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<h1 class="section-title">Explaining basic logic </h1>
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<h1>Exploring consequences of a situation<img alt="" class="right" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/IF%201.jpg" style="width: 182px; height: 173px;"></h1>
<p>The simplest and commonest use of the conditional is "If ...X..., then ...Y..." - meaning that if X applies, then Y is the consequence. For example, "If it rains, people get wet" - and the present tense is used here because the logic <em>always</em> applies, since in no known universe do people go out in the rain in order to get dry.</p>
<p>It may help students to grasp this idea of 'always', not only because it is the kind of structure they will encounter regularly in other subjects ...</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>"If wages rise, then the costs of production rise too" </strong></span></p>
<p>... but also because it may help them then to distinguish and appreciate the nature of other conditionals ... </p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>"If this government raises taxes next week, then we will see a fall in consumption" </strong>(definite consequence)</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">or <strong>"If any government were suddenly to raise tax on petrol by 50%, much of industry would grind to a halt" </strong>(hypothetical argument)</p>
<h2>Situations to discuss<a id="votingfield"> </a></h2>
<p>So the challenge here is to find topics to explore which require students to handle statements which always apply - such as ...</p>
<div class="box">
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong> > </strong> <span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">"what makes people vote, or not vote, in elections?"<a id="voting"> </a></span></span></p>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Step 1</strong></span> ... Get the students to look at the following field of statements.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>A </strong>people feel that voting makes little difference <strong>B</strong> politics is boring </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>C </strong>political parties change the future </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>D </strong>it's people's duty to vote <strong> E </strong> people are worried about the future <strong>F</strong> people have other things to do </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>G </strong>people know what's important to them <strong>H</strong> people think that politicians don't listen to them </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>I </strong>politicians just do what they want <strong>K</strong> people think that politicians listen to them </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>L </strong>politicians are corrupt <strong>M</strong> politicians are only interested in fighting amongst themselves </em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>N </strong>voting doesn't change anything <strong>O</strong> elections are the one moment when people have power</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>P </strong>a politician has a clear idea of what is good for the country <strong> Q </strong>no-one bothers to vote</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><em><strong>R </strong>people vote <strong>S </strong>people don't vote</em></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
<div class="dottedBox">
<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Handout</strong></span></p>
<p><a href="/media/ib/englishb/files/VOTINGfield.pdf"><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Voting & politics quotefield</strong></span></a></p>
</div>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Step 2</strong></span> ... Then give them the <strong>sentence frame</strong> ' If ..............., then .............. ' and ask them to produce as many variations of the sentence frame as they can. This can be done by ...</p>
<ul>
<li>EITHER preparing a list of combinations of the letters as in 'If ...E ..., then ... R ...'</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(This is the shorthand way to do it, concentrating more on the thinking involved - but the students should then be required to get the grammar right when they report back orally ... best for a group with at least a competent grasp of language?)</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>OR writing out each variation in full, changing the basic statement as required grammatically to make sense </li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">(Slightly more laboured, but requires more focus on getting the language right ... best for a group with weaker language ?)</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Step 3</strong></span> ... Take another topic and EITHER give them a similar field of statements OR elicit possible statements and put them up in front of the class ... then, give the same frame, and repeat the process</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>Step 4 </strong></span>... <em>(probably another day) </em>Propose another similar topic, remind them of the frame ... and then just discuss the topic, praising every successfully-produced use of the frame </p>
<h3>Contrast Exercises</h3>
<p>Apply the same process to the 2nd Conditional, as an exercise is speculation, using a topic such as ...</p>
<p><span style="font-size: 20px;"><strong> > </strong></span><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">"What would happen if people were <u>paid</u> to vote?"</span></span></p>
<p>With an able group, start with a brainstorming exercise, put the results up in front of the class - with the frame - then require correctly-formed sentences, either in writing, or orally.</p>
<p>With a less able group, supply a field of statements or ideas (as above, with identifying letters), and repeat the procedure(s) given in Step 2 above.</p>
<p><strong><em>.</em></strong></p>
<div class="pinkBg">
<h3>qBank resources</h3>
<p><strong><span style="color:#B22222;">Conditionals #0 and #1</span></strong> .... Handling logic and definite prediction ... making arrangements</p>
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<p><strong><em>.</em></strong></p>
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