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Cognitive approach">3. Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22791/cognitive-processing.html" title="Cognitive processing">Cognitive processing</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22792/schema-theory.html" title="Schema theory">Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22793/multi-store-memory-model.html" title="Multi-store memory model">Multi-store memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23593/working-memory-model.html" title="Working memory model">Working memory model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22794/thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Thinking and decision making">Thinking and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22795/reliability-of-cognitive-processes.html" title="Reliability of cognitive processes">Reliability of cognitive processes</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22796/reconstructive-memory.html" title="Reconstructive memory">Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22798/emotion-and-memory.html" title="Emotion and memory">Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33334/memory-and-the-holocaust-.html" title="Memory and the Holocaust ">Memory and the Holocaust </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22797/biases-in-thinking-and-decision-making.html" title="Biases in thinking and decision making">Biases in thinking and decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23608/emotion-and-decision-making.html" title="Emotion and decision making">Emotion and decision making</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22799/the-digital-world.html" title="The digital world">The digital world</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22800/memory-in-the-digital-world.html" title="Memory in the digital world">Memory in the digital world</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22801/technology-and-thinking.html" title="Technology and thinking">Technology and thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37079/technology-emotion-and-cognition.html" title="Technology, emotion, and cognition">Technology, emotion, and cognition</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23586/references-cognitive-approach.html" title="References: Cognitive approach">References: Cognitive approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22386/4-biological-approach.html" title="4. Biological approach">4. Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22418/the-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="The brain and behaviour">The brain and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22419/methodology-biological-approach.html" title="Methodology: biological approach">Methodology: biological approach</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22420/localization-plasticity.html" title="Localization & Plasticity">Localization & Plasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22421/neurotransmission-.html" title="Neurotransmission ">Neurotransmission </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22422/hormones.html" title="Hormones">Hormones</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22423/pheromones-and-mating-behaviour.html" title="Pheromones and mating behaviour">Pheromones and mating behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45731/pheromones-and-aggression.html" title="Pheromones and aggression">Pheromones and aggression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22428/genetics-and-behaviour.html" title="Genetics and behaviour">Genetics and behaviour</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22429/methodology-in-genetic-research.html" title="Methodology in genetic research">Methodology in genetic research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45429/kinship-studies-.html" title="Kinship studies ">Kinship studies </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22430/epigenetics-and-depression.html" title="Epigenetics and depression">Epigenetics and depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22431/evolutionary-psychology.html" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22432/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: genetics">Ethical considerations: genetics</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22435/hl-extension-animal-research.html" title="HL Extension: Animal research">HL Extension: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22436/methods-of-animal-research.html" title="Methods of animal research">Methods of animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22437/ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="Ethics in animal research">Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22438/animal-research-in-genetics.html" title="Animal research in genetics">Animal research in genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22424/references-biological-approach.html" title="References: Biological approach">References: Biological approach</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22387/5-sociocultural-approach.html" title="5. Sociocultural approach">5. Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="../22439/the-individual-and-the-group.html" title="The individual and the group">The individual and the group</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="methodology-in-sociocultural.html" title="Methodology in sociocultural">Methodology in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22441/social-identity-theory.html" title="Social Identity Theory">Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22443/social-cognitive-theory.html" title="Social Cognitive Theory">Social Cognitive Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22444/stereotyping.html" title="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22445/culture-behaviour-and-cognition.html" title="Culture, behaviour and cognition">Culture, behaviour and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22447/cultural-dimensions-.html" title="Cultural dimensions ">Cultural dimensions </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22446/culture-and-cognition.html" title="Culture and cognition">Culture and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22448/enculturation.html" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34345/acculturation.html" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22449/globalization-and-identity.html" title="Globalization and identity">Globalization and identity</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22450/globalization-and-attitudes.html" title="Globalization and attitudes">Globalization and attitudes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22451/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22442/references-sociocultural-approach.html" title="References: Sociocultural approach">References: Sociocultural approach</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22388/6-abnormal-psychology.html" title="6. Abnormal psychology">6. Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22452/diagnosis.html" title="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22453/classification-systems.html" title="Classification systems">Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22454/validity-and-reliability.html" title="Validity and reliability">Validity and reliability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22455/factors-influencing-diagnosis.html" title="Factors influencing diagnosis">Factors influencing diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22456/ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Ethics in diagnosis">Ethics in diagnosis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22458/etiologies-of-disorders.html" title="Etiologies of disorders">Etiologies of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34781/anxiety-disorders.html" title="Anxiety disorders">Anxiety disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34782/biological-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Biological approach to anxiety">Biological approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34783/cognitive-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Cognitive approach to anxiety">Cognitive approach to anxiety</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34784/sociocultural-approach-to-anxiety.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anxiety">Sociocultural approach to anxiety</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22459/depressive-disorders.html" title="Depressive disorders">Depressive disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22460/biological-approach-to-depression.html" title="Biological approach to depression">Biological approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22477/cognitive-approach-to-depression.html" title="Cognitive approach to depression">Cognitive approach to depression</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22478/sociocultural-approach-to-depression.html" title="Sociocultural approach to depression">Sociocultural approach to depression</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24019/eating-disorders.html" title="Eating disorders">Eating disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23983/biological-approach-to-anorexia.html" title="Biological approach to anorexia">Biological approach to anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23984/cognitive-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Cognitive approach to anorexia ">Cognitive approach to anorexia </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24018/sociocultural-approach-to-anorexia-.html" title="Sociocultural approach to anorexia ">Sociocultural approach to anorexia </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36224/obsessive-compulsive-disorder.html" title="Obsessive Compulsive Disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36195/biological-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Biological approach to OCD">Biological approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36415/cognitive-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Cognitive approach to OCD">Cognitive approach to OCD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36494/sociocultural-approach-to-ocd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to OCD">Sociocultural approach to OCD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22479/trauma-and-stress-related-disorders.html" title="Trauma and stress related disorders">Trauma and stress related disorders</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22480/biological-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Biological approaches to PTSD">Biological approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22481/cognitive-approaches-to-ptsd.html" title="Cognitive approaches to PTSD">Cognitive approaches to PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22482/sociocultural-approach-to-ptsd.html" title="Sociocultural approach to PTSD">Sociocultural approach to PTSD</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22483/prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Prevalence of disorders">Prevalence of disorders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22484/treatment-of-disorders.html" title="Treatment of disorders">Treatment of disorders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23986/anorexia-biological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Biological treatments">Anorexia: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24036/anorexia-psychological-treatments.html" title="Anorexia: Psychological treatments">Anorexia: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37065/gad-biological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Biological treatments">GAD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37136/gad-psychological-treatments.html" title="GAD: Psychological treatments">GAD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36566/ocd-biological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Biological treatments">OCD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36985/ocd-psychological-treatments.html" title="OCD: Psychological treatments">OCD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22485/depression-biological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Biological treatments">Depression: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22502/depression-psychological-treatments.html" title="Depression: Psychological treatments">Depression: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24002/ptsd-biological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Biological treatments">PTSD: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23982/ptsd-psychological-treatments.html" title="PTSD: Psychological treatments">PTSD: Psychological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22503/culture-and-treatment.html" title="Culture and treatment">Culture and treatment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22504/effectiveness-of-treatment.html" title="Effectiveness of treatment">Effectiveness of treatment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22457/references-abnormal.html" title="References: Abnormal">References: Abnormal</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22389/7-developmental-psychology.html" title="7. Developmental psychology">7. Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23616/developing-as-a-learner-.html" title="Developing as a learner
">Developing as a learner
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23499/cognitive-development-piaget.html" title="Cognitive development: Piaget">Cognitive development: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23636/cognitive-development-vygotsky.html" title="Cognitive development: Vygotsky">Cognitive development: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45298/theories-of-brain-development.html" title="Theories of brain development">Theories of brain development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23509/influences-on-development.html" title="Influences on development">Influences on development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23501/role-of-peers-and-play.html" title="Role of peers and play">Role of peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23503/poverty-and-development.html" title="Poverty and development">Poverty and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23502/trauma-and-development.html" title="Trauma and development">Trauma and development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23517/resilience.html" title="Resilience">Resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23617/developing-an-identity.html" title="Developing an identity
">Developing an identity
</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23504/attachment.html" title="Attachment">Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23506/gender-identity.html" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23507/theory-of-mind-and-empathy.html" title="Theory of mind and empathy">Theory of mind and empathy</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23634/references-development.html" title="References: Development">References: Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22390/8-health-psychology.html" title="8. Health psychology">8. Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23510/determinants-of-health.html" title="Determinants of health">Determinants of health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23512/disposition-and-health-beliefs.html" title="Disposition and health beliefs">Disposition and health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23511/risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Risk and protective factors">Risk and protective factors</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23514/health-problems.html" title="Health problems">Health problems</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23979/health-problem-addiction.html" title="Health problem: Addiction">Health problem: Addiction</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33739/biological-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Biological explanations of addiction">Biological explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33740/cognitive-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Cognitive explanations of addiction">Cognitive explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33741/sociocultural-explanations-of-addiction.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of addiction">Sociocultural explanations of addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23628/health-promotion-addiction.html" title="Health promotion: Addiction">Health promotion: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23631/treatments-for-addiction.html" title="Treatments for addiction">Treatments for addiction</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23725/health-problem-obesity.html" title="Health problem: Obesity">Health problem: Obesity</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32358/biological-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Biological explanations of obesity">Biological explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32359/cognitive-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Cognitive explanations of obesity">Cognitive explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32360/sociocultural-explanations-of-obesity.html" title="Sociocultural explanations of obesity">Sociocultural explanations of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23629/health-promotion-obesity.html" title="Health promotion: obesity">Health promotion: obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23988/strategies-for-reducing-obesity.html" title="Strategies for reducing obesity">Strategies for reducing obesity</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23625/health-problem-stress.html" title="Health problem: Stress">Health problem: Stress</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23622/physiological-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Physiological aspects of stress">Physiological aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23623/cognitive-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Cognitive aspects of stress">Cognitive aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23624/social-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Social aspects of stress">Social aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23630/health-promotion-stress-.html" title="Health promotion: stress ">Health promotion: stress </a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23993/prevalence-of-health-problems.html" title="Prevalence of health problems">Prevalence of health problems</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23621/health-promotion.html" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23626/effectiveness-of-health-promotion-programs.html" title="Effectiveness of health promotion programs">Effectiveness of health promotion programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32599/ethics-in-health-promotion.html" title="Ethics in health promotion">Ethics in health promotion</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23635/references-health-psychology.html" title="References: Health psychology">References: Health psychology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22391/9-human-relationships.html" title="9. Human relationships">9. Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22837/social-responsibility.html" title="Social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22838/origins-of-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Origins of prosocial behaviour">Origins of prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22840/factors-influencing-bystanderism.html" title="Factors influencing bystanderism">Factors influencing bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22843/promoting-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Promoting prosocial behaviour">Promoting prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22842/methodology-of-helping-research.html" title="Methodology of helping research">Methodology of helping research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22844/interpersonal-relationships.html" title="Interpersonal relationships">Interpersonal relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22848/biological-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Biological theories of attraction">Biological theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22849/cognitive-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Cognitive theories of attraction">Cognitive theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33682/sociocultural-theories-of-attraction.html" title="Sociocultural theories of attraction">Sociocultural theories of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22850/communication-in-relationships.html" title="Communication in relationships">Communication in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22851/why-relationships-end.html" title="Why relationships end">Why relationships end</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22861/group-dynamics.html" title="Group dynamics">Group dynamics</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22864/cooperation.html" title="Cooperation">Cooperation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22862/prejudice-.html" title="Prejudice ">Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22916/discrimination-and-conflict.html" title="Discrimination and conflict">Discrimination and conflict</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22863/conflict-resolution.html" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22847/references-relationships.html" title="References: Relationships">References: Relationships</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22392/10-internal-assessment.html" title="10. Internal assessment">10. Internal assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22394/a-getting-started.html" title="A. Getting started">A. Getting started</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22397/b-introduction.html" title="B. Introduction">B. Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22398/c-exploration.html" title="C. Exploration">C. Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22399/d-analysis.html" title="D. Analysis">D. Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22400/e-evaluation.html" title="E. Evaluation">E. Evaluation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22401/overview-of-report-format.html" title="Overview of report format">Overview of report format</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22393/11-external-assessment.html" title="11. External assessment">11. External assessment</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24844/paper-1-saqs.html" title="Paper 1: SAQs">Paper 1: SAQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24847/writing-erqs.html" title="Writing ERQs">Writing ERQs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24067/sample-options-essay-.html" title="Sample options essay ">Sample options essay </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24846/the-unseen-passage-paper-3.html" title="The unseen passage: Paper 3">The unseen passage: Paper 3</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23660/command-terms.html" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25035/describe-vs-outline.html" title="Describe vs outline">Describe vs outline</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23662/explaining-explain.html" title="Explaining explain">Explaining explain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23661/discussing-discuss.html" title="Discussing discuss">Discussing discuss</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25037/evaluate-not-just-limitations.html" title="Evaluate - not just limitations">Evaluate - not just limitations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25036/spotting-the-difference-contrast.html" title="Spotting the difference - contrast">Spotting the difference - contrast</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23663/the-extent-of-extent-.html" title="The extent of extent ">The extent of extent </a></li></ul></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35934/student-resources.html" title="Student resources">Student resources</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36490/welcome-to-inthinking.html" title="Welcome to Inthinking">Welcome to Inthinking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../45399/podcasts.html" title="Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41172/recommended-reading.html" title="Recommended reading">Recommended reading</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35939/abnormal-psychology.html" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41257/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27662/checking-understanding-biological-treatments.html" title="Checking understanding: Biological treatments">Checking understanding: Biological treatments</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27582/checking-understanding-diagnosis-.html" title="Checking understanding: Diagnosis ">Checking understanding: Diagnosis </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27381/checking-understanding-ethics-in-diagnosis.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis">Checking understanding: Ethics in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27673/checking-understanding-therapy-.html" title="Checking understanding: therapy ">Checking understanding: therapy </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36698/quiz-approaches-to-mdd.html" title="Quiz: Approaches to MDD">Quiz: Approaches to MDD</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24201/key-studies-abnormal.html" title="Key studies: abnormal">Key studies: abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36496/al-solaim-and-loewenthal-2011.html" title="Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)">Al-Solaim and Loewenthal (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29091/alloy-et-al-1999-.html" title="Alloy et al (1999) ">Alloy et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29319/amenson-and-lewinsohn-1981.html" title="Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)">Amenson and Lewinsohn (1981)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36984/amir-et-al-2015.html" title="Amir et al (2015)">Amir et al (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36592/askari-et-al-2012.html" title="Askari et al (2012)">Askari et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24541/becker-et-al-2002.html" title="Becker et al (2002)">Becker et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24535/bolton-2002.html" title="Bolton (2002)">Bolton (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37073/braun-et-al-2011.html" title="Braun et al. (2011)">Braun et al. (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24536/brown-harris-1978-.html" title="Brown & Harris (1978) ">Brown & Harris (1978) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24370/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37145/chang-et-al-2020.html" title="Chang et al (2020)">Chang et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25718/cortisol-hypothesis.html" title="Cortisol hypothesis">Cortisol hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37071/davidson-et-al-1993.html" title="Davidson et al. (1993)">Davidson et al. (1993)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24534/elkin-et-al-1989-.html" title="Elkin et al (1989) ">Elkin et al (1989) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29307/friedlander-and-stockman-1983.html" title="Friedlander and Stockman (1983)">Friedlander and Stockman (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30039/holland-et-al-1988.html" title="Holland et al (1988)">Holland et al (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29275/joiner-et-al-1999.html" title="Joiner et al (1999)">Joiner et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27951/kendler-et-al-2006.html" title="Kendler et al (2006)">Kendler et al (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37155/ladouceur-et-al-2000.html" title="Ladouceur et al. (2000)">Ladouceur et al. (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24540/langer-and-abelson-1974-.html" title="Langer and Abelson (1974) ">Langer and Abelson (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24537/li-repac-1980-.html" title="Li-Repac (1980) ">Li-Repac (1980) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36413/lopatka-and-rachman-1995.html" title="Lopatka and Rachman (1995)">Lopatka and Rachman (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34100/luhrmann-2015.html" title="Luhrmann (2015)">Luhrmann (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36414/myers-and-wells-2013.html" title="Myers and Wells (2013)">Myers and Wells (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29833/nolen-hoeksema-2000.html" title="Nolen Hoeksema (2000)">Nolen Hoeksema (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36628/park-et-al-2020.html" title="Park et al (2020)">Park et al (2020)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24538/parker-et-al-2001-.html" title="Parker et al (2001) ">Parker et al (2001) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27647/rosenhan-1973.html" title="Rosenhan (1973)">Rosenhan (1973)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36495/rosmarin-et-al-2010.html" title="Rosmarin et al (2010)">Rosmarin et al (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27600/serotonin-hypothesis-1967.html" title="Serotonin hypothesis (1967)">Serotonin hypothesis (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36194/shmelkov-et-al-2010-.html" title="Shmelkov et al. (2010) ">Shmelkov et al. (2010) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36193/thobois-et-al-2004.html" title="Thobois et al (2004)">Thobois et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28186/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36983/williams-and-grisham-2013.html" title="Williams and Grisham (2013)">Williams and Grisham (2013)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24208/revision-review-abnormal.html" title="Revision (review): Abnormal">Revision (review): Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27148/abnormal-glossary.html" title="Abnormal glossary">Abnormal glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27333/presentation-bias-in-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Bias in diagnosis">Presentation: Bias in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27568/presentation-biology-of-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of MDD">Presentation: Biology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32532/presentation-biology-of-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Biology of PTSD">Presentation: Biology of PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27581/presentation-cognition-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and MDD">Presentation: Cognition and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32592/presentation-cognition-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and PTSD">Presentation: Cognition and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28547/presentation-culture-in-abnormal.html" title="Presentation: Culture in abnormal">Presentation: Culture in abnormal</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28948/presentation-ethics-in-studying-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis">Presentation: Ethics in studying diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27585/presentation-sociocultural-and-mdd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD">Presentation: Sociocultural and MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32596/presentation-sociocultural-and-ptsd.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD">Presentation: Sociocultural and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32421/presentation-validity-of-diagnosis.html" title="Presentation: Validity of diagnosis">Presentation: Validity of diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27926/study-guide-aetiologies.html" title="Study guide: Aetiologies">Study guide: Aetiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28237/study-guide-diagnosis.html" title="Study guide: Diagnosis">Study guide: Diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28476/study-guide-treatments.html" title="Study guide: Treatments">Study guide: Treatments</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24215/writing-samples-abnormal.html" title="Writing samples: Abnormal">Writing samples: Abnormal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28726/erq-marking-cognitive-etiologies.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies">ERQ marking: Cognitive etiologies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27601/exemplar-biological-explanation-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD">Exemplar: Biological explanation of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27303/exemplar-classification-systems.html" title="Exemplar: Classification systems">Exemplar: Classification systems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31945/exemplar-clinical-biases.html" title="Exemplar: Clinical biases">Exemplar: Clinical biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27602/exemplar-cognitive-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Cognitive etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27301/exemplar-concepts-of-normality.html" title="Exemplar: Concepts of normality">Exemplar: Concepts of normality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31941/exemplar-contrasting-two-therapies.html" title="Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies">Exemplar: Contrasting two therapies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27305/exemplar-ethical-considerations-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis">Exemplar: Ethical considerations in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29049/exemplar-prevalence-of-disorders.html" title="Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders">Exemplar: Prevalence of disorders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36791/exemplar-psychological-treatment-ptsd.html" title="Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD">Exemplar: Psychological treatment PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27603/exemplar-sociocultural-etiology-of-mdd.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD">Exemplar: Sociocultural etiology of MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27586/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-diagnosis.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in diagnosis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27304/exemplar-validity-and-reliability.html" title="Exemplar: Validity and reliability">Exemplar: Validity and reliability</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35936/biological-approach.html" title="Biological approach">Biological approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41265/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26422/evaluating-wedekind.html" title="Evaluating Wedekind">Evaluating Wedekind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25972/memory-biological-research.html" title="Memory: Biological research">Memory: Biological research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34241/neurotransmission-checking-understanding.html" title="Neurotransmission: checking understanding">Neurotransmission: checking understanding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32057/quiz-biology-terminology.html" title="Quiz: biology terminology">Quiz: biology terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27899/research-methods-in-biology.html" title="Research methods in biology">Research methods in biology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24190/key-studies-biological.html" title="Key studies: biological">Key studies: biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25018/antonova-2011.html" title="Antonova (2011)">Antonova (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28461/bailey-pillard-1990-.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990) ">Bailey & Pillard (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28462/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30048/cases-et-al-1995.html" title="Cases et al (1995)">Cases et al (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28463/caspi-et-al-2003-.html" title="Caspi et al (2003) ">Caspi et al (2003) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28359/draganski-2004.html" title="Draganski (2004)">Draganski (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24260/eugene-pauly-squire-1992-2002.html" title="Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)">Eugene Pauly (Squire, 1992, 2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28459/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28458/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33340/is-broca-still-relevant-today.html" title="Is Broca still relevant today?">Is Broca still relevant today?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28464/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24266/maguire-2000.html" title="Maguire (2000)">Maguire (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24255/mcgaugh-cahill-1995.html" title="McGaugh & Cahill (1995)">McGaugh & Cahill (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26506/meaney-et-al-1988-.html" title="Meaney et al (1988) ">Meaney et al (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28454/newcomer-et-al-1999.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999)">Newcomer et al (1999)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31712/prevot-et-al-2019.html" title="Prevot et al (2019)">Prevot et al (2019)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24267/rogers-kesner-2003.html" title="Rogers & Kesner (2003)">Rogers & Kesner (2003)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26358/ronay-and-von-hippel-2010.html" title="Ronay and von Hippel (2010)">Ronay and von Hippel (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24268/rosenzweig-bennet-diamond-1972-.html" title="Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) ">Rosenzweig, Bennet & Diamond (1972) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42225/setiawan-et-al-2013.html" title="Setiawan et al (2013)">Setiawan et al (2013)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28460/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26699/troster-and-beatty-1989.html" title="Troster and Beatty (1989)">Troster and Beatty (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28466/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28467/weissman-et-al-2005.html" title="Weissman et al (2005)">Weissman et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28465/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28865/zhou-2014.html" title="Zhou (2014)">Zhou (2014)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24191/revision-review-biological.html" title="Revision (review): Biological">Revision (review): Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27589/biology-glossary.html" title="Biology glossary">Biology glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29261/presentation-alzheimers.html" title="Presentation: Alzheimers">Presentation: Alzheimers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26472/presentation-brain-imaging.html" title="Presentation: Brain imaging">Presentation: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26471/presentation-ethics-and-animals.html" title="Presentation: Ethics and animals">Presentation: Ethics and animals</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26465/presentation-evolution.html" title="Presentation: Evolution">Presentation: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26467/presentation-genetics.html" title="Presentation: Genetics">Presentation: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27151/presentation-geography-of-the-brain.html" title="Presentation: Geography of the brain">Presentation: Geography of the brain</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26470/presentation-neurotransmission.html" title="Presentation: Neurotransmission">Presentation: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26469/presentation-pheromones.html" title="Presentation: Pheromones">Presentation: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26539/revision-genetics-.html" title="Revision: Genetics ">Revision: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26538/revision-using-animal-models.html" title="Revision: Using animal models">Revision: Using animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28478/study-guide-animal-research.html" title="Study guide: Animal research">Study guide: Animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28156/study-guide-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Study guide: Brain and behaviour">Study guide: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28158/study-guide-genetics.html" title="Study guide: Genetics">Study guide: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28157/study-guide-hormones.html" title="Study guide: Hormones">Study guide: Hormones</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24192/writing-samplesbiological.html" title="Writing samples:Biological">Writing samples:Biological</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25283/erq-sample-biological-research-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Biological Research methods">ERQ sample: Biological Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35302/erq-sample-ethics-in-animal-research.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research">ERQ sample: Ethics in animal research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25282/erq-sample-ethics-in-genetics-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics ">ERQ sample: Ethics in genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25393/erq-sample-genetics.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetics">ERQ sample: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28426/erq-sample-genetic-similarity.html" title="ERQ sample: Genetic similarity">ERQ sample: Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28723/erq-marking-animal-models.html" title="ERQ marking: Animal models">ERQ marking: Animal models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26581/erq-marking-bio-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Bio methods">ERQ marking: Bio methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26577/erq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="ERQ marking: Brain imaging">ERQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26578/erq-marking-evolution.html" title="ERQ marking: Evolution">ERQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26579/erq-marking-hormones.html" title="ERQ marking: Hormones">ERQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26580/erq-marking-localization.html" title="ERQ marking: Localization">ERQ marking: Localization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26583/erq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="ERQ marking: Neurotransmission">ERQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26582/erq-marking-pheromones.html" title="ERQ marking: Pheromones">ERQ marking: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26574/saq-marking-brain-imaging.html" title="SAQ marking: Brain imaging">SAQ marking: Brain imaging</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28722/saq-marking-evolution.html" title="SAQ marking: Evolution">SAQ marking: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25819/saq-marking-hormones.html" title="SAQ marking: Hormones">SAQ marking: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26576/saq-marking-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity">SAQ marking: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26575/saq-marking-neurotransmission.html" title="SAQ marking: Neurotransmission">SAQ marking: Neurotransmission</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28974/saq-sample-agonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Agonists">SAQ sample: Agonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28973/saq-sample-antagonists.html" title="SAQ sample: Antagonists">SAQ sample: Antagonists</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25361/saq-sample-bio-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Bio research methods">SAQ sample: Bio research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25284/saq-sample-ethics-in-biology.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in biology">SAQ sample: Ethics in biology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25285/saq-sample-evolution.html" title="SAQ sample: Evolution">SAQ sample: Evolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31774/saq-sample-excitatory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses">SAQ sample: Excitatory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25286/saq-sample-genetics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Genetics ">SAQ sample: Genetics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26625/saq-marking-genetics.html" title="SAQ marking: Genetics">SAQ marking: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25290/saq-sample-hormones-.html" title="SAQ sample: Hormones ">SAQ sample: Hormones </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31775/saq-sample-inhibitory-synapses.html" title="SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses">SAQ sample: Inhibitory synapses</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25287/saq-sample-localization-of-function.html" title="SAQ sample: Localization of function">SAQ sample: Localization of function</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28971/saq-sample-neural-networks.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural networks">SAQ sample: Neural networks</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25389/saq-sample-neuroplasticity.html" title="SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity">SAQ sample: Neuroplasticity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25289/saq-sample-neurotransmission-.html" title="SAQ sample: Neurotransmission ">SAQ sample: Neurotransmission </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25345/saq-sample-pheromones.html" title="SAQ sample: Pheromones">SAQ sample: Pheromones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25288/saq-sample-studying-the-brain-.html" title="SAQ sample: Studying the brain ">SAQ sample: Studying the brain </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28972/saq-sample-neural-pruning.html" title="SAQ sample: Neural pruning">SAQ sample: Neural pruning</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35937/cognitive-approach.html" title="Cognitive approach">Cognitive approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41259/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25807/checking-for-understanding-emotion-memory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory">Checking for understanding: Emotion & memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34246/checking-for-understanding-schema-theory.html" title="Checking for understanding: Schema theory">Checking for understanding: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32271/quiz-cognitive-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Cognitive terminology">Quiz: Cognitive terminology</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24205/key-studies-cognitive.html" title="Key studies: cognitive">Key studies: cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41865/anderson-and-pitchert-1978.html" title="Anderson and Pitchert (1978)">Anderson and Pitchert (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24249/bahrick-et-al-1975-.html" title="Bahrick et al (1975) ">Bahrick et al (1975) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24248/bartlett-1932-.html" title="Bartlett (1932) ">Bartlett (1932) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24250/berntsen-thomsen-2005.html" title="Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)">Berntsen & Thomsen (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37640/bransford-and-johnson-1972.html" title="Bransford and Johnson (1972)">Bransford and Johnson (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25309/brewer-treyens-1981-.html" title="Brewer & Treyens (1981) ">Brewer & Treyens (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24251/brown-kulik-1977.html" title="Brown & Kulik (1977)">Brown & Kulik (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37260/cox-and-griggs-1982.html" title="Cox and Griggs (1982)">Cox and Griggs (1982)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42224/ebbinghaus-1885.html" title="Ebbinghaus (1885)">Ebbinghaus (1885)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28862/englich-and-mussweiler-2001.html" title="Englich and Mussweiler (2001)">Englich and Mussweiler (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24446/hm-milner-1966-.html" title="HM: Milner (1966) ">HM: Milner (1966) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28457/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28630/landry-and-bartling-2011.html" title="Landry and Bartling (2011)">Landry and Bartling (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24253/loftus-palmer-1974-.html" title="Loftus & Palmer (1974) ">Loftus & Palmer (1974) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24254/loftus-pickrell-1995-.html" title="Loftus & Pickrell (1995) ">Loftus & Pickrell (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33380/mueller-and-oppenheimer-2014.html" title="Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)">Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24256/neisser-harsch-1992.html" title="Neisser & Harsch (1992)">Neisser & Harsch (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37157/newhagen-and-reeves-1992.html" title="Newhagen and Reeves (1992)">Newhagen and Reeves (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37008/serial-position-effect.html" title="Serial Position Effect">Serial Position Effect</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24371/sharot-et-al-2007.html" title="Sharot et al (2007)">Sharot et al (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34075/sparrow-2011.html" title="Sparrow (2011)">Sparrow (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28861/tversky-and-kahenman-1986.html" title="Tversky and Kahenman (1986)">Tversky and Kahenman (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28864/tversky-and-kahneman-1974.html" title="Tversky and Kahneman (1974)">Tversky and Kahneman (1974)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24261/yuille-cutshall-1986.html" title="Yuille & Cutshall (1986)">Yuille & Cutshall (1986)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24206/revision-review-cognitive.html" title="Revision (review): Cognitive">Revision (review): Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27590/cognitive-glossary.html" title="Cognitive glossary">Cognitive glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26466/presentation-dual-processing-model.html" title="Presentation: Dual Processing Model">Presentation: Dual Processing Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26468/presentation-reconstructive-memory.html" title="Presentation: Reconstructive memory">Presentation: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28828/presentation-schema-theory.html" title="Presentation: Schema theory">Presentation: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28554/presentation-working-memory-model.html" title="Presentation: Working Memory Model">Presentation: Working Memory Model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25783/revision-reliability-of-memory.html" title="Revision: Reliability of memory">Revision: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28477/study-guide-cognition-and-tech.html" title="Study guide: Cognition and tech">Study guide: Cognition and tech</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28154/study-guide-cognitive-processes.html" title="Study guide: Cognitive processes">Study guide: Cognitive processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28155/study-guide-reliability-of-cognition.html" title="Study guide: Reliability of cognition">Study guide: Reliability of cognition</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24213/writing-samples-cognitive.html" title="Writing samples: Cognitive">Writing samples: Cognitive</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26705/erq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive biases">ERQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28724/erq-marking-effect-of-technology.html" title="ERQ marking: Effect of technology">ERQ marking: Effect of technology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25866/erq-marking-reliability-of-memory.html" title="ERQ marking: Reliability of memory">ERQ marking: Reliability of memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35992/erq-sample-cognitive-ethics.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics">ERQ sample: Cognitive ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25421/erq-sample-cognitive-methods.html" title="ERQ sample: Cognitive methods">ERQ sample: Cognitive methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25870/erq-sample-emotion-and-memory.html" title="ERQ sample: Emotion and memory">ERQ sample: Emotion and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25294/erq-sample-memory-models.html" title="ERQ sample: Memory models">ERQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26706/saq-marking-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ marking: Cognitive biases">SAQ marking: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25817/saq-marking-schema-theory.html" title="SAQ marking: Schema theory">SAQ marking: Schema theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26624/saq-marking-thinking-models.html" title="SAQ marking: Thinking models">SAQ marking: Thinking models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25350/saq-sample-cognitive-biases.html" title="SAQ sample: Cognitive biases">SAQ sample: Cognitive biases</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25348/saq-sample-decision-making.html" title="SAQ sample: Decision making">SAQ sample: Decision making</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25295/saq-sample-emotion-and-memory-.html" title="SAQ sample: emotion and memory ">SAQ sample: emotion and memory </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25297/saq-sample-ethics-.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics ">SAQ sample: Ethics </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25363/saq-sample-memory-models.html" title="SAQ sample: Memory models">SAQ sample: Memory models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25296/saq-sample-reconstructive-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory">SAQ sample: Reconstructive memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25293/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: research methods">SAQ sample: research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25298/saq-sample-schema-theory-.html" title="SAQ sample: Schema theory ">SAQ sample: Schema theory </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35940/developmental-psychology.html" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41260/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22227/checking-understanding-trauma-resilience.html" title="Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience">Checking understanding: Trauma & resilience</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24202/key-studies-development.html" title="Key studies: development">Key studies: development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30041/baillargeon-1986.html" title="Baillargeon (1986)">Baillargeon (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30043/chugani-1999-giedd-2004.html" title="Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)">Chugani (1999) & Giedd (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28525/coan-shaefer-and-davidson-2006.html" title="Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)">Coan, Shaefer and Davidson (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31148/coie-and-dodge-1988.html" title="Coie and Dodge (1988)">Coie and Dodge (1988)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24544/condry-condry-1976-.html" title="Condry & Condry (1976) ">Condry & Condry (1976) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29799/curtiss-1977.html" title="Curtiss (1977)">Curtiss (1977)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30037/koluchova-1972.html" title="Koluchova (1972)">Koluchova (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28868/martin-and-halverson-1983.html" title="Martin and Halverson (1983)">Martin and Halverson (1983)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28528/morgan-et-al-2000.html" title="Morgan et al (2000)">Morgan et al (2000)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24543/pollitt-1995-.html" title="Pollitt (1995) ">Pollitt (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28487/rutter-2007.html" title="Rutter (2007)">Rutter (2007)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30038/van-ijzendoor-and-kroonenberg-1988-.html" title="Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) ">Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg (1988) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28822/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24209/revision-review-development.html" title="Revision (review): Development">Revision (review): Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27144/development-glossary.html" title="Development glossary">Development glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28849/presentation-attachment.html" title="Presentation: Attachment">Presentation: Attachment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27220/presentation-brain-development.html" title="Presentation: Brain development">Presentation: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29079/presentation-gender-identity.html" title="Presentation: Gender identity">Presentation: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28523/presentation-peers-and-play.html" title="Presentation: Peers and Play">Presentation: Peers and Play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27224/presentation-piaget.html" title="Presentation: Piaget">Presentation: Piaget</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28527/presentation-resilience.html" title="Presentation: Resilience">Presentation: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29077/presentation-theory-of-mind.html" title="Presentation: Theory of mind">Presentation: Theory of mind</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27223/presentation-vygotsky.html" title="Presentation: Vygotsky">Presentation: Vygotsky</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28475/study-guide-developing-as-a-learner.html" title="Study guide: Developing as a learner">Study guide: Developing as a learner</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28473/study-guide-identity.html" title="Study guide: Identity">Study guide: Identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28474/study-guide-influences-on-development.html" title="Study guide: Influences on development">Study guide: Influences on development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24216/writing-samples-development.html" title="Writing samples: Development">Writing samples: Development</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27310/erq-marking-cognitive-development.html" title="ERQ marking: Cognitive development">ERQ marking: Cognitive development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27187/exemplar-brain-development.html" title="Exemplar: Brain development">Exemplar: Brain development</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24065/exemplar-deprivation-and-trauma.html" title="Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma">Exemplar: Deprivation and trauma</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28644/exemplar-effects-of-poverty.html" title="Exemplar: Effects of poverty">Exemplar: Effects of poverty</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31944/exemplar-gender-identity.html" title="Exemplar: Gender identity">Exemplar: Gender identity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27299/exemplar-peers-and-play.html" title="Exemplar: Peers and play">Exemplar: Peers and play</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28530/exemplar-resilience.html" title="Exemplar: Resilience">Exemplar: Resilience</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31943/exemplar-social-roles.html" title="Exemplar: Social roles">Exemplar: Social roles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27185/exemplar-theories-of-cognitive-dvpt.html" title="Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt">Exemplar: Theories of cognitive dvpt</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33700/exemplar-theory-of-mind.html" title="Exemplar: Theory of mind">Exemplar: Theory of mind</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35941/health-psychology.html" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41261/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27197/checking-understanding-stress.html" title="Checking understanding: Stress">Checking understanding: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24203/key-studies-health.html" title="Key studies: health">Key studies: health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33345/cole-kemeny-and-taylor-1997.html" title="Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)">Cole, Kemeny and Taylor (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29393/crum-2011.html" title="Crum (2011)">Crum (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31089/curran-and-hill-2017.html" title="Curran and Hill (2017)">Curran and Hill (2017)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29330/felitti-et-al-1998.html" title="Felitti et al (1998)">Felitti et al (1998)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29050/jamieson-et-al-2011.html" title="Jamieson et al (2011)">Jamieson et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28274/joseph-2015.html" title="Joseph (2015)">Joseph (2015)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24546/kiecolt-glaser-1984-.html" title="Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) ">Kiecolt-Glaser (1984) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28273/koch-2008.html" title="Koch (2008)">Koch (2008)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28636/lowe-et-al-2004.html" title="Lowe et al (2004)">Lowe et al (2004)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24545/marmot-et-al-1997-.html" title="Marmot et al (1997) ">Marmot et al (1997) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24372/newcomer-et-al-1999-.html" title="Newcomer et al (1999) ">Newcomer et al (1999) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28217/roseman-et-al-1976.html" title="Roseman et al (1976)">Roseman et al (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29306/sapolsky-1990-2005.html" title="Sapolsky (1990, 2005)">Sapolsky (1990, 2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28275/sedentary-lifestyle.html" title="Sedentary lifestyle">Sedentary lifestyle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28856/sorensen-et-al-1992.html" title="Sorensen et al (1992)">Sorensen et al (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../20657/speisman-et-al-1964.html" title="Speisman et al (1964)">Speisman et al (1964)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29320/tung-et-al-2012.html" title="Tung et al (2012)">Tung et al (2012)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30040/weinstein-1983.html" title="Weinstein (1983)">Weinstein (1983)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24210/revision-review-health.html" title="Revision (review): Health">Revision (review): Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27240/health-glossary.html" title="Health glossary">Health glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28342/presentation-biology-of-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Biology of obesity">Presentation: Biology of obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34645/presentation-cognition-and-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and addiction">Presentation: Cognition and addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28343/presentation-cognition-and-obesity.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and obesity">Presentation: Cognition and obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27221/presentation-cognition-and-stress.html" title="Presentation: Cognition and stress">Presentation: Cognition and stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34503/presentation-defining-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Defining addiction">Presentation: Defining addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28661/presentation-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Presentation: Effectiveness of programs">Presentation: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28820/presentation-health-promotion.html" title="Presentation: Health promotion">Presentation: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27222/presentation-physiology-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Physiology of stress">Presentation: Physiology of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28387/presentation-prevalence-in-health.html" title="Presentation: Prevalence in health">Presentation: Prevalence in health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34654/presentation-sociocultural-addiction.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural addiction">Presentation: Sociocultural addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28837/presentation-sociocultural-aspects-of-stress.html" title="Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress">Presentation: Sociocultural aspects of stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28240/study-guide-addiction.html" title="Study guide: Addiction">Study guide: Addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28241/study-guide-determinants-of-health.html" title="Study guide: Determinants of health">Study guide: Determinants of health</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28472/study-guide-health-promotion.html" title="Study guide: Health promotion">Study guide: Health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28239/study-guide-obesity.html" title="Study guide: Obesity">Study guide: Obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28238/study-guide-stress.html" title="Study guide: Stress">Study guide: Stress</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24217/writing-samples-health.html" title="Writing samples: Health">Writing samples: Health</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28244/exemplar-biological-approach-to-addiction.html" title="Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction">Exemplar: Biological approach to addiction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28236/exemplar-biopsychosocial-model.html" title="Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model">Exemplar: Biopsychosocial model</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28242/exemplar-cognitive-approach-to-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress">Exemplar: Cognitive approach to stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31521/exemplar-effectiveness-of-programs.html" title="Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs">Exemplar: Effectiveness of programs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28271/exemplar-ethics-and-health-problems.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and health problems">Exemplar: Ethics and health problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33701/exemplar-ethics-health-promotion.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics health promotion">Exemplar: Ethics health promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28245/exemplar-health-beliefs.html" title="Exemplar: Health beliefs">Exemplar: Health beliefs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27435/exemplar-limitations-of-health-research.html" title="Exemplar: Limitations of health research">Exemplar: Limitations of health research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28234/exemplar-research-methods.html" title="Exemplar: Research methods">Exemplar: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28251/exemplar-risk-and-protective-factors.html" title="Exemplar: Risk and protective factors">Exemplar: Risk and protective factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28243/exemplar-sociocultural-approach-to-obesity.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity">Exemplar: Sociocultural approach to obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31366/exemplar-sociocultural-factors-in-stress.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress">Exemplar: Sociocultural factors in stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35942/human-relationships.html" title="Human relationships">Human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41256/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25681/checking-understanding-biology-of-attraction.html" title="Checking understanding: Biology of attraction">Checking understanding: Biology of attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28019/checking-understanding-communication.html" title="Checking understanding: Communication">Checking understanding: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34266/checking-understanding-prosocial-behaviour.html" title="Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour">Checking understanding: Prosocial behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18895/relationships-revision-jeopardy.html" title="Relationships revision jeopardy">Relationships revision jeopardy</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24204/key-studies-human-relationships.html" title="Key studies: human relationships">Key studies: human relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24368/bailey-pillard-1990.html" title="Bailey & Pillard (1990)">Bailey & Pillard (1990)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24373/baumgartner-et-al-2008-.html" title="Baumgartner et al (2008) ">Baumgartner et al (2008) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29259/beaman-et-al-1978.html" title="Beaman et al (1978)">Beaman et al (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29302/bradbury-and-fincham-1992.html" title="Bradbury and Fincham (1992)">Bradbury and Fincham (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30044/clark-and-hatfield-1989.html" title="Clark and Hatfield (1989)">Clark and Hatfield (1989)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24547/darley-batson-1973-.html" title="Darley & Batson (1973) ">Darley & Batson (1973) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28855/dion-et-al-1972.html" title="Dion et al (1972)">Dion et al (1972)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31383/drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Drury et al (2009)">Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28869/fein-and-spencer-1997.html" title="Fein and Spencer (1997)">Fein and Spencer (1997)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24369/levay-1991-.html" title="LeVay (1991) ">LeVay (1991) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28390/marsh-et-al-2014.html" title="Marsh et al (2014)">Marsh et al (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29403/novotny-and-polonsky-2011.html" title="Novotny and Polonsky (2011)">Novotny and Polonsky (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29392/payne-2001.html" title="Payne (2001)">Payne (2001)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28401/piliavin-et-al-1969.html" title="Piliavin et al (1969)">Piliavin et al (1969)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24376/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24378/wedekind-1995.html" title="Wedekind (1995)">Wedekind (1995)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24377/zak-2009.html" title="Zak (2009)">Zak (2009)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24211/revision-review-relationships.html" title="Revision (review): Relationships">Revision (review): Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28485/presentation-bystanderism.html" title="Presentation: Bystanderism">Presentation: Bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34263/presentation-communication.html" title="Presentation: Communication">Presentation: Communication</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28779/presentation-conflict-and-resolution.html" title="Presentation: Conflict and resolution">Presentation: Conflict and resolution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28733/presentation-cooperation-and-competition.html" title="Presentation: Cooperation and competition">Presentation: Cooperation and competition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28483/presentation-origins-of-prosocial-.html" title="Presentation: Origins of prosocial ">Presentation: Origins of prosocial </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28737/presentation-prejudice-.html" title="Presentation: Prejudice ">Presentation: Prejudice </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28484/presentation-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Presentation: Promoting prosocial">Presentation: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28486/presentation-why-relationships-end.html" title="Presentation: Why relationships end">Presentation: Why relationships end</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27149/relationships-glossary.html" title="Relationships glossary">Relationships glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28469/study-guide-group-dynamics.html" title="Study guide: Group dynamics">Study guide: Group dynamics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28471/study-guide-personal-relationships.html" title="Study guide: Personal relationships">Study guide: Personal relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28470/study-guide-social-responsibility.html" title="Study guide: Social responsibility">Study guide: Social responsibility</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24218/writing-samples-relationships.html" title="Writing samples: Relationships">Writing samples: Relationships</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28727/erq-marking-biology-in-relationships.html" title="ERQ marking: Biology in relationships">ERQ marking: Biology in relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28424/exemplar-biology-of-social-responsibility.html" title="Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility">Exemplar: Biology of social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28427/exemplar-cognition-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Cognition and attraction">Exemplar: Cognition and attraction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28423/exemplar-communication-.html" title="Exemplar: Communication ">Exemplar: Communication </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28429/exemplar-ending-relationships.html" title="Exemplar: Ending relationships">Exemplar: Ending relationships</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28425/exemplar-ethics-and-bystanderism.html" title="Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism">Exemplar: Ethics and bystanderism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28430/exemplar-promoting-prosocial.html" title="Exemplar: Promoting prosocial">Exemplar: Promoting prosocial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28428/exemplar-sociocultural-and-attraction.html" title="Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction">Exemplar: Sociocultural and attraction</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35935/research-methods.html" title="Research methods">Research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41262/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24379/choosing-the-best-method.html" title="Choosing the best method">Choosing the best method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41275/exploring-psychology-myths.html" title="Exploring psychology myths">Exploring psychology myths</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24399/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-1-.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 ">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 1 </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24400/fundamentals-of-research-quiz-2.html" title="Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2">Fundamentals of Research Quiz 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32061/quiz-experimental-research-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Experimental research terminology">Quiz: Experimental research terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24402/quiz-introduction-to-research.html" title="Quiz: Introduction to research">Quiz: Introduction to research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24212/revision-review-research.html" title="Revision (review): Research">Revision (review): Research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17886/basic-concepts.html" title="Basic concepts">Basic concepts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17988/case-studies.html" title="Case studies">Case studies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24398/experimental-designs-revision.html" title="Experimental designs revision">Experimental designs revision</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17986/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17987/observations.html" title="Observations">Observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31111/presentation-what-is-a-theory.html" title="Presentation: What is a theory">Presentation: What is a theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27588/qualitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Qualitative methods glossary">Qualitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27592/quantitative-methods-glossary.html" title="Quantitative methods glossary">Quantitative methods glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../17985/sampling-techniques.html" title="Sampling techniques">Sampling techniques</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35938/sociocultural-approach.html" title="Sociocultural approach">Sociocultural approach</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../41263/critical-thinking-activities.html" title="Critical thinking activities">Critical thinking activities</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24901/checking-understanding-ethics-in-sociocultural.html" title="Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural">Checking understanding: Ethics in sociocultural</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27043/checking-understanding-sit.html" title="Checking understanding: SIT">Checking understanding: SIT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36288/quiz-drury-et-al-2009.html" title="Quiz: Drury et al (2009)">Quiz: Drury et al (2009)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36393/quiz-hilliard-and-liben.html" title="Quiz: Hilliard and Liben">Quiz: Hilliard and Liben</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32080/quiz-sociocultural-terminology.html" title="Quiz: Sociocultural terminology">Quiz: Sociocultural terminology</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24898/research-methods-sociocultural.html" title="Research methods sociocultural">Research methods sociocultural</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24200/key-studies-sociocultural.html" title="Key studies: sociocultural">Key studies: sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24238/abrams-et-al-1990-.html" title="Abrams et al (1990) ">Abrams et al (1990) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24239/asch-1956-.html" title="Asch (1956) ">Asch (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29404/bagby-and-rector-1992.html" title="Bagby and Rector (1992)">Bagby and Rector (1992)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29347/bandura-1961.html" title="Bandura (1961)">Bandura (1961)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24240/berry-1967.html" title="Berry (1967)">Berry (1967)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36632/charlton-et-al-2002.html" title="Charlton et al (2002)">Charlton et al (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27270/chen-et-al-2005.html" title="Chen et al (2005)">Chen et al (2005)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31373/drury-et-al-2009-.html" title="Drury et al (2009) ">Drury et al (2009) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31090/fagot-1978.html" title="Fagot (1978)">Fagot (1978)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31786/greenfield-2006.html" title="Greenfield (2006)">Greenfield (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28867/hamilton-and-gifford-1976.html" title="Hamilton and Gifford (1976)">Hamilton and Gifford (1976)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24375/harris-fiske-2006.html" title="Harris & Fiske (2006)">Harris & Fiske (2006)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36369/hilliard-and-liben-2010.html" title="Hilliard and Liben (2010)">Hilliard and Liben (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24252/kearins-1981-.html" title="Kearins (1981) ">Kearins (1981) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42864/kimball-1986.html" title="Kimball (1986)">Kimball (1986)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24367/kulkofsky-et-al-2011.html" title="Kulkofsky et al (2011)">Kulkofsky et al (2011)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37130/lueck-and-wilson-2010.html" title="Lueck and Wilson (2010)">Lueck and Wilson (2010)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29346/norasakkunkit-uchida-2014.html" title="Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)">Norasakkunkit & Uchida (2014)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24244/rogers-frantz-1961-.html" title="Rogers & Frantz (1961) ">Rogers & Frantz (1961) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28456/sherif-et-al-1954.html" title="Sherif et al (1954)">Sherif et al (1954)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24247/steele-aronson-1995-.html" title="Steele & Aronson (1995) ">Steele & Aronson (1995) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24245/tajfel-1971-.html" title="Tajfel (1971) ">Tajfel (1971) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33341/understanding-milgram-1963.html" title="Understanding Milgram (1963)">Understanding Milgram (1963)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31092/wood-2002.html" title="Wood (2002)">Wood (2002)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39263/zhang-winterich-mittal-2010-.html" title="Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) ">Zhang, Winterich & Mittal (2010) </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24207/revision-review-sociocultural.html" title="Revision (review): Sociocultural">Revision (review): Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28378/presentation-acculturation.html" title="Presentation: Acculturation">Presentation: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28384/presentation-contact-hypothesis.html" title="Presentation: Contact hypothesis">Presentation: Contact hypothesis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28940/presentation-cultural-dimensions.html" title="Presentation: Cultural dimensions">Presentation: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28386/presentation-globalization.html" title="Presentation: Globalization">Presentation: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../27591/sociocultural-glossary.html" title="Sociocultural glossary">Sociocultural glossary</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28060/study-guide-culture.html" title="Study guide: Culture">Study guide: Culture</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28396/study-guide-globalization.html" title="Study guide: Globalization">Study guide: Globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28009/study-guide-individual-and-the-group.html" title="Study guide: Individual and the group">Study guide: Individual and the group</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24214/writing-samples-sociocultural.html" title="Writing samples: Sociocultural">Writing samples: Sociocultural</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34576/erq-sample-acculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Acculturation">ERQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36918/erq-sample-formation-of-stereotypes.html" title="ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes">ERQ sample: Formation of stereotypes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25013/erq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions">ERQ marking: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28725/erq-marking-globalization-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Globalization methods">ERQ marking: Globalization methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26704/erq-marking-sociocultural-methods.html" title="ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods">ERQ marking: Sociocultural methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25203/erq-marking-sct.html" title="ERQ marking: SCT">ERQ marking: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25412/erq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions">ERQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28391/erq-sample-enculturation.html" title="ERQ sample: Enculturation">ERQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25202/erq-sample-ethics-sociocultural-.html" title="ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural ">ERQ sample: Ethics Sociocultural </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25147/erq-sample-sct.html" title="ERQ Sample: SCT">ERQ Sample: SCT</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26626/saq-marking-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ marking: cultural dimensions">SAQ marking: cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28720/saq-marking-enculturation.html" title="SAQ marking: Enculturation">SAQ marking: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24907/saq-marking-research-methods.html" title="SAQ marking: Research methods">SAQ marking: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25301/saq-marking-stereotyping.html" title="SAQ marking: Stereotyping">SAQ marking: Stereotyping</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25351/saq-sample-acculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Acculturation">SAQ sample: Acculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25362/saq-sample-cultural-dimensions.html" title="SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions">SAQ sample: Cultural dimensions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25342/saq-sample-culture-and-memory.html" title="SAQ sample: Culture and memory">SAQ sample: Culture and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25344/saq-sample-enculturation.html" title="SAQ sample: Enculturation">SAQ sample: Enculturation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25009/saq-sample-ethics-in-the-sca.html" title="SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA">SAQ sample: Ethics in the SCA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24904/saq-sample-research-methods.html" title="SAQ sample: Research methods">SAQ sample: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25148/saq-sample-sct-.html" title="SAQ sample: SCT ">SAQ sample: SCT </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25012/saq-sample-social-identity-theory.html" title="SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory">SAQ sample: Social Identity Theory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25199/saq-sample-stereotyping-.html" title="SAQ sample: Stereotyping ">SAQ sample: Stereotyping </a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25491/practicing-paper-3.html" title="Practicing Paper 3">Practicing Paper 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26921/case-study-domestic-violence.html" title="Case study: Domestic violence">Case study: Domestic violence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26927/case-study-ib-stress.html" title="Case study: IB Stress">Case study: IB Stress</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28185/case-study-moms-and-childhood-obesity.html" title="Case study: Moms and childhood obesity">Case study: Moms and childhood obesity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26918/case-study-ptsd-in-children.html" title="Case study: PTSD in children">Case study: PTSD in children</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26926/case-study-shopping-in-prague.html" title="Case study: Shopping in Prague">Case study: Shopping in Prague</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32597/correlation-aces-and-ptsd.html" title="Correlation: ACEs and PTSD">Correlation: ACEs and PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32431/ethics-reporting-and-application.html" title="Ethics: reporting and application">Ethics: reporting and application</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31149/experiment-exercise-and-memory.html" title="Experiment: Exercise and memory">Experiment: Exercise and memory</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28638/experiment-learning-to-use-condoms.html" title="Experiment: Learning to use condoms">Experiment: Learning to use condoms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28216/experiment-self-efficacy-and-pedometers.html" title="Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers">Experiment: Self-efficacy and pedometers</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28418/experiment-subway-samaritans.html" title="Experiment: Subway samaritans">Experiment: Subway samaritans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26928/focus-group-climate-change-denial.html" title="Focus group: Climate change denial">Focus group: Climate change denial</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26929/focus-group-stigma-and-mental-illness-.html" title="Focus group: Stigma and mental illness ">Focus group: Stigma and mental illness </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25498/focus-group-the-use-of-ecstasy.html" title="Focus group: The use of ecstasy">Focus group: The use of ecstasy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34639/focus-group-tpb-and-wine-consumption.html" title="Focus group: TPB and wine consumption">Focus group: TPB and wine consumption</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28738/focus-group-youre-from-brixton.html" title="Focus group: You're from Brixton?">Focus group: You're from Brixton?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26919/natural-experment-smoking-bans.html" title="Natural experment: Smoking bans">Natural experment: Smoking bans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26925/observation-aggression-in-hockey-players.html" title="Observation: Aggression in hockey players">Observation: Aggression in hockey players</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26922/observation-group-glee-in-preschool.html" title="Observation: Group glee in preschool">Observation: Group glee in preschool</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26920/observation-play-at-mcdonalds-.html" title="Observation: Play at McDonald's ">Observation: Play at McDonald's </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26924/observation-self-identification-as-homeless.html" title="Observation: Self-identification as homeless">Observation: Self-identification as homeless</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28838/presentation-avoiding-bias.html" title="Presentation: Avoiding bias">Presentation: Avoiding bias</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28839/presentation-ensuring-credibility.html" title="Presentation: Ensuring credibility">Presentation: Ensuring credibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28844/presentation-generalizability.html" title="Presentation: Generalizability">Presentation: Generalizability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28345/quasi-experiment-food-mind-set.html" title="Quasi experiment: Food mind-set">Quasi experiment: Food mind-set</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33193/revision-evaluating-methods.html" title="Revision: Evaluating methods">Revision: Evaluating methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26923/structured-interview-placebo-in-sports.html" title="Structured interview: Placebo in sports">Structured interview: Placebo in sports</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../28215/structured-interview-sun-bathing.html" title="Structured interview: Sun-bathing">Structured interview: Sun-bathing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26914/unstructured-interviews-congo-refugees.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees">Unstructured interviews: Congo Refugees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26916/unstructured-interviews-stress.html" title="Unstructured interviews: Stress">Unstructured interviews: Stress</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24184/internal-assessment.html" title="Internal Assessment">Internal Assessment</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34223/ia-rubric-quiz.html" title="IA Rubric Quiz">IA Rubric Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24187/getting-started-with-ia.html" title="Getting started with IA">Getting started with IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24188/ia-menu-1.html" title="IA Menu 1">IA Menu 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31317/ia-menu-2.html" title="IA Menu 2">IA Menu 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26712/ideas-for-internal-assessment.html" title="Ideas for Internal Assessment">Ideas for Internal Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26727/instructions-debriefing-.html" title="Instructions & debriefing ">Instructions & debriefing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26720/introduction-to-ia-presentation.html" title="Introduction to IA presentation">Introduction to IA presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26730/the-letter-of-consent.html" title="The Letter of Consent">The Letter of Consent</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26717/writing-the-ia.html" title="Writing the IA">Writing the IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26716/internal-assessment-checklist.html" title="Internal assessment checklist">Internal assessment checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26726/tips-for-ia.html" title="Tips for IA">Tips for IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26741/writing-the-procedure.html" title="Writing the procedure">Writing the procedure</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26734/writing-the-introduction.html" title="Writing the Introduction">Writing the Introduction</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26736/writing-the-exploration.html" title="Writing the Exploration">Writing the Exploration</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26738/writing-the-analysis.html" title="Writing the Analysis">Writing the Analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26740/writing-the-evaluation.html" title="Writing the Evaluation">Writing the Evaluation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26005/internal-assessments-samples-and-marking.html" title="Internal assessments: Samples and marking">Internal assessments: Samples and marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25999/ia-exemplar-high.html" title="IA Exemplar High">IA Exemplar High</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26002/ia-exemplar-medium.html" title="IA Exemplar Medium">IA Exemplar Medium</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26003/ia-exemplar-low.html" title="IA Exemplar Low">IA Exemplar Low</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26708/ia-marking-sample-1.html" title="IA marking: Sample 1">IA marking: Sample 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30933/ia-marking-sample-2.html" title="IA marking: Sample 2">IA marking: Sample 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30937/ia-marking-sample-3.html" title="IA marking: Sample 3">IA marking: Sample 3</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30935/ia-marking-sample-4.html" title="IA marking: Sample 4">IA marking: Sample 4</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30936/ia-marking-sample-5.html" title="IA marking: Sample 5">IA marking: Sample 5</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../30934/ia-marking-sample-6.html" title="IA marking: Sample 6">IA marking: Sample 6</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../31737/statistics.html" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32931/anova.html" title="ANOVA">ANOVA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32653/binomial-sign-test.html" title="Binomial Sign Test">Binomial Sign Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../33732/box-and-whisker-plots.html" title="Box and whisker plots">Box and whisker plots</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32797/chi-squared.html" title="Chi squared">Chi squared</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26733/chi-squared-calculator.html" title="Chi Squared Calculator">Chi Squared Calculator</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../29332/chi-squared-practice-problems.html" title="Chi squared: Practice problems">Chi squared: Practice problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32796/independent-samples-t-tests.html" title="Independent samples t-tests">Independent samples t-tests</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24429/interpreting-significance-.html" title="Interpreting significance ">Interpreting significance </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32651/mann-whitney-u-test.html" title="Mann Whitney U Test">Mann Whitney U Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32933/paired-sample-t-tests-.html" title="Paired sample t-tests ">Paired sample t-tests </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32616/power-and-statistics.html" title="Power and statistics">Power and statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26722/statistics-revision-presentation.html" title="Statistics revision presentation">Statistics revision presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24408/testing-for-significance.html" title="Testing for significance">Testing for significance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32652/wilcoxon-signed-ranks-test.html" title="Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test">Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../32614/what-to-do-with-outliers.html" title="What to do with outliers">What to do with outliers</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../144/extended-essay.html" title="Extended Essay">Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7400/getting-started-with-ee.html" title="Getting started with EE">Getting started with EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../23355/dos-and-donts-for-ee.html" title="Do's and Don'ts for EE">Do's and Don'ts for EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37123/ee-overview-presentation.html" title="EE overview presentation">EE overview presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../16138/evaluating-ee-questions.html" title="Evaluating EE questions">Evaluating EE questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35944/finding-relevant-sources.html" title="Finding relevant sources">Finding relevant sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22165/how-to-read-a-journal-article.html" title="How to read a journal article">How to read a journal article</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7401/writing-the-extended-essay.html" title="Writing the Extended Essay">Writing the Extended Essay</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21689/ee-criterion-a-focus-method.html" title="EE Criterion A. Focus & method">EE Criterion A. Focus & method</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../18898/ee-introductions.html" title="EE introductions">EE introductions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21690/ee-criterion-b-knowledge.html" title="EE Criterion B. Knowledge">EE Criterion B. Knowledge</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21691/ee-criterion-c-critical-thinking.html" title="EE Criterion C. Critical thinking">EE Criterion C. Critical thinking</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7405/structuring-an-argument.html" title="Structuring an argument">Structuring an argument</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21692/ee-criterion-d-presentation.html" title="EE Criterion D. Presentation">EE Criterion D. Presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../39048/mastering-presentation.html" title="Mastering presentation">Mastering presentation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../7408/citing-sources.html" title="Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../14943/how-to-make-a-toc-in-word.html" title="How to make a TOC in Word">How to make a TOC in Word</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../21693/ee-criterion-e-engagement.html" title="EE Criterion E. Engagement">EE Criterion E. Engagement</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24842/final-submission-ppt.html" title="Final submission ppt">Final submission ppt</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../22579/reflecting-on-the-ee-.html" title="Reflecting on the EE ">Reflecting on the EE </a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26197/reflections-high-sample.html" title="Reflections - high sample">Reflections - high sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26199/reflections-low-sample.html" title="Reflections - low sample">Reflections - low sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../26198/reflections-mid-sample.html" title="Reflections - mid sample">Reflections - mid sample</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24840/sample-reflection.html" title="Sample reflection">Sample reflection</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../24838/ee-sample-marking.html" title="EE sample marking">EE sample marking</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../25595/sample-1-durability-of-relationships.html" title="Sample 1: Durability of relationships">Sample 1: Durability of relationships</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../19376/ee-self-review-questions.html" title="EE: Self review questions">EE: Self review questions</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35013/personalized-learning.html" title="Personalized learning">Personalized learning</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34922/module-animal-research.html" title="Module: Animal research">Module: Animal research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34951/why-use-animals.html" title="Why use animals?">Why use animals?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34952/animal-research-brain-and-behaviour.html" title="Animal research: Brain and behaviour">Animal research: Brain and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34953/animal-research-hormones.html" title="Animal research: Hormones">Animal research: Hormones</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34954/animal-research-genetics.html" title="Animal research: Genetics">Animal research: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34955/animal-research-ethics.html" title="Animal research: Ethics">Animal research: Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34956/animal-research-final-assessment.html" title="Animal research: Final assessment">Animal research: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35995/module-anorexia-nervosa.html" title="Module: Anorexia nervosa">Module: Anorexia nervosa</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36121/diagnosing-anorexia.html" title="Diagnosing anorexia">Diagnosing anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36122/anorexia-biological-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Biological explanations">Anorexia: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36123/anorexia-cognitive-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Cognitive explanations">Anorexia: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36124/anorexia-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations">Anorexia: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36140/anorexia-methods-and-ethics.html" title="Anorexia: Methods and ethics">Anorexia: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36125/prevalence-of-disorders-anorexia.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia">Prevalence of disorders: Anorexia</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36145/anorexia-final-assessment.html" title="Anorexia: Final assessment">Anorexia: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35996/module-anxiety-disorders.html" title="Module: Anxiety disorders">Module: Anxiety disorders</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37318/module-biological-revision.html" title="Module: Biological revision">Module: Biological revision</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37330/revision-genetics.html" title="Revision: Genetics">Revision: Genetics</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../37197/module-cognitive-revision-.html" title="Module: Cognitive revision ">Module: Cognitive revision </a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34730/module-genetics.html" title="Module: Genetics">Module: Genetics</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34731/genetic-similarity.html" title="Genetic similarity">Genetic similarity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34733/human-genome-project.html" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34734/epigenetics.html" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34735/research-methods-genetics.html" title="Research methods: genetics">Research methods: genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34736/ethical-considerations-genetics.html" title="Ethical considerations: Genetics">Ethical considerations: Genetics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34737/genetics-final-assessment.html" title="Genetics: Final assessment">Genetics: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34924/module-globalization.html" title="Module: Globalization">Module: Globalization</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34941/what-is-globalization.html" title="What is globalization">What is globalization</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34942/globalization-and-behaviour.html" title="Globalization and behaviour">Globalization and behaviour</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34943/globalization-research-methods.html" title="Globalization: Research methods">Globalization: Research methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34944/globalization-final-assessment.html" title="Globalization: Final assessment">Globalization: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35994/module-major-depressive-disorder.html" title="Module: Major Depressive Disorder">Module: Major Depressive Disorder</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36111/diagnosing-mdd.html" title="Diagnosing MDD">Diagnosing MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36112/mdd-biological-explanations.html" title="MDD: Biological explanations">MDD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36113/mdd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="MDD: Cognitive explanations">MDD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36114/mdd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="MDD: Sociocultural explanations">MDD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36136/mdd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="MDD: Methods and ethics">MDD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36115/prevalence-of-disorders-mdd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: MDD">Prevalence of disorders: MDD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36143/mdd-final-assessment.html" title="MDD: Final assessment">MDD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35997/module-ocd.html" title="Module: OCD">Module: OCD</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35993/module-ptsd.html" title="Module: PTSD">Module: PTSD</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36116/diagnosing-ptsd.html" title="Diagnosing PTSD">Diagnosing PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36117/ptsd-biological-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Biological explanations">PTSD: Biological explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36118/ptsd-cognitive-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Cognitive explanations">PTSD: Cognitive explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36119/ptsd-sociocultural-explanations.html" title="PTSD: Sociocultural explanations">PTSD: Sociocultural explanations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36137/ptsd-methods-and-ethics.html" title="PTSD: Methods and ethics">PTSD: Methods and ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36120/prevalence-of-disorders-ptsd.html" title="Prevalence of disorders: PTSD">Prevalence of disorders: PTSD</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36144/ptsd-final-assessment.html" title="PTSD: Final assessment">PTSD: Final assessment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35321/module-qualitative-research-methods.html" title="Module: Qualitative research methods">Module: Qualitative research methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35324/qualitative-research.html" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35323/naturalistic-observations.html" title="Naturalistic observations">Naturalistic observations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35322/interviews.html" title="Interviews">Interviews</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35325/case-studies-and-triangulation.html" title="Case studies and triangulation">Case studies and triangulation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35326/ethics-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Ethics in qualitative research">Ethics in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34364/generalizability-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Generalizability in qualitative research">Generalizability in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34365/credibility-and-qualitative-research.html" title="Credibility and qualitative research">Credibility and qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34366/bias-in-qualitative-research.html" title="Bias in qualitative research">Bias in qualitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35327/natural-observations-final-assessment.html" title="Natural observations: Final assessment">Natural observations: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35419/interviews-final-assessment.html" title="Interviews: Final Assessment">Interviews: Final Assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35420/case-studies-final-assessment.html" title="Case studies: Final assessment">Case studies: Final assessment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../35328/teacher-guide-qualitative-research.html" title="Teacher guide: Qualitative research">Teacher guide: Qualitative research</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36593/module-sociocultural-revision.html" title="Module: Sociocultural revision">Module: Sociocultural revision</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34923/module-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Module: Technology and cognition">Module: Technology and cognition</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34957/introducing-technology-and-cognition.html" title="Introducing technology and cognition">Introducing technology and cognition</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34958/cognition-and-tech-negative-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Negative effects">Cognition and tech: Negative effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34959/cognition-and-tech-positive-effects.html" title="Cognition and tech: Positive effects">Cognition and tech: Positive effects</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../34961/cognition-and-tech-final-assessment.html" title="Cognition and tech: Final assessment">Cognition and tech: Final assessment</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../36021/exam-prep.html" title="Exam prep">Exam prep</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42106/assessment-paper-1.html" title="Assessment: Paper 1">Assessment: Paper 1</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44439/common-exam-errors.html" title="Common exam errors">Common exam errors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../44000/contrasting-approaches.html" title="Contrasting approaches">Contrasting approaches</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="../42107/assessment-paper-2.html" title="Assessment: Paper 2">Assessment: Paper 2</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander 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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="methodology-in-sociocultural" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Methodology in sociocultural</h1>
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<p><img alt="VidarHAndersen" src="../../../ib/psychology/images/cafe-spain.jpg" style="float: left; width: 360px; height: 240px;">In sociocultural research, the goal is to see how people interact and influence each other. Various research methods - both qualitative and quantitative - are used to study this behaviour. Quantitative methods – such as experiments and surveys - are used extensively, but many researchers within the field now also use qualitative methods - such as focus groups, participant observations and semi-structured interviews. In case studies, <strong>method triangulation</strong> is used – studying behavior by both quantitative and qualitative methods.</p><p class="bodytext--6-5">A key reason for the shift towards a more qualitative approach to studying social and cultural phenomena is that qualitative studies tend to be more holistic, reporting much richer detail about the lives of individual participants. Since the researcher often interacts with participants for a longer period he or she may also get a much better understanding of the participants’ perspective.</p><hr class="hidden"><p class="bodytext--6-5">Qualitative researchers are also concerned with the richness of data, that is that they take detailed field notes and use descriptive data that can be analyzed in depth to really capture the subjective world of the participants. This is a contrast to the numbers and figures in quantitative research that uses statistics to analyze data.</p><p>Because researchers within qualitative research think it is important that the behaviour of the participants is as realistic as possible, a significant amount of research is <strong>naturalistic</strong> - that is, done in the environments in which the behaviour is most likely to take place. In spite of its “realism”, however, it should be noted that the methods mentioned here do not manipulate an independent variable so they cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships. However, the researchers can see trends in several similar studies and begin to see which behaviors may be representative of certain groups in certain contexts.</p><p class="bodytext--6-5">Today, social psychologists frequently attempt to “see the world through the eyes of the people being studied”. In order to do this, participant observation is often used. <span class="bodytext-bold"><b>Participant observation</b></span> is when researchers immerse themselves in a social setting for an extended period of time and observe behaviour. When the participants in the group know that they are being observed, this is an <span class="bodytext-bold">overt</span> observation. If the researcher does not inform the participants that they are being observed, it is a <span class="bodytext-bold">covert</span> observation.</p><p><strong>Overt observations</strong> require the researcher to gain the trust of the group that is to be observed. For example, O’Reilly (2000) acted as a volunteer in local British clubs in Fuengirola on the Costa Del Sol. In this role, she performed field research over a period of fifteen months and studied how British expatriates saw themselves. Contrary to the prevailing belief at the time of the migrants as paradise-seekers, going to endless cocktail parties; the study found that the picture was much more complex. O'Reilly found that the way the migrants saw themselves was full of contradictions. For example, they live fun, leisurely lives and talk about community as if it includes the Spanish as well as other nationalities. And yet their behavior betrayed isolation from the local community and an overall sense of boredom and loneliness. Although they reported that they were in paradise, almost everyday members of the migrant community were choosing to go back to the UK. O’Reilly concluded that they deny their boredom and suppress their loneliness as this contradicts the image they wish to portray of a happy, friendly, and exciting experience.</p><p>In order to uncover the complexity of their experience, she had to spend a significant amount of time among the expatriates. She participated in everyday conversations, carried out several interviews, and observed their behaviour in many different situations. In order to guarantee that they would discuss their lives openly with her, she had to develop a trusting relationship, in which she was non-judgmental of her participants. She needed to try to see the world through their eyes.</p><p class="bodytext--6-5"><b>Covert observations</b> are sometimes used with groups that would be hostile to an outsider observing their behaviour, or who would not be open and honest, perhaps because of the illegal nature of their activities—for example, drug users. Although the researcher must gain the trust of the members of the group, this is done through deceit. The researcher does not disclose his or her intentions to the members of the group, and then records the participants’ behaviour without obtaining informed consent. In addition to these ethical concerns, covert observers have difficulties taking notes and often have to rely on memory, meaning that their data are open to distortion. Finally, unlike overt observations, interviews cannot be carried out, for fear of being “discovered”.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Research in psychology: </strong>Festinger et al.’s When Prophecy Fails (1956)</span></h3><p>Perhaps the most well-known covert participant observation in social psychology was carried out by Festinger and his colleagues (1956). In Chicago, there was a religious doomsday cult that believed the world would end on 21 December. The leader of the cult claimed to have received a message from a distant planet that the world would end in a great flood, but the cult members would be rescued by flying saucers, as long as they followed the prescribed rituals and read the sacred texts. They were also to remain isolated from all non-believers. This made it very difficult for psychologists to study them.</p><p>Festinger and his team decided to become cult members in order to carry out a covert participant observation. It was covert because the members of the cult were unaware that the researchers were studying them. They fully believed that Festinger and his colleagues were also believers in the cult. It was a participant observation because the researchers became members of the group that they were studying - and interacted with them. The researchers remained with the cult up to the fateful day of 21 December - when nothing happened. Festinger monitored the group members’ response after realizing that the world would not end, in spite of the fact that they had dedicated so much of their time and resources to the cult. The members of the cult were able to justify their belief in the cult by deciding that God had not destroyed the world as a result of their prayers. They now believed that they had saved the world. Festinger argued in line with <strong>cognitive dissonance theory</strong> that the cult members had changed their beliefs to reduce their feelings of dissonance – in this case, the anxiety created when they realized that they sacrificed so much for something that seemed to be wrong.</p><p>You can read a more in-depth summary of the study here: <a href="../24241/festinger-1956-.html" title="Student resources » Sociocultural approach » Key studies: sociocultural » Festinger (1956) ">Festinger (1956)</a>.</p></div><div class="greenBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">ATL: Thinking critically</span></h3><p>If you were a reporter covering the study, what questions would you ask Festinger and his team?</p><p>Discuss the ethical concerns you would have with this research.</p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h3><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Possible SAQ</strong></span></h3><p>Explain the use of <strong>one</strong> research method used in the sociocultural approach.</p><p><strong>Assessment advice</strong></p><p>This question asks you to explain, which means you have to give a detailed account including reasons or causes. You should describe the main features of the method you choose, outline one example of a research study using this method and then explain why this particular method is used in sociocultural approach.</p></div><h3><span style="color:#B22222;">Checking for understanding</span></h3><div class="tib-quiz" data-quiz-id="214" data-structure="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" data-score-answers="6d4a526a457a48584f763758344a7649472f76324c53614b78524c393439595570496d5a5971374b38686f3d"><div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Which of the following is an example of method triangulation?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="197af50cfec52b21456a7f2b34dab1fd"><input type="radio"><span> A researcher carries out a series of interviews about attitudes toward foreigners and then observes the same participants in a situation where they have to interact with a stranger.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="bb09703746848e19d7844c0030362a0b"><input type="radio"><span> The responses of two or more researchers are compared to make sure that they are both measuring a variable in the same way.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8c57a0c1b53e36134520f0c0dd448b6d"><input type="radio"><span> An experiment uses two or more samples.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="3b1cfc1e0cea1b50031ea5c3e8371d2d"><input type="radio"><span> When a study is replicated three or more times to establish that it has reliability.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Method triangulation is when we use more than one method to guarantee that the results that we have obtained are not due to the method we chose. By using another method and getting the same results, we increase the credibility (validity) of the results.</span></p>
</div>
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<p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">What method did O'Reilly use to study British expatriates living on the Costa del Sol?</div>
<div class="q-answer"><label class="radio" data-answer="06eff8a5471cfef30b481f45d2522c94"><input type="radio"><span> A lab experiment. </span></label>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b1c53455e23529f9225bcbc272bb36d5"><input type="radio"><span> An overt naturalistic participant observation. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="3a0a4222858293d272e736212b58b29b"><input type="radio"><span> A covert naturalistic non-participant observation.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="8ec253e1c16fa558f12aa476d48fbd9a"><input type="radio"><span> An overt naturalistic non-participant observation.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation"><span style="color:#B22222;">The study was an observation as no independent variable was manipulated. The study was overt as the individuals being observed knew that she was studying their behaviour. THe study was also a participant observation as O'Reilly interacted with the participants.</span></div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> a limitation of carrying out a naturalistic observation?</div>
<div class="q-answer"><label class="radio" data-answer="39b2f0fd6edd39b5c280b1bc5386c54e"><input type="radio"><span> It is not possible to control for confounding variables. </span></label>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="41870a5f95fea6b2693118ccce309c0b"><input type="radio"><span> It is difficult to replicate and establish reliability.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="670ee801a427ba35b8111254ceb72000"><input type="radio"><span> The participants are being deceived. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b897c609e8dbdeca2fc53ab99ad02f53"><input type="radio"><span> Participants may leave the study.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation"><span style="color:#B22222;">The fact that a study is naturalistic does not mean that the participants are being deceived. This depends on whether the study is covert or overt. </span></div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">What did Festinger conclude from his study of the Doomsday cult?</div>
<div class="q-answer"><label class="radio" data-answer="5b660eea27d120a52f04df67b78a310d"><input type="radio"><span> The cult members had no clear idea of why they were joining the cult. </span></label>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="64694cc0c49a103d75158b462d6faa1f"><input type="radio"><span> Cult members rationalized their failure in order to protect their self-esteem. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="7f484bd6744aba120cd52b6aaa92f4de"><input type="radio"><span> People are willing to forgive their leaders, as long as they feel that they did their best and made honest mistakes.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="3e2dc402782d4c1eb563689bff966fd4"><input type="radio"><span> People who are more religious are more likely to join cults.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation"><span style="color:#B22222;">Festinger argued that this was an example of cognitive dissonance. The cult members had to cope with the fact that as intelligent people, they had been led to believe that the world was going to end. When it didn't, they look foolish. To lessen this feeling of failure, they rationalized what happened - that is, they explained that they had actually saved the world through their prayers.</span></div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> an ethical concern of the Festinger study of the Doomsday cult?</div>
<div class="q-answer"><label class="radio" data-answer="74ad2cb935be4a00a72b53e59636b81a"><input type="radio"><span> Deception. </span></label>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="48a2d91038d891d3c21873af2091069c"><input type="radio"><span> Not keeping the data anonymous.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="08cb28e910eff1a2f890b13ee787ae3e"><input type="radio"><span> Researcher bias. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="1e0340019972aa9cf4837d73561dabfe"><input type="radio"><span> Undue stress or harm.</span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation"><span style="color:#B22222;">Festinger broke pretty much all ethical rules with this study. He did not obtain consent, he deceived the participants, he did not keep their data anonymous, he did not debrief them and the publication of his book causes undue stress. Researcher bias is not an ethical consideration. It is potentially a methodological problem. Since Festinger recorded conversations sometimes several hours after they happened, it is possible that his own biases influenced what was remembered. </span></div>
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<p> </p>
<div class="exercise">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Which of the following is <strong>not </strong>an advantage of collecting qualitative data?</p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="f5be1bd8780fa3da71720de6e674755c"><input type="radio"><span> It is a more holistic approach to studying an individual. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="b2ca469969d14f03baa86920adc9c0b8"><input type="radio"><span> The data is very rich, giving a lot of information to the researcher.</span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="e8f6b739a33e0cacf0030577043b099a"><input type="radio"><span> Qualitative data is easier to analyse than quantitative data. </span></label></p>
<p><label class="radio" data-answer="883e8b434d466848f3171446fe5c03b9"><input type="radio"><span> Qualitative data is often naturalistic, studying an individual in their normal social context. </span></label></p>
</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#B22222;">Quantitative data has the advantage of easily being analysed through statistical analysis; for qualitative data, researchers must carry out content analysis to establish trends in the data. </span></p>
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