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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="framing-ideas" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Framing ideas</h1>
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<p>The idea of 'framing' is that language can create a frame around the basic statement of ideas ... and this frame will modify the way that the audience understands or interprets the basic statements. Consider the following argument:-</p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color:#0000CD;">Generally</span>, poverty is considered to be a bad thing. <span style="color:#0000CD;">Clearly</span>, however, <span style="color:#0000CD;">it is important</span> to define what we mean by 'poverty', in which context. An income which <span style="color:#800080;">may</span> be seen as meaning 'poverty' in one economic context <span style="color:#800080;">could</span> be seen as 'not poverty' in another context.</span></h3>
<p>The two basic key statements, "poverty...a bad thing" and "... define what we mean by 'poverty'..." are modified by the <strong><span style="color:#0000CD;">framing</span></strong> terms "generally", "clearly" and "it is important", which provide indications of how we should consider and assess the basic simple statements.</p>
<p>Notice how the <span style="color:#800080;"><strong>modals</strong></span> "may" and "could" then modify the certainty with which the definitions should be judged.</p>
<p>.</p>
<h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>** Why not use the Presentation mode button, first in the row at top left, to present the following ideas ?</em></span></h5>
<p><em>.</em></p>
<h3>Subjective framing</h3>
<p>The term 'subjective framing' is intended to describe how a level of complexity is added when the student has the linguistic resources to be capable of <em><strong>commenting</strong></em> on ideas, instead of merely <em><strong>stating</strong></em> them.</p>
<p>The simplest such term is <em>'personally,...'</em>, indicating that what follows is the writer's own point of view, and not necessarily 'The Truth'. Fair enough, but we should use such terms carefully and precisely, since academic discourse is generally supposed to focus on debating the ideas themselves, rather than on personal reactions to them.</p>
<p>Notice the distinction between <strong>STANCE</strong> : emphasising your personal opinion or position on an issue - and <strong>APPROACH</strong> : where you signal the type of statement you are making, and so how it should be taken.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>.</p>
<h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Indicating your personal attitude</span></h2>
<p><strong>.</strong></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="775">
<tbody>
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<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><strong>STANCE - where <u>you </u>stand</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">in my opinion</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">in my view</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">personally</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">as far as I'm concerned</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">to my mind</p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><strong>APPROACH - what <u>type</u> of statement</strong></em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">in fairness : to be fair</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">seriously : to be serious</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">honestly : to be honest</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">frankly : to be frank</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">bluntly : to be blunt</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>More valuable is the type of structure shown below, since such phrasing indeed focuses on the development of the argument <em>itself</em>, rather than how you are presenting it.</p>
<p>.</p>
<h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Commenting on the next idea</span></h2>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">'link verb' + adjective + 'that'.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em>for example : </em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><em>* It is (essential) that .........</em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><em>* It seems (apparent) that .........</em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><em>* It should be (obvious) that ..........</em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"><em>.</em></span></p>
<dl>
<dd>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><u><em><strong>How true...?</strong></em></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">true</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">certain</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">doubtful</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">likely</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">probable</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">possible</p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><u><em><strong>How clear...?</strong></em></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">clear</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">obvious</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">apparent</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">evident</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">plain</p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><u><em><strong>How important...?</strong></em></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">important</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">appropriate</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">necessary</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">significant</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">essential</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">vital</p>
</td>
<td>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="color:#0000CD;"><u><strong>How surprising...?</strong></u></span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">surprising</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">strange</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">funny</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;">extraordinary</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
</table>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>... and all the negative forms of these as well, of course - e.g. unlikely ... unclear ... inappropriate ... etc</strong></span></em></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>.</strong></span></p>
<h3>Adverbs to refine meaning</h3>
<p>The following range of adverbs express pretty sophisticated ideas, and can be used to frame ideas with succinct comment. They are, for the most part, clearly not words that students with a competent grasp of colloquial language will naturally use - but they are vital for achieving a complex level of argument. They need to be taught actively.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>How clear ?</strong></span></span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">clearly ... definitely ... positively ... similarly</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">obviously ... distinctly ... predictably ... proportionately</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>How do we know ?</strong></span></em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">rationally ... intrinsically ... theoretically</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">logically ... implicitly ... technically</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">justifiably ... inevitably ... traditionally</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>How often ?</strong></span></span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">constantly</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">continuously</p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;">> persistently > reliably > temporarily > rarely</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">continually</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">consistently</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="color:#0000CD;"><em><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>When ? </strong></span></em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">previously <...</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;">> initially > subsequently > consequently > eventually > finally > ultimately</p>
<p>.</p>
<p>.</p>
<div class="pinkBg">
<h3>qBank resources</h3>
<p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Framing & certainty</strong></span> ... use of words and phrases to frame and modify the strength and certainty of statements</p>
</div>
<p>** In order to focus attention, and present these ideas clearly, you could also present by using this Powerpoint Presentation:-</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/davidripley/qualifiers-caution" target="_blank" title="Presentations"><img class="ico" src="../../../img/materials/ppt-24.png" style="vertical-align: middle"> Qualifiers & Caution </a> </p>
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