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Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions17 August 2022

The moon - a source of helium-3?Man first walked on the moon on 20 July 1969 and last set foot on the moon on 14 December 1972. Recently there has been increased interest in returning to the moon and... more

Fossil fuels17 August 2022

Octane ratingIn a gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine the fuel and air mixture is compressed and then ignited by the spark plug. This ignition occurs at the end of the compression stroke so that... more

Energy sources17 August 2022

This sub-topic looks at different energy sources and their efficiency in actually providing the energy required for society, as it currently exists, to function. It is a sobering thought that when we... more

Stereochemistry in biomolecules17 August 2022

The syllabus states clearly that students need to understand that with one exception, amino acids are chiral, and only the L-configuration is found in proteins.Chirality is no problem but if students... more

Biological pigments 17 August 2022

One of the most beautiful sights in nature is the changing colour of autumn leaves (or fall leaves in the US). Other than haemoglobin and myoglobin, virtually all of the biological pigments covered in... more

Nucleic acids 17 August 2022

It's not every day that you find a king buried under a public car park. Archaeologists from Leicester University have confirmed "beyond reasonable doubt" that a skeleton found beneath a car park in Leicester,... more

Proteins & enzymes (AHL) 17 August 2022

Written specifically for students to provide help and support for the IB Diploma chemistry programme this page provides full coverage of the syllabus content of Option B - sub topic B.7. It encourages... more

Biochemistry & the environment 17 August 2022

Photograph taken in the Vietnam War museum in Ho Chi Minh CityIt is generally well known that dioxins, which were made infamous by the spraying of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War, are highly toxic.... more

Vitamins 17 August 2022

In the 1970s Frank Rowland and Mario Molina predicted that CFCs would interfere with the ozone layer. Their work was treated with scepticism, but in 1985 satellite evidence showed that the depletion of... more

Carbohydrates 17 August 2022

Stereochemistry of glucoseAlthough glucose is a simple sugar and a well-known compound, its structure and how it can be represented does pose some problems. It contains four chiral centres. This means... more