criterion-b-knowledge.html" title="EE Criterion B. Knowledge">EE Criterion B. Knowledge</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21691/ee-criterion-c-critical-thinking.html" title="EE Criterion C. Critical thinking">EE Criterion C. Critical thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7405/structuring-an-argument.html" title="Structuring an argument">Structuring an argument</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21692/ee-criterion-d-presentation.html" title="EE Criterion D. Presentation">EE Criterion D. Presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39048/mastering-presentation.html" title="Mastering presentation">Mastering presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7408/citing-sources.html" title="Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14943/how-to-make-a-toc-in-word.html" title="How to make a TOC in Word">How to make a TOC in Word</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21693/ee-criterion-e-engagement.html" title="EE Criterion E. Engagement">EE Criterion E. Engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24842/final-submission-ppt.html" title="Final submission ppt">Final submission ppt</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22579/reflecting-on-the-ee-.html" title="Reflecting on the EE ">Reflecting on the EE </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26197/reflections-high-sample.html" title="Reflections - high sample">Reflections - high sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26199/reflections-low-sample.html" title="Reflections - low sample">Reflections - low sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26198/reflections-mid-sample.html" title="Reflections - mid sample">Reflections - mid sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24840/sample-reflection.html" title="Sample reflection">Sample reflection</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24838/ee-sample-marking.html" title="EE sample marking">EE sample marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25595/sample-1-durability-of-relationships.html" title="Sample 1: Durability of relationships">Sample 1: Durability of relationships</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19376/ee-self-review-questions.html" title="EE: Self review questions">EE: Self review questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35013/personalized-learning.html" title="Personalized learning">Personalized learning</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34922/module-animal-research.html" title="Module: Animal research">Module: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34951/why-use-animals.html" title="Why use animals?">Why use animals?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34952/animal-research-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Animal research: Brain and behaviour">Animal research: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34953/animal-research-hormones.html" title="Animal research: Hormones">Animal research: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34954/animal-research-genetics.html" title="Animal research: Genetics">Animal research: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34955/animal-research-ethics.html" title="Animal research: Ethics">Animal research: Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34956/animal-research-final-assessment.html" title="Animal research: Final assessment">Animal research: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35995/module-anorexia-nervosa.html" title="Module: Anorexia nervosa">Module: Anorexia nervosa</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36121/diagnosing-anorexia.html" title="Diagnosing anorexia">Diagnosing anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36122/anorexia-biological-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Biological explanations">Anorexia: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36123/anorexia-cognitive-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Cognitive explanations">Anorexia: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36124/anorexia-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations">Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36140/anorexia-methods-and-ethics.html" title="Anorexia: Methods and ethics">Anorexia: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36125/prevalence-of-disorders-anorexia.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia">Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36145/anorexia-final-assessment.html" title="Anorexia: Final assessment">Anorexia: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35996/module-anxiety-disorders.html" title="Module: Anxiety disorders">Module: Anxiety disorders</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37318/module-biological-revision.html" title="Module: Biological revision">Module: Biological revision</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37330/revision-genetics.html" title="Revision: Genetics">Revision: Genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37197/module-cognitive-revision-.html" title="Module: Cognitive revision ">Module: Cognitive revision </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34730/module-genetics.html" title="Module: Genetics">Module: Genetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34731/genetic-similarity.html" title="Genetic similarity">Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34733/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34734/epigenetics.html" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34735/research-methods-genetics.html" title="Research methods: genetics">Research methods: genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34736/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: Genetics">Ethical considerations: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34737/genetics-final-assessment.html" title="Genetics: Final assessment">Genetics: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34924/module-globalization.html" title="Module: Globalization">Module: Globalization</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34941/what-is-globalization.html" title="What is globalization">What is globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34942/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34943/globalization-research-methods.html" title="Globalization: Research methods">Globalization: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34944/globalization-final-assessment.html" title="Globalization: Final assessment">Globalization: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35994/module-major-depressive-disorder.html" title="Module: Major Depressive Disorder">Module: Major Depressive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36111/diagnosing-mdd.html" title="Diagnosing MDD">Diagnosing MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36112/mdd-biological-explanations.html" title="MDD: Biological explanations">MDD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36113/mdd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="MDD: Cognitive explanations">MDD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36114/mdd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="MDD: Sociocultural explanations">MDD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36136/mdd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="MDD: Methods and ethics">MDD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36115/prevalence-of-disorders-mdd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: MDD">Prevalence of disorders: MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36143/mdd-final-assessment.html" title="MDD: Final assessment">MDD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35997/module-ocd.html" title="Module: OCD">Module: OCD</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35993/module-ptsd.html" title="Module: PTSD">Module: PTSD</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36116/diagnosing-ptsd.html" title="Diagnosing PTSD">Diagnosing PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36117/ptsd-biological-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Biological explanations">PTSD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36118/ptsd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Cognitive explanations">PTSD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36119/ptsd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Sociocultural explanations">PTSD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36137/ptsd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="PTSD: Methods and ethics">PTSD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36120/prevalence-of-disorders-ptsd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: PTSD">Prevalence of disorders: PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36144/ptsd-final-assessment.html" title="PTSD: Final assessment">PTSD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35321/module-qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Module: Qualitative research methods">Module: Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35324/qualitative-research.html" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35323/naturalistic-observations.html" title="Naturalistic observations">Naturalistic observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35322/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35325/case-studies-and-triangulation.html" title="Case studies and triangulation">Case studies and triangulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35326/ethics-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Ethics in qualitative research">Ethics in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34364/generalizability-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Generalizability in qualitative research">Generalizability in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34365/credibility-and-qualitative-research.html" title="Credibility and qualitative research">Credibility and qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34366/bias-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Bias in qualitative research">Bias in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35327/natural-observations-final-assessment.html" title="Natural observations: Final assessment">Natural observations: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35419/interviews-final-assessment.html" title="Interviews: Final Assessment">Interviews: Final Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35420/case-studies-final-assessment.html" title="Case studies: Final assessment">Case studies: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35328/teacher-guide-qualitative-research.html" title="Teacher guide: Qualitative research">Teacher guide: Qualitative research</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36593/module-sociocultural-revision.html" title="Module: Sociocultural revision">Module: Sociocultural revision</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34923/module-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Module: Technology and cognition">Module: Technology and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34957/introducing-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Introducing technology and cognition">Introducing technology and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34958/cognition-and-tech-negative-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Negative effects">Cognition and tech: Negative effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34959/cognition-and-tech-positive-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Positive effects">Cognition and tech: Positive effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34961/cognition-and-tech-final-assessment.html" title="Cognition and tech: Final assessment">Cognition and tech: Final assessment</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" 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<h1 class="section-title">Fundamentals of research</h1>
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<div class="greyBg"><h3><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><strong>ATL: Essential understandings</strong></span></span></h3><p>Research is described in terms of its aim, procedure, results and findings.</p><p>The type of sample that is used affects the value of a study.</p><p>Psychologists must follow ethical guidelines when carrying out research in order to protect their participants.</p><p>A study is valid when <span class="_Tgc">your findings truly represent the phenomenon you are claiming to measure.</span></p><p><span class="_Tgc">A study is reliable when it can be replicated and produces stable and consistent results.</span></p></div><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/cycling-655565_1920.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 350px; height: 250px;">In 2007 a newspaper article in the Danish newspaper Politiken described a study which was carried out in Denmark to investigate if young people’s attitudes towards health - for example, diet and exercise - would influence their behaviour. What would researchers need to do to carry out this type of study effectively? Researchers need to have a plan, people who are willing to participate in the study, and a method for collecting and analyzing data. These are all important parts of the research process that must be carefully considered by the researcher. The process of thinking critically about research is very similar; when we read the conclusions of a study, we need to ask appropriate questions in order to assess the significance of the research in the best way. In this chapter, we are going to look at research in psychology and learn some simple questions that we should consider when presented with a study.</p><hr class="hidden"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Describing studies</span></h3><p>When we describe a study we tend to outline its aim, procedure, results, and findings. The <strong>aim</strong> is the purpose of a study. An aim indicates which behaviour or cognitive process will be studied within a specific <strong>population</strong>. For example, we may want to know if bilingual students are better able to recall items on a list than monolingual students. The population that we are interested in studying is "bilingual students."</p><p>After identifying the aim, the researcher will plan a <strong>procedure</strong>. This is the step-by-step process used by the researcher to carry out the study. In research articles, the procedure is always written in a way that makes it possible for others to understand how the data were collected. A good procedure is written so that it may be replicated by other researchers.</p><p>The <strong>results</strong> of a study are the numerical or descriptive data that is obtained and processed. For example, the results may be that bilingual students recalled 17 out of 20 words on average, whereas monolingual students recalled only 12 out of 20 words.</p><p>The <strong>findings</strong> state how the researcher interpreted the data that were collected. Research findings are always open to discussion and debate. Maybe the researcher has interpreted the results in a way that is biased, or perhaps there were flaws in the procedure. If other research studies confirm the findings, the study is more credible. However, findings say something only about the population that was studied and may not be relevant to other groups or cultures. It is important to interpret findings in terms of the culture in which the research has been conducted, and always to be aware of potential cultural bias.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Checking for understanding</span></h3><p><em>Read the following description of a study carried out by Wühr and Schwarz (2016) and then answer the questions below.</em></p><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/romantic-hearts.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 270px; height: 180px;">Wühr and Schwarz asked a group of roughly 80 German male and female students to watch a thirty-minute film clip. Each student watched a clip from either <em>Die Hard with a Vengeance</em> - an action film - or <em>Notting Hill</em>, a romantic comedy. They predicted that women would recall more content from a romantic movie than from an action movie, whereas men were expected to recall more content from an action movie than from a romantic movie.</p><p>After watching the film clip, the students were given a test with 30 questions about the movie's content. They were also asked how much they liked the film clip.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>Men recalled more information from the action film than the romance, whereas women remembered more of the romantic comedy than the action film. However, there was no relationship between how much the person liked the film and how well they were able to answer the questions.<br><br>Wühr and Schwarz suggest that when viewing a film genre that supposedly “matches” our gender, we pay closer attention and are able to recall more information, regardless of whether we enjoy it. They also argued that we may recall more in "gender-matched films" due to higher past exposure to films that match our gender.</p><h5>Questions</h5><p>1. What was the aim of Wühr and Schwarz's study? Do you think that this is something worth studying? Why or why not?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;">The aim of the study was to see if people would remember more details from a film it the film is seen as stereotypically liked by their gender - that is, if the movie is "gender congruent." Whether you think that this is worth studying is up to you to decide...</span></p></section><hr class="hidden"><p>2. What population did Wühr and Schwarz study? Do you think that this was a good choice?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;">Wühr and Schwarz drew their sample from the population of German students. A student sample is probably a good choice for a few reasons. First, they are usually big movie watchers! Secondly, if we are trying to see if gender norms are changing over time, then looking at a younger population makes sense. However, it may not be a good idea, simply because they are used to taking "recall tasks" in school, so this may make them better at recall overall than the general population, making it difficult to generalize beyond students. </span></p></section><hr class="hidden"><p>3. Outline the procedure. If you were going to replicate this study, are there any details about the procedure that would want to ask about?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;">This one is up to you...</span></p></section><hr class="hidden"><p>4. What is the most likely way that the researchers expressed the results of the study?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;">The researchers looked at the mean number of details recalled for each gender. The results would then be displayed in a bar graph showing the difference in the mean scores of the two conditions.</span></p></section><hr class="hidden"><p>5. What are the findings of the study? Do you agree with the researchers' interpretation? Why or why not?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#B22222;">The findings show that the students recalled more in films that were "gender congruent." They also found that it did not matter if the students actually liked that type of movie. We should be a bit cautious of the findings for a few reasons. First, only one movie was shown to each group. Secondly, the researchers decided which questions to ask about the movies. It could be that the questions were also in some ways biased toward gender norms. </span></p></section></div><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Participants - who should be in the study?</strong></span></h3><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/volunteers.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 240px; height: 180px;">People who take part in a psychological study are called <strong>participants</strong>. Normally, psychologists define a <strong>target population</strong> - that is, a specific group of people whom they are interested in for their study. For example, this could be adolescents who live with one parent; women who have given birth to twins; or people who have moved from one country to another. The nature of the group of participants who are chosen from the target population to take part in the study, what psychologists call the <strong>sample</strong>, is very important in determining the usefulness of a piece of research.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The goal in sampling is to obtain a sample that is representative of the target population. If the researcher is interested in teenage drinking habits, for example, the population would be teenagers. In psychological research, it is not possible to test the whole population. Researchers often try to obtain a sample that represents a population - that is, a <strong>representative sample</strong>. As you can imagine, this is not always easy. For example, in the study of teenage drinking habits, it could be that the students that volunteer for the study are students who are high achievers who feel that drinking could actually hurt their academic performance. If these students were the majority of the sample, then we may say that the sample is not representative of the target population and lacks <strong>population validity</strong>.</p><p>In addition, the size of a sample matters if it is to be representative. Small groups are more open to distortions than large ones. In a small group, each individual has quite a lot of influence on the overall result.</p><p>How does a psychologist get people to participate in a study? One of the simplest ways is to find a group that already exists. For example, you study the members of a local church community, a retirement home, or even an IB psychology class at your school. These are examples of <strong>opportunity sampling</strong>. It is an easy way for the researcher to get participants, but one has to question the nature of an opportunity sample. For example, if you are going to study a local retirement home, what type of people are there? Is there a gender, cultural or socioeconomic imbalance in who is living in this home? Would another retirement home down the street have a different population? Opportunity sampling can lead to rather biased results, and it is problematic to generalize from studies that use opportunity sampling.</p><p>Sometimes researchers use what is called <strong>haphazard sampling</strong>. This is a method that is neither random nor systematic. An example would be standing in front of the local mall and choosing people to interview on their thoughts about exercise and health. Haphazard sampling is a biased form of sampling and should be avoided.</p><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Inquiry</span></h3><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/bodybuilder.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 243px; height: 180px;">You have been hired by your local government as a health psychologist with the goal of increasing exercise in the local community. You decide to carry out interviews at the local fitness center to learn more about people’s motivation to engage in exercise.</p><p>1. What type of sample of this?</p><p>2. Your study may be criticized for having a sampling bias. Which group of people may be over-represented? Which group may be underrepresented?</p><p>3. How do you think that you could get a more representative sample for your study?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><div class="panel-body" style="background-color: inherit;"><div><p>1. This is an opportunity sample. The participants are available at a local fitness center.</p><p>2. There are many potential answers here. The time of day may mean that a certain type of person is over-represented. The neighborhood in which the fitness center is located may mean that a certain demographic is over-represented. The fact that this is most likely a private club also means that a certain social class will go there. It is also a question how people are selected to interview. It may be that the interviewer is more comfortable approaching certain types of people and not others. In addition, if people are at the gym, they clearly have <em>some </em>motivation. There are no interviews with the people who sign up for a gym and never show up. Finally, it may be that not all people that are motivated to exercise go to a gym.</p><p>3. It is helpful to look at the list above to make suggestions. First, going at different times of day and on different days - e.g. including a Saturday. In addition, going to different clubs around the city - or going to public sports areas (e.g. public basketball courts). Saying that you would obtain a "random sample" is not realistic. In addition, a volunteer sample would also be problematic as most of the people that would reply may have a specific motivation to take part in the study. Finally, it might be possible to find out from the gym if there are people that have memberships but do not come to the gym. It would be interesting to also interview people from that group.</p></div></div></div></section><p>Another commonly used sampling method is the <strong>self-selected sample</strong>, which is made up of volunteers. One advantage of the self-selected sample is that it is relatively easy to obtain, and it is almost guaranteed that the sample will be highly motivated. The problem is that volunteer samples rarely reflect the more general population, which means that it is difficult to make generalizations - that is, it is not clear whether these results can apply to people outside of the group that took part in the study.</p><p>When participants recruit other participants from among their friends and acquaintances, this is called <strong>snowball sampling</strong> - the sample grows like a snowball rolling downhill. This is often used when it may be difficult to access research participants. This may be because they would not voluntarily respond to an ad in the paper - for example, where the target population is drug users - or because the researcher is looking for a very specific type of person - for example, foreigners who lived in communist Europe in the 1980s. Using snowball sampling not only may save time, but it also helps to establish trust with the researcher. If your friend trusted the researcher enough to recommend that you take part in the study, then the researcher must be trustworthy. Of course, you can see if only people that you knew were in the sample, this may not be highly representative of the larger population.</p><p>In order to obtain a representative sample, psychologists may use <strong>random sampling</strong>. A random sample is defined as one in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected. If researchers were going to carry out a study at a school to find out how anxiety affects test performance, they could put all the names of the students into a hat, and then draw out 30 names. In some research, random sampling is considered to be the most desirable sampling method because it is assumed that if the sample is large enough, it is most likely to contain all the characteristics of the population. From a random sample, it is easier to generalize our findings to the larger population - that is, the behaviours observed in the random sample are assumed to be representative of those in the larger population.</p><p>A random sample aims at getting rid of bias, but it is not always successful. If the researcher conducted a study in a school with a very diverse student body, and one particular group was over-represented in the randomly chosen sample, the findings might not be representative. In order to have a sample that takes into consideration the diversity of a target population, a researcher may choose a <strong>stratified sample</strong>. A stratified sample attempts to overcome this problem by drawing random samples from each subpopulation within the target population. For example, if the school had 20 percent Indian students, then for a sample of 30 students the researcher would randomly select 6 students from the Indian population. In this way, the sample is a more accurate reflection of the actual distribution of the school population.</p><table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 230, 179);"><h3>Sampling techniques</h3></td></tr><tr><td>Opportunity sampling</td><td>Participants are selected based on naturally occurring groups.</td></tr><tr><td>Random sampling</td><td>Methods of selecting participants for a study where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. This can be done with a random number generator or by pulling names out of a hat.</td></tr><tr><td>Self-selected sampling</td><td>Participants volunteer - usually in response to an advertisement in the local community or over the Internet.</td></tr><tr><td>Snowball sampling</td><td><span class="_Tgc">Participants recruit other participants for a study.</span></td></tr><tr><td>Stratified sampling</td><td>The sample matches the make-up of the population. Participants from within various subgroups of the population are randomly selected.</td></tr></tbody></table><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Sampling bias in psychology research</span></h3><p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/graduates.jpeg" style="float: right; width: 288px; height: 180px;"><span class="_Tgc">When psychologists use a non-random sampling technique, this may result in <b>sampling bias</b> - causing some members of the population to be less likely to be included than others. This means that <strong>participant variables</strong> in the sample may not be representative and may influence the outcome of the study.</span></p><p>One example of sampling bias was discussed by Sears (1986). He found that over two-thirds of research performed at universities exclusively used students as participants. This brings into question whether the researcher can make the claim that these findings can be generalized to the larger population. Sears argues that samples of opportunity made up of university students have the following problems.</p><p>● Students have a strong need for peer approval.</p><p>● They were pre-selected for competence in cognitive skills.</p><p>● They are more egocentric than adults.</p><p>As you can see, the study by Sears is quite old, so you might think that the data is outdated. Unfortunately, it is not. Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan (2010) carried out an analysis of psychological research and found that 67% of American psychological research uses undergraduate university students as participants. More shockingly, they found that 96 percent of all psychology samples come from countries that make up only 12 percent of the world’s population.</p><p>The researchers coined the acronym WEIRD to describe the population studied by psychologists: Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic. The researchers argue that this means that a significant amount of psychology research has studied <em>outliers - </em>that is, the least representative populations one could find for generalizing to a global population.</p><p>A recent study carried out by Hanel and Vione (2016) of Cardiff University showed that the issue of student samples may be more complex than we think. The researchers collected data from over 6000 students from over 50 countries. They found that there were significant differences between students from different countries.</p><p>For example, in New Zealand, students showed high respect for the elderly, but in Australia, the opposite was found. In China, students showed more confidence in political institutions than the general public, while in Germany, students showed less confidence. Students in the USA saw dishonest <span data-scayt-lang="en_US" data-scayt-word="behaviours">behaviours</span>, such as stealing, as more justifiable than the public, but in India, students saw such acts as less justifiable than the public. Hanel and <span data-scayt-lang="en_US" data-scayt-word="Vione">Vione</span> said their results “further support the claim that generalizing from students to the general public within personal and social psychology is problematic, at least while we do not know what predicts those differences.”</p><p>If we know that sampling bias in psychological research exists, why do psychologists continue to use student samples? First, it is convenient. A good amount of psychology research takes place at universities. Using student samples saves psychologists working at universities time and a lot of effort. Since the university can require that all psychology students take part in a certain number of studies each year, it also saves the researchers money; there is no need to pay for advertising.</p><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Think critically</span></h3><p>Below you will see four studies that may be carried out by a psychologist. For each one, think about what effect having a sample made of university students might have on the results. Which study do you think would be most influenced by having a student sample? The least influenced?</p><ol><li>A study to find out if eating chocolate may affect memory.</li><li>A study to find out if levels of social media use are linked to levels of depression.</li><li>A study to determine if watching a funny movie changes one's testosterone levels.</li><li>A study to find if childhood trauma has an effect on one's problem-solving skills.</li></ol></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><div class="panel-body" style="background-color: inherit;"><div><p>1. Students have to make use of memory strategies on a daily basis to an extent that does not reflect the average person.</p><p>2. Younger people are more active on social media than many older people. Also, although depression can occur at any age, many young people experience depression as a result of the stress of university and the search for employment.</p><p>3. Younger people may find some movies funnier than older people. Also, testosterone levels drop as we get older.</p><p>4. As younger people, childhood trauma is more recent and may be more salient than for older people. Therefore, it may be that it has a significant effect on one's problem-solving that is not evident in older people.</p><p>The discussion as to which study would be the most or least affected is up to the students to argue.</p></div></div></div></section><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Checking for understanding</span></span></h3><div class="tib-quiz" data-quiz-id="276" data-structure="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" data-score-answers="6d4a526a457a48584f763758344a7649472f76324c53614b78524c393439595570496d5a5971374b38686f3d"><div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>What is the relationship between a sample and a population?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="5840c1dc246f013d5b94db9bb88a338a"><input type="radio"><span> A sample is a group that is representative of the larger pool of people from which it is drawn.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="41af9eab00dc4db2696866aea8c7e6f1"><input type="radio"><span> A sample is the participants that are taken from a group to which you want to generalize the results of the study.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d58d14add8592f3a67cd71d3dc678fa2"><input type="radio"><span> Samples always come from the researcher's culture; populations are global.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="86ca59ad0e29f7108b7e16ff368252ae"><input type="radio"><span> Samples are all the people possible for a study; the population is the participants that actually show up.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Unfortunately, not all samples are representative of the population. This may be because there was sampling bias. This may be due to the type of people that volunteer for a certain type of study - or when using an opportunity sample, the variables in that group that may not be representative of a larger population.</span></p>
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<p>If a researcher does a study at your school and asks for volunteers, but only psychology students sign up to take part, what is the problem of this study?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="47289b1c60dce3018b05dded2769b516"><input type="radio"><span> Ethnocentrism</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="c1bd22f69b1b0dda2b5f4f82bd6ea5ec"><input type="radio"><span> The sample is too small. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="0ef68f67937084054f87d5d5557ee0bc"><input type="radio"><span> It cannot be replicated.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="304a7a333cd6ce39955798c46384a3dd"><input type="radio"><span> Sampling bias</span></label></p>
</div>
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<p> </p>
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<p>A researcher wants to study men who have been victims of domestic violence. The researcher knows four men from a local emergency shelter. What would most likely be the most efficient way for him to find more participants?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="bfa954c1103648593680fdf828eebcd7"><input type="radio"><span> A stratified sample</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="7c35b06b9cfbfd2a54bb8fe18d716425"><input type="radio"><span> Snowball sampling</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d4beb7467b027973c4ca6c717f469bcc"><input type="radio"><span> Putting an ad in the newspaper</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e66b81acd911c08d83e33852e3ef2a41"><input type="radio"><span> Opportunity (convenience) sampling</span></label></p>
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<p> </p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>In order to carry out your internal assessment on problem-solving, you use the pre-IB English class. What type of sample is this?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f4fad67ef3e3f8c31fab6cfcf31e79a6"><input type="radio"><span> A random sample</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8f80df66acf3cb13556a3bdc63cf3c7f"><input type="radio"><span> A snowball sample</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="fcccac42c6470c81e7e5efc80afdfe44"><input type="radio"><span> A purposive sample</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="df65b1a2feae6ee353ff430bce94e720"><input type="radio"><span> An opportunity (convenience) sample</span></label></p>
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<p> </p>
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<p>Which of the following is an example of a stratified sample?</p>
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<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e212a1bbbcbe17a676b49de30646e978"><input type="radio"><span> Using both the IB HL and the IB SL English classes</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b88f654b3b34d25ed33b8a6cf756439a"><input type="radio"><span> When half of the participants are randomly allocated to one condition - and the other half to the other.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="c8a55f87c77e2dab28f2ab8993281345"><input type="radio"><span> When participants are not included in the sample because of past experience relevant to the topic being investigated in the study.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="0f769b86410aa0f149b2ee3f37a7dfb5"><input type="radio"><span> A sample which is 30% male and 70% female which is the composition of your high school's population.</span></label></p>
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<p> </p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> a limitation of using students as a sample in a psychological study?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="222b52eef2e4422f3fbb6f0896c37d53"><input type="radio"><span> Students are young and lack life's experience.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="346764602a85bc1e9a5d4ab4f1a7784b"><input type="radio"><span> Students are more concerned about themselves, unlike older adults who are concerned about family members. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="d394b72553b4a86c2c5ae38fde28d899"><input type="radio"><span> Students often want to please professors - so they may be more at risk for demand characteristics.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e02ec8e30f458533c40d3c4ac2507b5d"><input type="radio"><span> Students are pre-selected for their level of intelligence and cognition - so they are not representative of the larger population.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Although youth may play a role in some studies, overall - this is not a concern about using students in psychological research.</span></p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>What is the problem with using WEIRD samples?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="df1a3f85877979111f1a71977b85de58"><input type="radio"><span> They are not culturally and socioeconomically representative of the global population.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="59a6729da59fcdae5f4fadbf6bb8881d"><input type="radio"><span> They exclude outliers from the sample.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="52cfadc67ae1e4e30354908f49788837"><input type="radio"><span> The samples cannot be replicated.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="bf60150157f1876fc8016e239cddef75"><input type="radio"><span> It is unethical to use "weird" people in research. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">WEIRD stands for: Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic. These characteristics are not seen as representative of the global population, so results would be limited in their generalizability. </span></p>
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<div class="totals"><span class="score">Total Score: </span><button class="btn btn-success check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr><p><a href="../23368/ethics-in-research.html" title="Ethics in research">Ethics in research</a></p><div class="row bibliography-item-info"><div class="bibliography-item-copy-text content col-md-12" data-clipboard-target="copy-target-391851684" data-redirect-target="/items/391851684/copy" href="http://www.citationmachine.net/bibliographies/199744682?new=true#"></div><div class="bibliography-item-copy-text content col-md-12" data-clipboard-target="copy-target-391851684" data-redirect-target="/items/391851684/copy" href="http://www.citationmachine.net/bibliographies/199744682?new=true#"></div></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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