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Biological approach">4. Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22418/the-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="The brain and behaviour">The brain and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22419/methodology-biological-approach.html" title="Methodology: biological approach">Methodology: biological approach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22420/localization-plasticity.html" title="Localization & Plasticity">Localization & Plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22421/neurotransmission-.html" title="Neurotransmission ">Neurotransmission </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22422/hormones.html" title="Hormones">Hormones</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22423/pheromones-and-mating-behaviour.html" title="Pheromones and mating behaviour">Pheromones and mating behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45731/pheromones-and-aggression.html" title="Pheromones and aggression">Pheromones and aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22428/genetics-and-behaviour.html" title="Genetics and behaviour">Genetics and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22429/methodology-in-genetic-research.html" title="Methodology in genetic research">Methodology in genetic research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45429/kinship-studies-.html" title="Kinship studies ">Kinship studies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22430/epigenetics-and-depression.html" title="Epigenetics and depression">Epigenetics and depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22431/evolutionary-psychology.html" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22432/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: genetics">Ethical considerations: genetics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22435/hl-extension-animal-research.html" title="HL Extension: Animal research">HL Extension: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22436/methods-of-animal-research.html" title="Methods of animal research">Methods of animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22437/ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="Ethics in animal research">Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22438/animal-research-in-genetics.html" title="Animal research in genetics">Animal research in genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22424/references-biological-approach.html" title="References: Biological approach">References: Biological approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22387/5-sociocultural-approach.html" title="5. Sociocultural approach">5. Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22439/the-individual-and-the-group.html" title="The individual and the group">The individual and the group</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22440/methodology-in-sociocultural.html" title="Methodology in sociocultural">Methodology in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22441/social-identity-theory.html" title="Social Identity Theory">Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22443/social-cognitive-theory.html" title="Social Cognitive Theory">Social Cognitive Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22444/stereotyping.html" title="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22445/culture-behaviour-and-cognition.html" title="Culture, behaviour and cognition">Culture, behaviour and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22447/cultural-dimensions-.html" title="Cultural dimensions ">Cultural dimensions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22446/culture-and-cognition.html" title="Culture and cognition">Culture and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22448/enculturation.html" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34345/acculturation.html" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22449/globalization-and-identity.html" title="Globalization and identity">Globalization and identity</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22450/globalization-and-attitudes.html" title="Globalization and attitudes">Globalization and attitudes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22451/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22442/references-sociocultural-approach.html" title="References: Sociocultural approach">References: Sociocultural approach</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22388/6-abnormal-psychology.html" title="6. Abnormal psychology">6. Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22452/diagnosis.html" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="classification-systems.html" title="Classification systems">Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22454/validity-and-reliability.html" title="Validity and reliability">Validity and reliability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22455/factors-influencing-diagnosis.html" title="Factors influencing diagnosis">Factors influencing diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22456/ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Ethics in diagnosis">Ethics in diagnosis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22458/etiologies-of-disorders.html" title="Etiologies of disorders">Etiologies of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34781/anxiety-disorders.html" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34782/biological-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Biological approach to anxiety">Biological approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34783/cognitive-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Cognitive approach to anxiety">Cognitive approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34784/sociocultural-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anxiety">Sociocultural approach to anxiety</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22459/depressive-disorders.html" title="Depressive disorders">Depressive disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22460/biological-approach-to-depression.html" title="Biological approach to depression">Biological approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22477/cognitive-approach-to-depression.html" title="Cognitive approach to depression">Cognitive approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22478/sociocultural-approach-to-depression.html" title="Sociocultural approach to depression">Sociocultural approach to depression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24019/eating-disorders.html" title="Eating disorders">Eating disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23983/biological-approach-to-anorexia.html" title="Biological approach to anorexia">Biological approach to anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23984/cognitive-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Cognitive approach to anorexia ">Cognitive approach to anorexia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24018/sociocultural-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anorexia ">Sociocultural approach to anorexia </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36224/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html" title="Obsessive Compulsive Disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36195/biological-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Biological approach to OCD">Biological approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36415/cognitive-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Cognitive approach to OCD">Cognitive approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36494/sociocultural-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to OCD">Sociocultural approach to OCD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22479/trauma-and-stress-related-disorders.html" title="Trauma and stress related disorders">Trauma and stress related disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22480/biological-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Biological approaches to PTSD">Biological approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22481/cognitive-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Cognitive approaches to PTSD">Cognitive approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22482/sociocultural-approach-to-ptsd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to PTSD">Sociocultural approach to PTSD</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22483/prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Prevalence of disorders">Prevalence of disorders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22484/treatment-of-disorders.html" title="Treatment of disorders">Treatment of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23986/anorexia-biological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Biological treatments">Anorexia: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24036/anorexia-psychological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Psychological treatments">Anorexia: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37065/gad-biological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Biological treatments">GAD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37136/gad-psychological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Psychological treatments">GAD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36566/ocd-biological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Biological treatments">OCD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36985/ocd-psychological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Psychological treatments">OCD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22485/depression-biological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Biological treatments">Depression: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22502/depression-psychological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Psychological treatments">Depression: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24002/ptsd-biological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Biological treatments">PTSD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23982/ptsd-psychological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Psychological treatments">PTSD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22503/culture-and-treatment.html" title="Culture and treatment">Culture and treatment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22504/effectiveness-of-treatment.html" title="Effectiveness of treatment">Effectiveness of treatment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22457/references-abnormal.html" title="References: Abnormal">References: Abnormal</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22389/7-developmental-psychology.html" title="7. Developmental psychology">7. Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23616/developing-as-a-learner-.html" title="Developing as a learner
">Developing as a learner
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23499/cognitive-development-piaget.html" title="Cognitive development: Piaget">Cognitive development: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23636/cognitive-development-vygotsky.html" title="Cognitive development: Vygotsky">Cognitive development: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45298/theories-of-brain-development.html" title="Theories of brain development">Theories of brain development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23509/influences-on-development.html" title="Influences on development">Influences on development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23501/role-of-peers-and-play.html" title="Role of peers and play">Role of peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23503/poverty-and-development.html" title="Poverty and development">Poverty and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23502/trauma-and-development.html" title="Trauma and development">Trauma and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23517/resilience.html" title="Resilience">Resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23617/developing-an-identity.html" title="Developing an identity
">Developing an identity
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23504/attachment.html" title="Attachment">Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23506/gender-identity.html" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23507/theory-of-mind-and-empathy.html" title="Theory of mind and empathy">Theory of mind and empathy</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23634/references-development.html" title="References: Development">References: Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22390/8-health-psychology.html" title="8. Health psychology">8. Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23510/determinants-of-health.html" title="Determinants of health">Determinants of health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23512/disposition-and-health-beliefs.html" title="Disposition and health beliefs">Disposition and health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23511/risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Risk and protective factors">Risk and protective factors</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23514/health-problems.html" title="Health problems">Health problems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23979/health-problem-addiction.html" title="Health problem: Addiction">Health problem: Addiction</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33739/biological-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Biological explanations of addiction">Biological explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33740/cognitive-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Cognitive explanations of addiction">Cognitive explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33741/sociocultural-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of addiction">Sociocultural explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23628/health-promotion-addiction.html" title="Health promotion: Addiction">Health promotion: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23631/treatments-for-addiction.html" title="Treatments for addiction">Treatments for addiction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23725/health-problem-obesity.html" title="Health problem: Obesity">Health problem: Obesity</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32358/biological-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Biological explanations of obesity">Biological explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32359/cognitive-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Cognitive explanations of obesity">Cognitive explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32360/sociocultural-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of obesity">Sociocultural explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23629/health-promotion-obesity.html" title="Health promotion: obesity">Health promotion: obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23988/strategies-for-reducing-obesity.html" title="Strategies for reducing obesity">Strategies for reducing obesity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23625/health-problem-stress.html" title="Health problem: Stress">Health problem: Stress</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23622/physiological-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Physiological aspects of stress">Physiological aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23623/cognitive-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Cognitive aspects of stress">Cognitive aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23624/social-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Social aspects of stress">Social aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23630/health-promotion-stress-.html" title="Health promotion: stress ">Health promotion: stress </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23993/prevalence-of-health-problems.html" title="Prevalence of health problems">Prevalence of health problems</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23621/health-promotion.html" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23626/effectiveness-of-health-promotion-programs.html" title="Effectiveness of health promotion programs">Effectiveness of health promotion programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32599/ethics-in-health-promotion.html" title="Ethics in health promotion">Ethics in health promotion</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23635/references-health-psychology.html" title="References: Health psychology">References: Health psychology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22391/9-human-relationships.html" title="9. Human relationships">9. Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22837/social-responsibility.html" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22838/origins-of-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Origins of prosocial behaviour">Origins of prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22840/factors-influencing-bystanderism.html" title="Factors influencing bystanderism">Factors influencing bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22843/promoting-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Promoting prosocial behaviour">Promoting prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22842/methodology-of-helping-research.html" title="Methodology of helping research">Methodology of helping research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22844/interpersonal-relationships.html" title="Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22848/biological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Biological theories of attraction">Biological theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22849/cognitive-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Cognitive theories of attraction">Cognitive theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33682/sociocultural-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Sociocultural theories of attraction">Sociocultural theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22850/communication-in-relationships.html" title="Communication in relationships">Communication in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22851/why-relationships-end.html" title="Why relationships end">Why relationships end</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22861/group-dynamics.html" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22864/cooperation.html" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22862/prejudice-.html" title="Prejudice ">Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22916/discrimination-and-conflict.html" title="Discrimination and conflict">Discrimination and conflict</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22863/conflict-resolution.html" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22847/references-relationships.html" title="References: Relationships">References: Relationships</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22392/10-internal-assessment.html" title="10. Internal assessment">10. Internal assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22394/a-getting-started.html" title="A. Getting started">A. Getting started</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22397/b-introduction.html" title="B. Introduction">B. Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22398/c-exploration.html" title="C. Exploration">C. Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22399/d-analysis.html" title="D. Analysis">D. Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22400/e-evaluation.html" title="E. Evaluation">E. Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22401/overview-of-report-format.html" title="Overview of report format">Overview of report format</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22393/11-external-assessment.html" title="11. External assessment">11. External assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24844/paper-1-saqs.html" title="Paper 1: SAQs">Paper 1: SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24847/writing-erqs.html" title="Writing ERQs">Writing ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24067/sample-options-essay-.html" title="Sample options essay ">Sample options essay </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24846/the-unseen-passage-paper-3.html" title="The unseen passage: Paper 3">The unseen passage: Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23660/command-terms.html" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25035/describe-vs-outline.html" title="Describe vs outline">Describe vs outline</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23662/explaining-explain.html" title="Explaining explain">Explaining explain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23661/discussing-discuss.html" title="Discussing discuss">Discussing discuss</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25037/evaluate-not-just-limitations.html" title="Evaluate - not just limitations">Evaluate - not just limitations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25036/spotting-the-difference-contrast.html" title="Spotting the difference - contrast">Spotting the difference - contrast</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23663/the-extent-of-extent-.html" title="The extent of extent ">The extent of extent </a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35934/student-resources.html" title="Student resources">Student resources</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36490/welcome-to-inthinking.html" title="Welcome to Inthinking">Welcome to Inthinking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45399/podcasts.html" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41172/recommended-reading.html" title="Recommended reading">Recommended reading</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35939/abnormal-psychology.html" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41257/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27662/checking-understanding-biological-treatments.html" title="Checking understanding: Biological treatments">Checking understanding: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27582/checking-understanding-diagnosis-.html" title="Checking understanding: Diagnosis ">Checking understanding: Diagnosis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27381/checking-understanding-ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis">Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27673/checking-understanding-therapy-.html" title="Checking understanding: therapy ">Checking understanding: therapy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36698/quiz-approaches-to-mdd.html" title="Quiz: Approaches to MDD">Quiz: Approaches to MDD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24201/key-studies-abnormal.html" title="Key studies: abnormal">Key studies: abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36496/al-solaim-and-loewenthal-2011.html" title="Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)">Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29091/alloy-et-al-1999-.html" title="Alloy et al (1999) ">Alloy et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29319/amenson-and-lewinsohn-1981.html" title="Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)">Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36984/amir-et-al-2015.html" title="Amir et al (2015)">Amir et al (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36592/askari-et-al-2012.html" title="Askari et al (2012)">Askari et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24541/becker-et-al-2002.html" title="Becker et al (2002)">Becker et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24535/bolton-2002.html" title="Bolton (2002)">Bolton (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37073/braun-et-al-2011.html" title="Braun et al. (2011)">Braun et al. (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24536/brown-harris-1978-.html" title="Brown & Harris (1978) ">Brown & Harris (1978) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24370/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37145/chang-et-al-2020.html" title="Chang et al (2020)">Chang et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25718/cortisol-hypothesis.html" title="Cortisol hypothesis">Cortisol hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37071/davidson-et-al-1993.html" title="Davidson et al. (1993)">Davidson et al. (1993)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24534/elkin-et-al-1989-.html" title="Elkin et al (1989) ">Elkin et al (1989) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29307/friedlander-and-stockman-1983.html" title="Friedlander and Stockman (1983)">Friedlander and Stockman (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30039/holland-et-al-1988.html" title="Holland et al (1988)">Holland et al (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29275/joiner-et-al-1999.html" title="Joiner et al (1999)">Joiner et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27951/kendler-et-al-2006.html" title="Kendler et al (2006)">Kendler et al (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37155/ladouceur-et-al-2000.html" title="Ladouceur et al. (2000)">Ladouceur et al. (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24540/langer-and-abelson-1974-.html" title="Langer and Abelson (1974) ">Langer and Abelson (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24537/li-repac-1980-.html" title="Li-Repac (1980) ">Li-Repac (1980) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36413/lopatka-and-rachman-1995.html" title="Lopatka and Rachman (1995)">Lopatka and Rachman (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34100/luhrmann-2015.html" title="Luhrmann (2015)">Luhrmann (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36414/myers-and-wells-2013.html" title="Myers and Wells (2013)">Myers and Wells (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29833/nolen-hoeksema-2000.html" title="Nolen Hoeksema (2000)">Nolen Hoeksema (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36628/park-et-al-2020.html" title="Park et al (2020)">Park et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24538/parker-et-al-2001-.html" title="Parker et al (2001) ">Parker et al (2001) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27647/rosenhan-1973.html" title="Rosenhan (1973)">Rosenhan (1973)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36495/rosmarin-et-al-2010.html" title="Rosmarin et al (2010)">Rosmarin et al (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27600/serotonin-hypothesis-1967.html" title="Serotonin hypothesis (1967)">Serotonin hypothesis (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36194/shmelkov-et-al-2010-.html" title="Shmelkov et al. (2010) ">Shmelkov et al. (2010) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36193/thobois-et-al-2004.html" title="Thobois et al (2004)">Thobois et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28186/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36983/williams-and-grisham-2013.html" title="Williams and Grisham (2013)">Williams and Grisham (2013)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24208/revision-review-abnormal.html" title="Revision (review): Abnormal">Revision (review): Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27148/abnormal-glossary.html" title="Abnormal glossary">Abnormal glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27333/presentation-bias-in-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Bias in diagnosis">Presentation: Bias in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27568/presentation-biology-of-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of MDD">Presentation: Biology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32532/presentation-biology-of-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of PTSD">Presentation: Biology of PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27581/presentation-cognition-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and MDD">Presentation: Cognition and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32592/presentation-cognition-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and PTSD">Presentation: Cognition and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28547/presentation-culture-in-abnormal.html" title="Presentation: Culture in abnormal">Presentation: Culture in abnormal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28948/presentation-ethics-in-studying-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis">Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27585/presentation-sociocultural-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD">Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32596/presentation-sociocultural-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD">Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32421/presentation-validity-of-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Validity of diagnosis">Presentation: Validity of diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27926/study-guide-aetiologies.html" title="Study guide: Aetiologies">Study guide: Aetiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28237/study-guide-diagnosis.html" title="Study guide: Diagnosis">Study guide: Diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28476/study-guide-treatments.html" title="Study guide: Treatments">Study guide: Treatments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24215/writing-samples-abnormal.html" title="Writing samples: Abnormal">Writing samples: Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28726/erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27601/exemplar-biological-explanation-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD">Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27303/exemplar-classification-systems.html" title="Exemplar: Classification systems">Exemplar: Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31945/exemplar-clinical-biases.html" title="Exemplar: Clinical biases">Exemplar: Clinical biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27602/exemplar-cognitive-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27301/exemplar-concepts-of-normality.html" title="Exemplar: Concepts of normality">Exemplar: Concepts of normality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31941/exemplar-contrasting-two-therapies.html" title="Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies">Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27305/exemplar-ethical-considerations-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis">Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29049/exemplar-prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders">Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36791/exemplar-psychological-treatment-ptsd.html" title="Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD">Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27603/exemplar-sociocultural-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27586/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27304/exemplar-validity-and-reliability.html" title="Exemplar: Validity and reliability">Exemplar: Validity and reliability</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35936/biological-approach.html" title="Biological approach">Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41265/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26422/evaluating-wedekind.html" title="Evaluating Wedekind">Evaluating Wedekind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25972/memory-biological-research.html" title="Memory: Biological research">Memory: Biological research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34241/neurotransmission-checking-understanding.html" title="Neurotransmission: checking understanding">Neurotransmission: checking understanding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32057/quiz-biology-terminology.html" title="Quiz: biology terminology">Quiz: biology terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27899/research-methods-in-biology.html" title="Research methods in biology">Research methods in biology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24190/key-studies-biological.html" title="Key studies: biological">Key studies: biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25018/antonova-2011.html" title="Antonova (2011)">Antonova (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28461/bailey-pillard-1990-.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990) ">Bailey & Pillard (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28462/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30048/cases-et-al-1995.html" title="Cases et al (1995)">Cases et al (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28463/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28359/draganski-2004.html" title="Draganski (2004)">Draganski (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24260/eugene-pauly-squire-1992-2002.html" title="Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)">Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28459/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28458/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33340/is-broca-still-relevant-today.html" title="Is Broca still relevant today?">Is Broca still relevant today?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28464/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24266/maguire-2000.html" title="Maguire (2000)">Maguire (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24255/mcgaugh-cahill-1995.html" title="McGaugh & Cahill (1995)">McGaugh & Cahill (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26506/meaney-et-al-1988-.html" title="Meaney et al (1988) ">Meaney et al (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28454/newcomer-et-al-1999.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999)">Newcomer et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31712/prevot-et-al-2019.html" title="Prevot et al (2019)">Prevot et al (2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24267/rogers-kesner-2003.html" title="Rogers & Kesner (2003)">Rogers & Kesner (2003)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26358/ronay-and-von-hippel-2010.html" title="Ronay and von Hippel (2010)">Ronay and von Hippel (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24268/rosenzweig-bennet-diamond-1972-.html" title="Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) ">Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42225/setiawan-et-al-2013.html" title="Setiawan et al (2013)">Setiawan et al (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28460/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26699/troster-and-beatty-1989.html" title="Troster and Beatty (1989)">Troster and Beatty (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28466/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28467/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28465/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28865/zhou-2014.html" title="Zhou (2014)">Zhou (2014)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24191/revision-review-biological.html" title="Revision (review): Biological">Revision (review): Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27589/biology-glossary.html" title="Biology glossary">Biology glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29261/presentation-alzheimers.html" title="Presentation: Alzheimers">Presentation: Alzheimers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26472/presentation-brain-imaging.html" title="Presentation: Brain imaging">Presentation: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26471/presentation-ethics-and-animals.html" title="Presentation: Ethics and animals">Presentation: Ethics and animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26465/presentation-evolution.html" title="Presentation: Evolution">Presentation: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26467/presentation-genetics.html" title="Presentation: Genetics">Presentation: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27151/presentation-geography-of-the-brain.html" title="Presentation: Geography of the brain">Presentation: Geography of the brain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26470/presentation-neurotransmission.html" title="Presentation: Neurotransmission">Presentation: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26469/presentation-pheromones.html" title="Presentation: Pheromones">Presentation: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26539/revision-genetics-.html" title="Revision: Genetics ">Revision: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26538/revision-using-animal-models.html" title="Revision: Using animal models">Revision: Using animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28478/study-guide-animal-research.html" title="Study guide: Animal research">Study guide: Animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28156/study-guide-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Study guide: Brain and behaviour">Study guide: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28158/study-guide-genetics.html" title="Study guide: Genetics">Study guide: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28157/study-guide-hormones.html" title="Study guide: Hormones">Study guide: Hormones</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24192/writing-samplesbiological.html" title="Writing samples:Biological">Writing samples:Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25283/erq-sample-biological-research-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Biological Research methods">ERQ sample: Biological Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35302/erq-sample-ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research">ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25282/erq-sample-ethics-in-genetics-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics ">ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25393/erq-sample-genetics.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetics">ERQ sample: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28426/erq-sample-genetic-similarity.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetic similarity">ERQ sample: Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28723/erq-marking-animal-models.html" title="ERQ marking: Animal models">ERQ marking: Animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26581/erq-marking-bio-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Bio methods">ERQ marking: Bio methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26577/erq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="ERQ marking: Brain imaging">ERQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26578/erq-marking-evolution.html" title="ERQ marking: Evolution">ERQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26579/erq-marking-hormones.html" title="ERQ marking: Hormones">ERQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26580/erq-marking-localization.html" title="ERQ marking: Localization">ERQ marking: Localization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26583/erq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="ERQ marking: Neurotransmission">ERQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26582/erq-marking-pheromones.html" title="ERQ marking: Pheromones">ERQ marking: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26574/saq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="SAQ marking: Brain imaging">SAQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28722/saq-marking-evolution.html" title="SAQ marking: Evolution">SAQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25819/saq-marking-hormones.html" title="SAQ marking: Hormones">SAQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26576/saq-marking-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity">SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26575/saq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="SAQ marking: Neurotransmission">SAQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28974/saq-sample-agonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Agonists">SAQ sample: Agonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28973/saq-sample-antagonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Antagonists">SAQ sample: Antagonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25361/saq-sample-bio-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Bio research methods">SAQ sample: Bio research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25284/saq-sample-ethics-in-biology.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in biology">SAQ sample: Ethics in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25285/saq-sample-evolution.html" title="SAQ sample: Evolution">SAQ sample: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31774/saq-sample-excitatory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses">SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25286/saq-sample-genetics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Genetics ">SAQ sample: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26625/saq-marking-genetics.html" title="SAQ marking: Genetics">SAQ marking: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25290/saq-sample-hormones-.html" title="SAQ sample: Hormones ">SAQ sample: Hormones </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31775/saq-sample-inhibitory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses">SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25287/saq-sample-localization-of-function.html" title="SAQ sample: Localization of function">SAQ sample: Localization of function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28971/saq-sample-neural-networks.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural networks">SAQ sample: Neural networks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25389/saq-sample-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity">SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25289/saq-sample-neurotransmission-.html" title="SAQ sample: Neurotransmission ">SAQ sample: Neurotransmission </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25345/saq-sample-pheromones.html" title="SAQ sample: Pheromones">SAQ sample: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25288/saq-sample-studying-the-brain-.html" title="SAQ sample: Studying the brain ">SAQ sample: Studying the brain </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28972/saq-sample-neural-pruning.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural pruning">SAQ sample: Neural pruning</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35937/cognitive-approach.html" title="Cognitive approach">Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41259/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25807/checking-for-understanding-emotion-memory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory">Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34246/checking-for-understanding-schema-theory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Schema theory">Checking for understanding: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32271/quiz-cognitive-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Cognitive terminology">Quiz: Cognitive terminology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24205/key-studies-cognitive.html" title="Key studies: cognitive">Key studies: cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41865/anderson-and-pitchert-1978.html" title="Anderson and Pitchert (1978)">Anderson and Pitchert (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24249/bahrick-et-al-1975-.html" title="Bahrick et al (1975) ">Bahrick et al (1975) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24248/bartlett-1932-.html" title="Bartlett (1932) ">Bartlett (1932) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24250/berntsen-thomsen-2005.html" title="Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)">Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37640/bransford-and-johnson-1972.html" title="Bransford and Johnson (1972)">Bransford and Johnson (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25309/brewer-treyens-1981-.html" title="Brewer & Treyens (1981) ">Brewer & Treyens (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24251/brown-kulik-1977.html" title="Brown & Kulik (1977)">Brown & Kulik (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37260/cox-and-griggs-1982.html" title="Cox and Griggs (1982)">Cox and Griggs (1982)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42224/ebbinghaus-1885.html" title="Ebbinghaus (1885)">Ebbinghaus (1885)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28862/englich-and-mussweiler-2001.html" title="Englich and Mussweiler (2001)">Englich and Mussweiler (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24446/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28457/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28630/landry-and-bartling-2011.html" title="Landry and Bartling (2011)">Landry and Bartling (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24253/loftus-palmer-1974-.html" title="Loftus & Palmer (1974) ">Loftus & Palmer (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24254/loftus-pickrell-1995-.html" title="Loftus & Pickrell (1995) ">Loftus & Pickrell (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33380/mueller-and-oppenheimer-2014.html" title="Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)">Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24256/neisser-harsch-1992.html" title="Neisser & Harsch (1992)">Neisser & Harsch (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37157/newhagen-and-reeves-1992.html" title="Newhagen and Reeves (1992)">Newhagen and Reeves (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37008/serial-position-effect.html" title="Serial Position Effect">Serial Position Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24371/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34075/sparrow-2011.html" title="Sparrow (2011)">Sparrow (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28861/tversky-and-kahenman-1986.html" title="Tversky and Kahenman (1986)">Tversky and Kahenman (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28864/tversky-and-kahneman-1974.html" title="Tversky and Kahneman (1974)">Tversky and Kahneman (1974)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24261/yuille-cutshall-1986.html" title="Yuille & Cutshall (1986)">Yuille & Cutshall (1986)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24206/revision-review-cognitive.html" title="Revision (review): Cognitive">Revision (review): Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27590/cognitive-glossary.html" title="Cognitive glossary">Cognitive glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26466/presentation-dual-processing-model.html" title="Presentation: Dual Processing Model">Presentation: Dual Processing Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26468/presentation-reconstructive-memory.html" title="Presentation: Reconstructive memory">Presentation: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28828/presentation-schema-theory.html" title="Presentation: Schema theory">Presentation: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28554/presentation-working-memory-model.html" title="Presentation: Working Memory Model">Presentation: Working Memory Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25783/revision-reliability-of-memory.html" title="Revision: Reliability of memory">Revision: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28477/study-guide-cognition-and-tech.html" title="Study guide: Cognition and tech">Study guide: Cognition and tech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28154/study-guide-cognitive-processes.html" title="Study guide: Cognitive processes">Study guide: Cognitive processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28155/study-guide-reliability-of-cognition.html" title="Study guide: Reliability of cognition">Study guide: Reliability of cognition</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24213/writing-samples-cognitive.html" title="Writing samples: Cognitive">Writing samples: Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26705/erq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive biases">ERQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28724/erq-marking-effect-of-technology.html" title="ERQ marking: Effect of technology">ERQ marking: Effect of technology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25866/erq-marking-reliability-of-memory.html" title="ERQ marking: Reliability of memory">ERQ marking: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35992/erq-sample-cognitive-ethics.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics">ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25421/erq-sample-cognitive-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive methods">ERQ sample: Cognitive methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25870/erq-sample-emotion-and-memory.html" title="ERQ sample: Emotion and memory">ERQ sample: Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25294/erq-sample-memory-models.html" title="ERQ sample: Memory models">ERQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26706/saq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ marking: Cognitive biases">SAQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25817/saq-marking-schema-theory.html" title="SAQ marking: Schema theory">SAQ marking: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26624/saq-marking-thinking-models.html" title="SAQ marking: Thinking models">SAQ marking: Thinking models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25350/saq-sample-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ sample: Cognitive biases">SAQ sample: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25348/saq-sample-decision-making.html" title="SAQ sample: Decision making">SAQ sample: Decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25295/saq-sample-emotion-and-memory-.html" title="SAQ sample: emotion and memory ">SAQ sample: emotion and memory </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25297/saq-sample-ethics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics ">SAQ sample: Ethics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25363/saq-sample-memory-models.html" title="SAQ sample: Memory models">SAQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25296/saq-sample-reconstructive-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory">SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25293/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: research methods">SAQ sample: research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25298/saq-sample-schema-theory-.html" title="SAQ sample: Schema theory ">SAQ sample: Schema theory </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35940/developmental-psychology.html" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41260/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22227/checking-understanding-trauma-resilience.html" title="Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience">Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24202/key-studies-development.html" title="Key studies: development">Key studies: development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30041/baillargeon-1986.html" title="Baillargeon (1986)">Baillargeon (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30043/chugani-1999-giedd-2004.html" title="Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)">Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28525/coan-shaefer-and-davidson-2006.html" title="Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)">Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31148/coie-and-dodge-1988.html" title="Coie and Dodge (1988)">Coie and Dodge (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24544/condry-condry-1976-.html" title="Condry & Condry (1976) ">Condry & Condry (1976) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29799/curtiss-1977.html" title="Curtiss (1977)">Curtiss (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30037/koluchova-1972.html" title="Koluchova (1972)">Koluchova (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28868/martin-and-halverson-1983.html" title="Martin and Halverson (1983)">Martin and Halverson (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28528/morgan-et-al-2000.html" title="Morgan et al (2000)">Morgan et al (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24543/pollitt-1995-.html" title="Pollitt (1995) ">Pollitt (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28487/rutter-2007.html" title="Rutter (2007)">Rutter (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30038/van-ijzendoor-and-kroonenberg-1988-.html" title="Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) ">Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28822/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24209/revision-review-development.html" title="Revision (review): Development">Revision (review): Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27144/development-glossary.html" title="Development glossary">Development glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28849/presentation-attachment.html" title="Presentation: Attachment">Presentation: Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27220/presentation-brain-development.html" title="Presentation: Brain development">Presentation: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29079/presentation-gender-identity.html" title="Presentation: Gender identity">Presentation: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28523/presentation-peers-and-play.html" title="Presentation: Peers and Play">Presentation: Peers and Play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27224/presentation-piaget.html" title="Presentation: Piaget">Presentation: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28527/presentation-resilience.html" title="Presentation: Resilience">Presentation: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29077/presentation-theory-of-mind.html" title="Presentation: Theory of mind">Presentation: Theory of mind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27223/presentation-vygotsky.html" title="Presentation: Vygotsky">Presentation: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28475/study-guide-developing-as-a-learner.html" title="Study guide: Developing as a learner">Study guide: Developing as a learner</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28473/study-guide-identity.html" title="Study guide: Identity">Study guide: Identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28474/study-guide-influences-on-development.html" title="Study guide: Influences on development">Study guide: Influences on development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24216/writing-samples-development.html" title="Writing samples: Development">Writing samples: Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27310/erq-marking-cognitive-development.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive development">ERQ marking: Cognitive development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27187/exemplar-brain-development.html" title="Exemplar: Brain development">Exemplar: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24065/exemplar-deprivation-and-trauma.html" title="Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma">Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28644/exemplar-effects-of-poverty.html" title="Exemplar: Effects of poverty">Exemplar: Effects of poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31944/exemplar-gender-identity.html" title="Exemplar: Gender identity">Exemplar: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27299/exemplar-peers-and-play.html" title="Exemplar: Peers and play">Exemplar: Peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28530/exemplar-resilience.html" title="Exemplar: Resilience">Exemplar: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31943/exemplar-social-roles.html" title="Exemplar: Social roles">Exemplar: Social roles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27185/exemplar-theories-of-cognitive-dvpt.html" title="Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt">Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33700/exemplar-theory-of-mind.html" title="Exemplar: Theory of mind">Exemplar: Theory of mind</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35941/health-psychology.html" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41261/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27197/checking-understanding-stress.html" title="Checking understanding: Stress">Checking understanding: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24203/key-studies-health.html" title="Key studies: health">Key studies: health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33345/cole-kemeny-and-taylor-1997.html" title="Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)">Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29393/crum-2011.html" title="Crum (2011)">Crum (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31089/curran-and-hill-2017.html" title="Curran and Hill (2017)">Curran and Hill (2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29330/felitti-et-al-1998.html" title="Felitti et al (1998)">Felitti et al (1998)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29050/jamieson-et-al-2011.html" title="Jamieson et al (2011)">Jamieson et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28274/joseph-2015.html" title="Joseph (2015)">Joseph (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24546/kiecolt-glaser-1984-.html" title="Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) ">Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28273/koch-2008.html" title="Koch (2008)">Koch (2008)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28636/lowe-et-al-2004.html" title="Lowe et al (2004)">Lowe et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24545/marmot-et-al-1997-.html" title="Marmot et al (1997) ">Marmot et al (1997) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24372/newcomer-et-al-1999-.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999) ">Newcomer et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28217/roseman-et-al-1976.html" title="Roseman et al (1976)">Roseman et al (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29306/sapolsky-1990-2005.html" title="Sapolsky (1990, 2005)">Sapolsky (1990, 2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28275/sedentary-lifestyle.html" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28856/sorensen-et-al-1992.html" title="Sorensen et al (1992)">Sorensen et al (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20657/speisman-et-al-1964.html" title="Speisman et al (1964)">Speisman et al (1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29320/tung-et-al-2012.html" title="Tung et al (2012)">Tung et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30040/weinstein-1983.html" title="Weinstein (1983)">Weinstein (1983)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24210/revision-review-health.html" title="Revision (review): Health">Revision (review): Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27240/health-glossary.html" title="Health glossary">Health glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28342/presentation-biology-of-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Biology of obesity">Presentation: Biology of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34645/presentation-cognition-and-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and addiction">Presentation: Cognition and addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28343/presentation-cognition-and-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and obesity">Presentation: Cognition and obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27221/presentation-cognition-and-stress.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and stress">Presentation: Cognition and stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34503/presentation-defining-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Defining addiction">Presentation: Defining addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28661/presentation-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Presentation: Effectiveness of programs">Presentation: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28820/presentation-health-promotion.html" title="Presentation: Health promotion">Presentation: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27222/presentation-physiology-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Physiology of stress">Presentation: Physiology of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28387/presentation-prevalence-in-health.html" title="Presentation: Prevalence in health">Presentation: Prevalence in health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34654/presentation-sociocultural-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural addiction">Presentation: Sociocultural addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28837/presentation-sociocultural-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress">Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28240/study-guide-addiction.html" title="Study guide: Addiction">Study guide: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28241/study-guide-determinants-of-health.html" title="Study guide: Determinants of health">Study guide: Determinants of health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28472/study-guide-health-promotion.html" title="Study guide: Health promotion">Study guide: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28239/study-guide-obesity.html" title="Study guide: Obesity">Study guide: Obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28238/study-guide-stress.html" title="Study guide: Stress">Study guide: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24217/writing-samples-health.html" title="Writing samples: Health">Writing samples: Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28244/exemplar-biological-approach-to-addiction.html" title="Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction">Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28236/exemplar-biopsychosocial-model.html" title="Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model">Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28242/exemplar-cognitive-approach-to-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress">Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31521/exemplar-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs">Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28271/exemplar-ethics-and-health-problems.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and health problems">Exemplar: Ethics and health problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33701/exemplar-ethics-health-promotion.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics health promotion">Exemplar: Ethics health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28245/exemplar-health-beliefs.html" title="Exemplar: Health beliefs">Exemplar: Health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27435/exemplar-limitations-of-health-research.html" title="Exemplar: Limitations of health research">Exemplar: Limitations of health research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28234/exemplar-research-methods.html" title="Exemplar: Research methods">Exemplar: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28251/exemplar-risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Exemplar: Risk and protective factors">Exemplar: Risk and protective factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28243/exemplar-sociocultural-approach-to-obesity.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity">Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31366/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35942/human-relationships.html" title="Human relationships">Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41256/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25681/checking-understanding-biology-of-attraction.html" title="Checking understanding: Biology of attraction">Checking understanding: Biology of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28019/checking-understanding-communication.html" title="Checking understanding: Communication">Checking understanding: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34266/checking-understanding-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour">Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18895/relationships-revision-jeopardy.html" title="Relationships revision jeopardy">Relationships revision jeopardy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24204/key-studies-human-relationships.html" title="Key studies: human relationships">Key studies: human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24368/bailey-pillard-1990.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990)">Bailey & Pillard (1990)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24373/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29259/beaman-et-al-1978.html" title="Beaman et al (1978)">Beaman et al (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29302/bradbury-and-fincham-1992.html" title="Bradbury and Fincham (1992)">Bradbury and Fincham (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30044/clark-and-hatfield-1989.html" title="Clark and Hatfield (1989)">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24547/darley-batson-1973-.html" title="Darley & Batson (1973) ">Darley & Batson (1973) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28855/dion-et-al-1972.html" title="Dion et al (1972)">Dion et al (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31383/drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Drury et al (2009)">Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28869/fein-and-spencer-1997.html" title="Fein and Spencer (1997)">Fein and Spencer (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24369/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28390/marsh-et-al-2014.html" title="Marsh et al (2014)">Marsh et al (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29403/novotny-and-polonsky-2011.html" title="Novotny and Polonsky (2011)">Novotny and Polonsky (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29392/payne-2001.html" title="Payne (2001)">Payne (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28401/piliavin-et-al-1969.html" title="Piliavin et al (1969)">Piliavin et al (1969)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24376/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24378/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24377/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24211/revision-review-relationships.html" title="Revision (review): Relationships">Revision (review): Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28485/presentation-bystanderism.html" title="Presentation: Bystanderism">Presentation: Bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34263/presentation-communication.html" title="Presentation: Communication">Presentation: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28779/presentation-conflict-and-resolution.html" title="Presentation: Conflict and resolution">Presentation: Conflict and resolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28733/presentation-cooperation-and-competition.html" title="Presentation: Cooperation and competition">Presentation: Cooperation and competition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28483/presentation-origins-of-prosocial-.html" title="Presentation: Origins of prosocial ">Presentation: Origins of prosocial </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28737/presentation-prejudice-.html" title="Presentation: Prejudice ">Presentation: Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28484/presentation-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Presentation: Promoting prosocial">Presentation: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28486/presentation-why-relationships-end.html" title="Presentation: Why relationships end">Presentation: Why relationships end</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27149/relationships-glossary.html" title="Relationships glossary">Relationships glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28469/study-guide-group-dynamics.html" title="Study guide: Group dynamics">Study guide: Group dynamics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28471/study-guide-personal-relationships.html" title="Study guide: Personal relationships">Study guide: Personal relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28470/study-guide-social-responsibility.html" title="Study guide: Social responsibility">Study guide: Social responsibility</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24218/writing-samples-relationships.html" title="Writing samples: Relationships">Writing samples: Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28727/erq-marking-biology-in-relationships.html" title="ERQ marking: Biology in relationships">ERQ marking: Biology in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28424/exemplar-biology-of-social-responsibility.html" title="Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility">Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28427/exemplar-cognition-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Cognition and attraction">Exemplar: Cognition and attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28423/exemplar-communication-.html" title="Exemplar: Communication ">Exemplar: Communication </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28429/exemplar-ending-relationships.html" title="Exemplar: Ending relationships">Exemplar: Ending relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28425/exemplar-ethics-and-bystanderism.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism">Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28430/exemplar-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Exemplar: Promoting prosocial">Exemplar: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28428/exemplar-sociocultural-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction">Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35935/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41262/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24379/choosing-the-best-method.html" title="Choosing the best method">Choosing the best method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41275/exploring-psychology-myths.html" title="Exploring psychology myths">Exploring psychology myths</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24399/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-1-.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 ">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24400/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-2.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32061/quiz-experimental-research-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Experimental research terminology">Quiz: Experimental research terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24402/quiz-introduction-to-research.html" title="Quiz: Introduction to research">Quiz: Introduction to research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24212/revision-review-research.html" title="Revision (review): Research">Revision (review): Research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17886/basic-concepts.html" title="Basic concepts">Basic concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17988/case-studies.html" title="Case studies">Case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24398/experimental-designs-revision.html" title="Experimental designs revision">Experimental designs revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17986/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17987/observations.html" title="Observations">Observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31111/presentation-what-is-a-theory.html" title="Presentation: What is a theory">Presentation: What is a theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27588/qualitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Qualitative methods glossary">Qualitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27592/quantitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Quantitative methods glossary">Quantitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17985/sampling-techniques.html" title="Sampling techniques">Sampling techniques</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35938/sociocultural-approach.html" title="Sociocultural approach">Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41263/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24901/checking-understanding-ethics-in-sociocultural.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural">Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27043/checking-understanding-sit.html" title="Checking understanding: SIT">Checking understanding: SIT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36288/quiz-drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Quiz: Drury et al (2009)">Quiz: Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36393/quiz-hilliard-and-liben.html" title="Quiz: Hilliard and Liben">Quiz: Hilliard and Liben</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32080/quiz-sociocultural-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Sociocultural terminology">Quiz: Sociocultural terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24898/research-methods-sociocultural.html" title="Research methods sociocultural">Research methods sociocultural</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24200/key-studies-sociocultural.html" title="Key studies: sociocultural">Key studies: sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24238/abrams-et-al-1990-.html" title="Abrams et al (1990) ">Abrams et al (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24239/asch-1956-.html" title="Asch (1956) ">Asch (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29404/bagby-and-rector-1992.html" title="Bagby and Rector (1992)">Bagby and Rector (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29347/bandura-1961.html" title="Bandura (1961)">Bandura (1961)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24240/berry-1967.html" title="Berry (1967)">Berry (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36632/charlton-et-al-2002.html" title="Charlton et al (2002)">Charlton et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27270/chen-et-al-2005.html" title="Chen et al (2005)">Chen et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31373/drury-et-al-2009-.html" title="Drury et al (2009) ">Drury et al (2009) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31090/fagot-1978.html" title="Fagot (1978)">Fagot (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31786/greenfield-2006.html" title="Greenfield (2006)">Greenfield (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28867/hamilton-and-gifford-1976.html" title="Hamilton and Gifford (1976)">Hamilton and Gifford (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24375/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36369/hilliard-and-liben-2010.html" title="Hilliard and Liben (2010)">Hilliard and Liben (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24252/kearins-1981-.html" title="Kearins (1981) ">Kearins (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42864/kimball-1986.html" title="Kimball (1986)">Kimball (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24367/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37130/lueck-and-wilson-2010.html" title="Lueck and Wilson (2010)">Lueck and Wilson (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29346/norasakkunkit-uchida-2014.html" title="Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)">Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24244/rogers-frantz-1961-.html" title="Rogers & Frantz (1961) ">Rogers & Frantz (1961) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28456/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24247/steele-aronson-1995-.html" title="Steele & Aronson (1995) ">Steele & Aronson (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24245/tajfel-1971-.html" title="Tajfel (1971) ">Tajfel (1971) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33341/understanding-milgram-1963.html" title="Understanding Milgram (1963)">Understanding Milgram (1963)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31092/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39263/zhang-winterich-mittal-2010-.html" title="Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) ">Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24207/revision-review-sociocultural.html" title="Revision (review): Sociocultural">Revision (review): Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28378/presentation-acculturation.html" title="Presentation: Acculturation">Presentation: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28384/presentation-contact-hypothesis.html" title="Presentation: Contact hypothesis">Presentation: Contact hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28940/presentation-cultural-dimensions.html" title="Presentation: Cultural dimensions">Presentation: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28386/presentation-globalization.html" title="Presentation: Globalization">Presentation: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27591/sociocultural-glossary.html" title="Sociocultural glossary">Sociocultural glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28060/study-guide-culture.html" title="Study guide: Culture">Study guide: Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28396/study-guide-globalization.html" title="Study guide: Globalization">Study guide: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28009/study-guide-individual-and-the-group.html" title="Study guide: Individual and the group">Study guide: Individual and the group</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24214/writing-samples-sociocultural.html" title="Writing samples: Sociocultural">Writing samples: Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34576/erq-sample-acculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Acculturation">ERQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36918/erq-sample-formation-of-stereotypes.html" title="ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes">ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25013/erq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions">ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28725/erq-marking-globalization-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Globalization methods">ERQ marking: Globalization methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26704/erq-marking-sociocultural-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods">ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25203/erq-marking-sct.html" title="ERQ marking: SCT">ERQ marking: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25412/erq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions">ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28391/erq-sample-enculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Enculturation">ERQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25202/erq-sample-ethics-sociocultural-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural ">ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25147/erq-sample-sct.html" title="ERQ Sample: SCT">ERQ Sample: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26626/saq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ marking: cultural dimensions">SAQ marking: cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28720/saq-marking-enculturation.html" title="SAQ marking: Enculturation">SAQ marking: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24907/saq-marking-research-methods.html" title="SAQ marking: Research methods">SAQ marking: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25301/saq-marking-stereotyping.html" title="SAQ marking: Stereotyping">SAQ marking: Stereotyping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25351/saq-sample-acculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Acculturation">SAQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25362/saq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions">SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25342/saq-sample-culture-and-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Culture and memory">SAQ sample: Culture and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25344/saq-sample-enculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Enculturation">SAQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25009/saq-sample-ethics-in-the-sca.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA">SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24904/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Research methods">SAQ sample: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25148/saq-sample-sct-.html" title="SAQ sample: SCT ">SAQ sample: SCT </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25012/saq-sample-social-identity-theory.html" title="SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory">SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25199/saq-sample-stereotyping-.html" title="SAQ sample: Stereotyping ">SAQ sample: Stereotyping </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25491/practicing-paper-3.html" title="Practicing Paper 3">Practicing Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26921/case-study-domestic-violence.html" title="Case study: Domestic violence">Case study: Domestic violence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26927/case-study-ib-stress.html" title="Case study: IB Stress">Case study: IB Stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28185/case-study-moms-and-childhood-obesity.html" title="Case study: Moms and childhood obesity">Case study: Moms and childhood obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26918/case-study-ptsd-in-children.html" title="Case study: PTSD in children">Case study: PTSD in children</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26926/case-study-shopping-in-prague.html" title="Case study: Shopping in Prague">Case study: Shopping in Prague</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32597/correlation-aces-and-ptsd.html" title="Correlation: ACEs and PTSD">Correlation: ACEs and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32431/ethics-reporting-and-application.html" title="Ethics: reporting and application">Ethics: reporting and application</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31149/experiment-exercise-and-memory.html" title="Experiment: Exercise and memory">Experiment: Exercise and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28638/experiment-learning-to-use-condoms.html" title="Experiment: Learning to use condoms">Experiment: Learning to use condoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28216/experiment-self-efficacy-and-pedometers.html" title="Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers">Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28418/experiment-subway-samaritans.html" title="Experiment: Subway samaritans">Experiment: Subway samaritans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26928/focus-group-climate-change-denial.html" title="Focus group: Climate change denial">Focus group: Climate change denial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26929/focus-group-stigma-and-mental-illness-.html" title="Focus group: Stigma and mental illness ">Focus group: Stigma and mental illness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25498/focus-group-the-use-of-ecstasy.html" title="Focus group: The use of ecstasy">Focus group: The use of ecstasy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34639/focus-group-tpb-and-wine-consumption.html" title="Focus group: TPB and wine consumption">Focus group: TPB and wine consumption</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28738/focus-group-youre-from-brixton.html" title="Focus group: You're from Brixton?">Focus group: You're from Brixton?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26919/natural-experment-smoking-bans.html" title="Natural experment: Smoking bans">Natural experment: Smoking bans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26925/observation-aggression-in-hockey-players.html" title="Observation: Aggression in hockey players">Observation: Aggression in hockey players</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26922/observation-group-glee-in-preschool.html" title="Observation: Group glee in preschool">Observation: Group glee in preschool</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26920/observation-play-at-mcdonalds-.html" title="Observation: Play at McDonald's ">Observation: Play at McDonald's </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26924/observation-self-identification-as-homeless.html" title="Observation: Self-identification as homeless">Observation: Self-identification as homeless</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28838/presentation-avoiding-bias.html" title="Presentation: Avoiding bias">Presentation: Avoiding bias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28839/presentation-ensuring-credibility.html" title="Presentation: Ensuring credibility">Presentation: Ensuring credibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28844/presentation-generalizability.html" title="Presentation: Generalizability">Presentation: Generalizability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28345/quasi-experiment-food-mind-set.html" title="Quasi experiment: Food mind-set">Quasi experiment: Food mind-set</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33193/revision-evaluating-methods.html" title="Revision: Evaluating methods">Revision: Evaluating methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26923/structured-interview-placebo-in-sports.html" title="Structured interview: Placebo in sports">Structured interview: Placebo in sports</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28215/structured-interview-sun-bathing.html" title="Structured interview: Sun-bathing">Structured interview: Sun-bathing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26914/unstructured-interviews-congo-refugees.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees">Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26916/unstructured-interviews-stress.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Stress">Unstructured interviews: Stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24184/internal-assessment.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34223/ia-rubric-quiz.html" title="IA Rubric Quiz">IA Rubric Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24187/getting-started-with-ia.html" title="Getting started with IA">Getting started with IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24188/ia-menu-1.html" title="IA Menu 1">IA Menu 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31317/ia-menu-2.html" title="IA Menu 2">IA Menu 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26712/ideas-for-internal-assessment.html" title="Ideas for Internal Assessment">Ideas for Internal Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26727/instructions-debriefing-.html" title="Instructions & debriefing ">Instructions & debriefing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26720/introduction-to-ia-presentation.html" title="Introduction to IA presentation">Introduction to IA presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26730/the-letter-of-consent.html" title="The Letter of Consent">The Letter of Consent</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26717/writing-the-ia.html" title="Writing the IA">Writing the IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26716/internal-assessment-checklist.html" title="Internal assessment checklist">Internal assessment checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26726/tips-for-ia.html" title="Tips for IA">Tips for IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26741/writing-the-procedure.html" title="Writing the procedure">Writing the procedure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26734/writing-the-introduction.html" title="Writing the Introduction">Writing the Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26736/writing-the-exploration.html" title="Writing the Exploration">Writing the Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26738/writing-the-analysis.html" title="Writing the Analysis">Writing the Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26740/writing-the-evaluation.html" title="Writing the Evaluation">Writing the Evaluation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26005/internal-assessments-samples-and-marking.html" title="Internal assessments: Samples and marking">Internal assessments: Samples and marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25999/ia-exemplar-high.html" title="IA Exemplar High">IA Exemplar High</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26002/ia-exemplar-medium.html" title="IA Exemplar Medium">IA Exemplar Medium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26003/ia-exemplar-low.html" title="IA Exemplar Low">IA Exemplar Low</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26708/ia-marking-sample-1.html" title="IA marking: Sample 1">IA marking: Sample 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30933/ia-marking-sample-2.html" title="IA marking: Sample 2">IA marking: Sample 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30937/ia-marking-sample-3.html" title="IA marking: Sample 3">IA marking: Sample 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30935/ia-marking-sample-4.html" title="IA marking: Sample 4">IA marking: Sample 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30936/ia-marking-sample-5.html" title="IA marking: Sample 5">IA marking: Sample 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30934/ia-marking-sample-6.html" title="IA marking: Sample 6">IA marking: Sample 6</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31737/statistics.html" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32931/anova.html" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32653/binomial-sign-test.html" title="Binomial Sign Test">Binomial Sign Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33732/box-and-whisker-plots.html" title="Box and whisker plots">Box and whisker plots</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32797/chi-squared.html" title="Chi squared">Chi squared</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26733/chi-squared-calculator.html" title="Chi Squared Calculator">Chi Squared Calculator</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29332/chi-squared-practice-problems.html" title="Chi squared: Practice problems">Chi squared: Practice problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32796/independent-samples-t-tests.html" title="Independent samples t-tests">Independent samples t-tests</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24429/interpreting-significance-.html" title="Interpreting significance ">Interpreting significance </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32651/mann-whitney-u-test.html" title="Mann Whitney U Test">Mann Whitney U Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32933/paired-sample-t-tests-.html" title="Paired sample t-tests ">Paired sample t-tests </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32616/power-and-statistics.html" title="Power and statistics">Power and statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26722/statistics-revision-presentation.html" title="Statistics revision presentation">Statistics revision presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24408/testing-for-significance.html" title="Testing for significance">Testing for significance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32652/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-test.html" title="Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test">Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32614/what-to-do-with-outliers.html" title="What to do with outliers">What to do with outliers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../144/extended-essay.html" title="Extended Essay">Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7400/getting-started-with-ee.html" title="Getting started with EE">Getting started with EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23355/dos-and-donts-for-ee.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for EE">Do's and Don'ts for EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37123/ee-overview-presentation.html" title="EE overview presentation">EE overview presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16138/evaluating-ee-questions.html" title="Evaluating EE questions">Evaluating EE questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35944/finding-relevant-sources.html" title="Finding relevant sources">Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22165/how-to-read-a-journal-article.html" title="How to read a journal article">How to read a journal article</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7401/writing-the-extended-essay.html" title="Writing the Extended Essay">Writing the Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21689/ee-criterion-a-focus-method.html" title="EE Criterion A. Focus & method">EE Criterion A. Focus & method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18898/ee-introductions.html" title="EE introductions">EE introductions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21690/ee-criterion-b-knowledge.html" title="EE Criterion B. Knowledge">EE Criterion B. Knowledge</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21691/ee-criterion-c-critical-thinking.html" title="EE Criterion C. Critical thinking">EE Criterion C. Critical thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7405/structuring-an-argument.html" title="Structuring an argument">Structuring an argument</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21692/ee-criterion-d-presentation.html" title="EE Criterion D. Presentation">EE Criterion D. Presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39048/mastering-presentation.html" title="Mastering presentation">Mastering presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7408/citing-sources.html" title="Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14943/how-to-make-a-toc-in-word.html" title="How to make a TOC in Word">How to make a TOC in Word</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21693/ee-criterion-e-engagement.html" title="EE Criterion E. Engagement">EE Criterion E. Engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24842/final-submission-ppt.html" title="Final submission ppt">Final submission ppt</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22579/reflecting-on-the-ee-.html" title="Reflecting on the EE ">Reflecting on the EE </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26197/reflections-high-sample.html" title="Reflections - high sample">Reflections - high sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26199/reflections-low-sample.html" title="Reflections - low sample">Reflections - low sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26198/reflections-mid-sample.html" title="Reflections - mid sample">Reflections - mid sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24840/sample-reflection.html" title="Sample reflection">Sample reflection</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24838/ee-sample-marking.html" title="EE sample marking">EE sample marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25595/sample-1-durability-of-relationships.html" title="Sample 1: Durability of relationships">Sample 1: Durability of relationships</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19376/ee-self-review-questions.html" title="EE: Self review questions">EE: Self review questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35013/personalized-learning.html" title="Personalized learning">Personalized learning</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34922/module-animal-research.html" title="Module: Animal research">Module: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34951/why-use-animals.html" title="Why use animals?">Why use animals?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34952/animal-research-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Animal research: Brain and behaviour">Animal research: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34953/animal-research-hormones.html" title="Animal research: Hormones">Animal research: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34954/animal-research-genetics.html" title="Animal research: Genetics">Animal research: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34955/animal-research-ethics.html" title="Animal research: Ethics">Animal research: Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34956/animal-research-final-assessment.html" title="Animal research: Final assessment">Animal research: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35995/module-anorexia-nervosa.html" title="Module: Anorexia nervosa">Module: Anorexia nervosa</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36121/diagnosing-anorexia.html" title="Diagnosing anorexia">Diagnosing anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36122/anorexia-biological-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Biological explanations">Anorexia: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36123/anorexia-cognitive-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Cognitive explanations">Anorexia: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36124/anorexia-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations">Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36140/anorexia-methods-and-ethics.html" title="Anorexia: Methods and ethics">Anorexia: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36125/prevalence-of-disorders-anorexia.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia">Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36145/anorexia-final-assessment.html" title="Anorexia: Final assessment">Anorexia: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35996/module-anxiety-disorders.html" title="Module: Anxiety disorders">Module: Anxiety disorders</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37318/module-biological-revision.html" title="Module: Biological revision">Module: Biological revision</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37330/revision-genetics.html" title="Revision: Genetics">Revision: Genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37197/module-cognitive-revision-.html" title="Module: Cognitive revision ">Module: Cognitive revision </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34730/module-genetics.html" title="Module: Genetics">Module: Genetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34731/genetic-similarity.html" title="Genetic similarity">Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34733/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34734/epigenetics.html" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34735/research-methods-genetics.html" title="Research methods: genetics">Research methods: genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34736/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: Genetics">Ethical considerations: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34737/genetics-final-assessment.html" title="Genetics: Final assessment">Genetics: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34924/module-globalization.html" title="Module: Globalization">Module: Globalization</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34941/what-is-globalization.html" title="What is globalization">What is globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34942/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34943/globalization-research-methods.html" title="Globalization: Research methods">Globalization: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34944/globalization-final-assessment.html" title="Globalization: Final assessment">Globalization: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35994/module-major-depressive-disorder.html" title="Module: Major Depressive Disorder">Module: Major Depressive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36111/diagnosing-mdd.html" title="Diagnosing MDD">Diagnosing MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36112/mdd-biological-explanations.html" title="MDD: Biological explanations">MDD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36113/mdd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="MDD: Cognitive explanations">MDD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36114/mdd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="MDD: Sociocultural explanations">MDD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36136/mdd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="MDD: Methods and ethics">MDD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36115/prevalence-of-disorders-mdd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: MDD">Prevalence of disorders: MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36143/mdd-final-assessment.html" title="MDD: Final assessment">MDD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35997/module-ocd.html" title="Module: OCD">Module: OCD</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35993/module-ptsd.html" title="Module: PTSD">Module: PTSD</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36116/diagnosing-ptsd.html" title="Diagnosing PTSD">Diagnosing PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36117/ptsd-biological-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Biological explanations">PTSD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36118/ptsd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Cognitive explanations">PTSD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36119/ptsd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Sociocultural explanations">PTSD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36137/ptsd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="PTSD: Methods and ethics">PTSD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36120/prevalence-of-disorders-ptsd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: PTSD">Prevalence of disorders: PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36144/ptsd-final-assessment.html" title="PTSD: Final assessment">PTSD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35321/module-qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Module: Qualitative research methods">Module: Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35324/qualitative-research.html" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35323/naturalistic-observations.html" title="Naturalistic observations">Naturalistic observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35322/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35325/case-studies-and-triangulation.html" title="Case studies and triangulation">Case studies and triangulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35326/ethics-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Ethics in qualitative research">Ethics in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34364/generalizability-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Generalizability in qualitative research">Generalizability in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34365/credibility-and-qualitative-research.html" title="Credibility and qualitative research">Credibility and qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34366/bias-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Bias in qualitative research">Bias in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35327/natural-observations-final-assessment.html" title="Natural observations: Final assessment">Natural observations: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35419/interviews-final-assessment.html" title="Interviews: Final Assessment">Interviews: Final Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35420/case-studies-final-assessment.html" title="Case studies: Final assessment">Case studies: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35328/teacher-guide-qualitative-research.html" title="Teacher guide: Qualitative research">Teacher guide: Qualitative research</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36593/module-sociocultural-revision.html" title="Module: Sociocultural revision">Module: Sociocultural revision</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34923/module-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Module: Technology and cognition">Module: Technology and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34957/introducing-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Introducing technology and cognition">Introducing technology and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34958/cognition-and-tech-negative-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Negative effects">Cognition and tech: Negative effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34959/cognition-and-tech-positive-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Positive effects">Cognition and tech: Positive effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34961/cognition-and-tech-final-assessment.html" title="Cognition and tech: Final assessment">Cognition and tech: Final assessment</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="classification-systems" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Classification systems</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../psychology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Psychology textbook</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">6. Abnormal psychology</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Diagnosis</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Classification systems</span></li></ul>
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<p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/psychiatrist-help.jpeg" style="float: left; width: 320px; height: 240px;">Classification systems identify patterns of behavioural or mental symptoms that consistently occur together to form a disorder. In the USA, psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals use the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em>, published by the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5). This is a standardized system for diagnosis based on factors such as the person’s clinical and medical conditions, psychosocial stressors and the extent to which a person’s mental state interferes with his or her daily life. The DSM is developed for American psychiatrists and is used mainly in the USA. It contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.</p><p>In addition to the DSM, the World Health Organization has published the International Classification of Diseases [ICD]. This system is developed by a global health agency and it is distributed as broadly as possible at a very low cost.</p><hr class="hidden"><p>The two major classification systems used by western psychiatrists today are based largely on abnormal experiences and beliefs reported by patients, as well as agreement among a number of professionals as to what criteria should be used. A Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders [CCMD] has also been developed but Chinese psychiatrists also use the ICD-10 manual. A key difference between the CCMD and the Western classification systems is that it contains diagnostic criteria for disorders that are specific to Chinese culture.</p><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Research and critical thinking</span></h3><p>One of the disorders specified by the CCMD-2 is qigong deviation syndrome – also called zou huo ru mo.</p><p>Do some research on this disorder. To what extent is this disorder rooted in Chinese culture? What are the similarities between this disorder and Western disorders?</p></div><section class="tib-teacher-only" readonly="true" title="This box is not visible to students"><div class="header" readonly="true"><img class="icon" src="../../../img/icons/teacher-only-1.svg"> Teacher only box</div><div class="content" readonly="false"><div class="panel-body" style="background-color: inherit;"><div><p><strong>Questions</strong>: To what extent is this disorder rooted in Chinese culture? What are the similarities between this disorder and Western disorders?</p><p><strong>The symptoms</strong></p><p><em><span>Qigong is a system of coordinated body posture and movement, breathing, and meditation used for the purposes of health, spirituality, and martial arts training</span></em></p><p><em><span></span>In the second edition of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) the diagnosis of “Qigong Deviation Syndrome” is based upon the following criteria:</em></p><ul><li><em>The subject being demonstrably normal before doing qigong exercises</em></li><li><em>Psychological and physiological reactions appearing during or after qigong exercises (suggestion and autosuggestion may play an important role in these reactions)</em></li><li><em>Complaints of abnormal sensations during or after qigong exercises</em></li><li><em>Diagnostic criteria do not meet other mental disorders such as schizophrenia, affective disorder, and neurosis.</em></li></ul><p><em>Unlike most Western diagnoses, this disorder is linked to spiritual practice. The roots of the disorder are about "incorrect" qigong practices. The disorder has some similarities to anxiety disorders, which often have some trigger for feelings of panic or anxiety. </em></p></div></div></div></section><p>Overall, diagnostic systems provide a set of templates that the clinician can use to compare information about disorders to the condition of a particular client. In this way, clinicians can use the same standards for diagnosis. The purpose of such manuals is first and foremost to provide a common language for psychiatrists to communicate about patients and to establish consistent and reliable diagnoses. This is important in terms of finding a correct treatment for specific disorders as well as for research purposes.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Key differences between the ICD-11 and the DSM 5</span></h3><ul><li>The ICD is produced by the World Health Organization, while the DSM is produced by the American Psychiatric Association.</li><li>The ICD's approach is multidisciplinary and multilingual with the intent that it will be used globally to increase mental health; the primary users of the DSM are American psychiatrists.</li><li>The ICD is more likely to indicate causes rather than purely symptoms.</li><li>The ICD is approved by the health ministers of all 193 WHO member countries; the DSM is approved by the assembly of the American Psychiatric Association.</li><li>The ICD is distributed at a very low cost, with substantial discounts to low-income countries, and available free on the Internet; the DSM generates a very substantial portion of the American Psychiatric Association's revenue.</li></ul></div><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Diagnosing psychological disorders</strong></span></h3><p>When an individual seeks help for a potential psychological disorder, how do psychiatrists go about making a diagnosis? A doctor looks for biological markers of disease - for example, using brain imaging technology or blood tests - as well as observable symptoms. A psychiatrist will often rely on the patient’s subjective description of the problem as well as assessment tools to evaluate a person for a disorder. Diagnosis is accomplished through a formal standardized <strong>clinical interview</strong>—a checklist of questions to ask each patient. This interview can be supplemented by interviews with the patient’s relatives. After the interview, a mental health status examination is completed, based on the clinician’s evaluation of the patient’s responses.</p><p>There are several limitations of relying on a clinical interview for diagnosis:</p><ul><li>The individual is automatically labeled as a “patient.”This means that the psychiatrist is “looking for evidence of abnormal behaviour.” This assumption that if a person is seeking assistance, s/he must have a mental disorder is known as <strong>sick role bias. </strong></li><li>The fact that the person is being observed or asked personal questions may increase anxiety and therefore change or intensify behaviour. This is called <strong>reactivity</strong>. This may then be seen by the psychiatrist as further evidence of dysfunctional symptoms.</li><li>A clinician’s unique style, degree of experience, and the theoretical orientation will definitely affect the interview.</li></ul><div class="pinkBg"><p class="body-text-6-5-before-dot"><span class="tgc"><b>Reactivity</b> occurs when individuals change behaviour due to the awareness that they are being observed. The change may be positive or negative.</span></p></div><p>When carrying out a clinical interview or observation, psychiatrists refer to the ABCS when describing symptoms of a disorder.</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>A</strong><strong>ffective symptoms</strong>: emotional elements, including fear, sadness, anger</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>B</strong><strong>ehavioural</strong><strong> symptoms</strong>: observational behaviours, such as crying, physical withdrawal from others, and pacing</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>C</strong><strong>ognitive symptoms</strong>: ways of thinking, including pessimism, personalization, and self-image</p><p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>S</strong><strong>omatic symptoms</strong>: physical symptoms, including facial twitching, stomach cramping and changes in weight.</p><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Checking for understanding</span></h3><div class="tib-quiz" data-quiz-id="243" data-structure="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" data-score-answers="6d4a526a457a48584f763758344a7649472f76324c53614b78524c393439595570496d5a5971374b38686f3d"><div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>How is the CCMD different from the DSM or ICD?</p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f93884e61078ac697b09f86ca50b6c53"><input type="radio"><span> The CCMD does not include somatic symptoms. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="29feaccd04921ed6b5b285130c84e657"><input type="radio"><span> The CCMD is not available in English. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="0cb47f71994e75a6b8a7c4e8a60938bc"><input type="radio"><span> The CCMD includes disorders found in Chinese culture. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="71d47a970a74ea32b26435577d92e6d3"><input type="radio"><span> The CCMD does not include depression, anxiety or schizophrenia. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p> </p>
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<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>What is an advantage of using a classificatory system for diagnosis?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e38992d54ce42b82057a102c332d7e33"><input type="radio"><span> It helps to recognize cross-cultural differences in disorders.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="c10016bd5ae520289952712c91623a36"><input type="radio"><span> It helps to increase the ecological validity of diagnosis. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="04e42fbda1aa946c6b47af72738f2283"><input type="radio"><span> It helps to increase the objectivity of diagnosis. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="6b665eac81be82cbc4a56fa0c1659e63"><input type="radio"><span> It helps to increase the reliability of diagnosis. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">When psychiatrists use a standardized set of criteria, they should be able to come to the same diagnosis; this should increase the level of reliability of diagnosis. However, as we wlll see, this is not always the case. </span></p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> a key difference between the ICD and the DSM?</p>
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<p><label class="radio" data-answer="37fc3c84e16ebef7b9a2e25f8248fcaf"><input type="radio"><span> The ICD is approved by health ministers from over 190 countries. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f43cbd9aa202fc0c624e180f0c215ea3"><input type="radio"><span> The ICD is used internationally; the DSM is used primarily in the USA.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="dc9158eabc53332b9dcde6bff66ee5c8"><input type="radio"><span> The ICD includes potential causes, as well as symptoms.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b61537b85ba53429b6eb8c4417fd826b"><input type="radio"><span> The DSM is given free to practicing psychiatrists; the ICD is an expensive system because it is available in so many languages. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">The ICD is distributed at a very low cost, with substantial discounts to low-income countries, and available free on the Internet; the DSM generates a very substantial portion of the American Psychiatric Association's revenue.</span></p>
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<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>What is meant by the term “sick role bias?”</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8b42021908aae3bd18ffa63a4553e32f"><input type="radio"><span> The assunption that if a person is seeking assistasnce, she must have a mental disorder.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="ac236355f0373d89b58c0db3f12e20f7"><input type="radio"><span> People who have disorders often experience discrimination. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="bc90e6dcb3c6f57f2c86d24a4c39a974"><input type="radio"><span> Doctors often treat patients as less intelligent and do not share all information about their disorder with them.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="ae3fc4f704275f8a248062e6f86cd4f4"><input type="radio"><span> A doctor often diagnoses a patient based on his or her own experineces with mental illness. </span></label></p>
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<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">This is actually quite logical. If a person comes into a hospital and asks for help due to symptoms, it is logical to think that they must then be sick. Be a psychiatrist needs to stay objective; even though the person is seeking assitance, it does not mean that they have mental illness. It is a bias that means that the doctor will try to figure out "which disorder" the patient has, rather than "if" the patient truly has a disorder. </span></p>
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<p>What is one disadvantage of using interviews in the diagnostic process?</p>
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<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="7ac5c5db5b03be18250350b25ee7e746"><input type="radio"><span> The data collected is all self-reported.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="4d85941e8b64fb0c7e971f5baefd3109"><input type="radio"><span> Knowing that they are being observed, the patient may act differently. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="2f76ac57a5bce47ab39c4041bf7ca19b"><input type="radio"><span> They are expensive. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="4a102c4a778258339f92c0ae1f488d08"><input type="radio"><span> They take a long time. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">When patients have to speak about their problems, they may exhibit anxiety which could then be seen as a symptom. This could be a confounding variable in the diagnosis. It is irrelevant how long an interview may take - and the cost is not higher than most physiological tests. The data collected is not solely self-reported. During an interview, the psychiatrist also observes the behaviour of the patient. In addition, we have to rely on self-reported data. It is important, for example, to know if the patient is having intrusive thoughts, difficulty concentrating or nightmares. </span></p>
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<div class="q-question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> an example of a somatic symptom?</p>
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<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="5ca54678fb421d73de376792c76bc99b"><input type="radio"><span> Insomnia - not being able to sleep</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="c7a0bdcacb3ff1a9c36df66f4b9c72bc"><input type="radio"><span> Change in weight</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e815edf9916ae68d54ff089612c6e014"><input type="radio"><span> Constantly breaking into tears; crying</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="57ba8aa72e0a09186854cf5e16a2efd6"><input type="radio"><span> Headaches</span></label></p>
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