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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="tenses-explored" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Tenses, explored</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../index.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Language System</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Key Language Issues</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">Tenses, explored</span></li></ul>
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<section class="span12" id="main-content">
<h4><span style="color:#000080;"><em>Tenses are one of the major ways (but not the only way) that English expresses the structure of time.</em></span></h4><h4><span style="color:#000080;"><em>It is worthwhile, therefore, to examine what we mean by that phrase 'the structure of time'.</em></span></h4><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">The overall structure</span></h2><h2><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-1.jpg" style="width: 628px; height: 202px;"></h2><p>That's all simple enough, and every language in the world has some way of dealing with those three areas of time. But the English language structures time, through verb tenses, in some slightly more complicated ways. Like this...</p><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">The past linked to the present</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-2.jpg" style="width: 366px; height: 192px;"></p><p>The idea here is of 'unfinished time' - an action which started in the past but which reaches to the present. In addition, there is the idea of 'just' - an action which may have finished, but so recently that it remains 'connected' to the present. For example...</p><ul><li><h4><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color: rgb(75, 0, 130);">I </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">have</span><span style="color: rgb(75, 0, 130);"> always liked chocolate (and I still do)</span></span></h4></li><li><h4><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;"><span style="color: rgb(75, 0, 130);">I </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">have</span><span style="color: rgb(75, 0, 130);"> (just) spoken to Julia, and she says hi </span></span></h4></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Definitely past</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-3.jpg" style="width: 376px; height: 204px;"></p><p>This diagram shows events which are clearly placed in the past, and no longer continue into the present. They are definitely <u>THEN</u> and not <u>NOW</u>. For example...</p><ul><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">I </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">r</span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">ang</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> Marco yesterday (but I haven't spoken to him today)</span></span></h4></li><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">She </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">lived</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> in Mexico for two years (before she came here, where she has studied for six months)</span></span></h4></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Past before the past</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-4.jpg" style="width: 454px; height: 220px;"></p><p>So here we have a way of making clear the sequence of events in time in the past - both actions happen in the past, but one of them happened before the other one : '<u>before THEN</u> happens before <u>THEN</u>'. For example...</p><ul><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">I </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">had</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> rung Marco before I heard about the accident - so now I must rung him again.</span></span></h4></li><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">Anyway, before she lived in Mexico, she </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">had</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> spent some time in Peru and Colombia, so she knows Spanish very well.<a _cke_focus="1" aria-posinset="8" aria-setsize="41" href="javascript:void('Indigo')" onclick="CKEDITOR.tools.callFunction(144,'#4B0082','fore'); return false;" role="option" title="Indigo"><span style="background-color:#4B0082"></span></a></span></span></h4></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Alternative pasts</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-5.jpg" style="width: 398px; height: 238px;"></p><p>But sometimes we want to think about possible different things that might have happened in the past. If so, we can't use exactly the same language as what did happen. In other words, we have to show the difference between <strong>'Definitely past'</strong> and <strong>'Alternative past'</strong>. For example...</p><ul><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">If I </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">had known</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> about the accident, I </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">would have told</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> Marco immediately ... but I didn't </span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">know.</span></span></h4></li><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">If she </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">had spent</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> more time in the States instead of South America, she </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">would have learned</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> English better.</span></span></h4></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><hr class="hidden"><h2><span style="color:#0000CD;">Past-in-the-future</span></h2><p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/time-6.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 246px;"></p><p>The final complication is that we may want to show the order of events in the future - to indicate how one action happened before another in the future, just as we did with the <strong>Past before the past</strong> when referring to past actions. For example...</p><ul><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">By the time Marco gets here, he </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">will have had</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> time to make plans and decide what to do.</span></span></h4></li><li><h4><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">She is going to spend next year in San Francisco, so she </span></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;">will have had</span></span><span style="color:#4B0082;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms, cursive;"> plenty of time to improve her English before going to university.</span></span></h4></li></ul><hr class="hidden"><h3><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Combining tenses quiz</em></span></h3><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em><span style="font-family:comic sans ms,cursive;">Here is a quick quiz generated from the qBank - the questions change every time you open this page!</span></em></span></p><div class="tib-quiz" data-structure="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" data-question-ids="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744"> <div class="exercise" data-id="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Laughing looney... <em>Choose the correct form of verb to fit into each space, and drag it into the appropriate gap. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">would have laughed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will be laughing </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">laughed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">was laughing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">had laughed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">laugh</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will laugh</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">am laughing</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">"I like laughing - in fact, I <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> a lot. Some of the best times of my life have been when I <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> . Do you know, at the end of my last driving test, I <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> so much because I had made so many crazy mistakes ... and if I had ended up crashing the car, I think I <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> until I cried !"</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">And that's just a sample of how many different forms a single verb can take!</span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div>
<div class="exercise" data-id="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Annoyed... <em>Choose the correct form of verb to fit into each space, and drag it into the appropriate gap. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">has sent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">would come</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">going to tell</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will be</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">telling</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">is sending</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">is going</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">had come</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">"I'm really annoyed with Bernard. He promised that he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> this weekend, and just now he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> me a text saying that he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> doing something else. I'm <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> him that he has to come."</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p></p>
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<div class="exercise" data-id="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Making an appointment... <em>Choose the correct form of verb to fit into each space, and drag it into the appropriate gap. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will be being able</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will go</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will be able</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">would finish </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">go</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will have finished </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">are able</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">"Peter <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> working at the school by ten o'clock, so we <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> to meet him before we <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> to the cinema."</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">Notice how there are three forms of future tense in action here.</span></span></p>
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<div class="exercise" data-id="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Bad mistake!... <em>Choose the correct form of verb to fit into each space, and drag it into the appropriate gap. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">had forgotten</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">would have to</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">is arriving</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">remembered</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will have to</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">was arriving</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">has forgotten</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">has to</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">has remembered</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">Just as he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> at school, Carlo suddenly <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> that he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> to bring his laptop with him. And he realised to his horror that he <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> go all the way back home</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">Notice that it is usual to tell this kind of story in the past tenses - not to use the present, as in "Just as he arrives..." You <u>can</u>, of course, to give more vivid effect, but it is not the conventional approach.</span></span></p>
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<div class="exercise" data-id="1746,1705,1827,1704,1744">
<div class="q-question">
<p>Three years to do the Diploma... <em>Choose the correct form of verb to fit into each space, and drag it into the appropriate gap. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">takes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">hasn't recovered</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">won't finish</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">has had</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">will have taken </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">didn't recover </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">is going to finish </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">had</span> </p>
</div>
<div class="q-answer">"My sister <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> the IB until next year. The reason she <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> three years instead of two is that she <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> a serious illness six months ago, and she <input type="text" style="height: auto;"> <span class="review"></span> properly yet."</div>
<div class="q-explanation">
<p><span style="color:#0000CD;"><span style="font-family: comic sans ms,cursive;">Can you explain why the 'wrong' options are not suitable in this context ?</span></span></p>
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</div><hr><div class="pinkBg"><h3>qBank resources</h3><p><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong>Combining tenses</strong></span><span style="color:#B22222;"><strong> </strong></span>... general revision of how tenses can be fitted together to express related time sequences.</p></div><hr class="hidden"><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
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$('a.btn.showhider').click(function(e) {
var showHiderId = $( this ).attr('rel');
if( $('#'+showHiderId).find('iframe').length > 0 ) {
$('#'+showHiderId+' iframe').each(function() {
if ( $(this).attr('src').indexOf('.pdf') > 0 ) {
this.contentWindow.location.reload(true);
}
});
}
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>