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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="speech-presentation-debate-" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">Speech, presentation, debate </h1>
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<div class="greenBg"><h3>KEY FEATURES</h3><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>context, audience, purpose</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the context will describe a situation in which a particular type of message is to be communicated orally - this situation will not only specify the type of audience, but also the expected behaviour of the audience (e.g. whether the audience expects simply to be informed, or to be challenged, or required to make a choice...etc). The subject matter, and how it is best presented, will also be influenced by this general context</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the audience can generally be assumed to be reasonably educated and informed, and capable of understanding sophisticated language (unless some particular audience is specified in the task)</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* the purpose of the text will be some mixture of 'inform' and 'persuade' (with perhaps a good dash of 'amuse & entertain' for rhetorical purposes!)</p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>register and tone</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will use a semi-formal to informal register</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will have an appropriately serious tone</p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><u><strong>conventions</strong></u> - </span></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will address the audience and keep contact with them throughout (eg use of “we” and “you” etc)</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will set out to catch the audience’s attention at the beginning, and leave a clear impression at the end</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">* will include elements of speech rhetoric eg rhetorical questions, repetition etc.</p><div class="yellowBg"><h4><span style="color:#FF0000;">Appropriate?</span></h4><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A<strong> Speech / Presentation </strong>will be appropriate if the task requires you to present your ideas personally, on a public occasion. The task will usually make clear the context and the audience (for example, talking about a major change in your school, to an audience of fellow students). It will be appropriate to make a speech if you are required to interest, or motivate, or inspire your audience, by using vivid rhetoric and direct interaction with the audience. <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"> </span></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>Not to be confused with...</em></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">...<strong> <em>'opinion column' </em></strong><em>or<strong> 'proposal' </strong></em> or <strong><em>'brochure / leaflet' </em></strong>... an <em>'opinion column</em>' is usually <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">focused on one particular issue, which is explained convincingly and the final opinion argued reasonably - and because an opinion column is <u>read</u>, it is more appropriate for quiet reflection, rather than the dramatic persuasion expected in a speech. A <em>'proposal'</em> is intended to <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">present some kind of project formally, based on <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">facts and figures, for serious <u>discussion</u> with a particular audience. A <span style="color:#FF0000;"><em>'brochure / leaflet'</em><strong><em> </em></strong></span>may be used to present your ideas, but rather if you want the ideas to reach a wider group of people than could attend a speech</span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span> <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></span></span></span></p></div></div><h3>Format and Approach discussed</h3><p>This text type involves the written form of a discourse to be presented orally. The task may emphasise clear explanation (talk, presentation), or convincing argument (introduction to debate, speech).</p><p>Once again, we have a 'text type' which actually reads more like a list. To clarify, I offer my interpretation of what the different labels mean in practice :</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Introduction to debate</strong></em> - no-one actually seems to know what precisely is meant by this term, but I assume it means 'the opening statement in a formal debate': in other words, a speech that takes one side of an issue.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Speech</strong></em> - distinguished from the 'debate' speech above in that it may be a speech advocating any point of view at all, rather than one side of a debate: in other words, one does not have to take a polarised stance, but may argue "on the one hand...on the other..."</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Talk</strong></em> - speaking to a specific audience about a specific topic: usually containing both factual information and advice</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em><strong>Presentation</strong></em> - the emphasis here I take to be that the focus is on presenting information - advice or a moral stance may be involved, but is considered secondary</p><p>It is worth studying the actual wording of questions, as listed in the Tasks box below. Note that the first three above all apear in one form or another, but 'presentation' has not appeared so far. The best advice for students is to read the question carefully and follow instructions thoughtfully.</p><p><u><em><strong>Basic Format</strong></em></u></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- 'address' established :</em> direct address to audience at the beginning</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- 'address' maintained</em> : use of the pronouns 'you' and 'we' to maintain direct links with the audience ? … and/or, how consistently?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- clear opening / introduction</em> : statement of purpose</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>- appropriate closing / conclusion</em> : summary of case / point</p><p><u><em><strong>Approach</strong></em></u></p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> 'MAP' </em> Does the student aid the audience's understanding by giving an early summary, or 'map', of what is going to be said?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> lucid development:</em> How clearly does the script present ideas in order to explain, and/or impress? This will be based on sensible paragraphing, but the paragraphs should be emphasised and supported by 'oral paragraphing' i.e. cohesive phrases which will convey structure in speech. See below...</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> cohesive devices:</em> How clear is the use of sequence markers to guide the audience? Consult the page <a href="../1180/sequence-markers.html" title="Language System » Key Language Issues » Sequence markers">Sequence markers</a> .</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> opening & closing:</em> How forcefully does the script catch the audience's attention at the beginning, and leave a clear impression at the end?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;"><em>> rhetoric:</em> To what extent, and how effectively, are common rhetorical techniques used? Such as – rhetorical question … references … metaphorical tropes … irony … exaggeration (understatement?) ... etc etc</p><h4>Relevant writing purposes</h4><p>The most useful skills are those studied under <a href="../1237/explanation.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Explanation">Explanation</a> and <a href="../1238/argument.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Argument">Argument</a></p><div class="greyBg"><h4>Key tips - for both writing and the Oral</h4><p>> When a clear statement, or position, is required by the task (e.g. in a debate speech), advise the students to make clear from the start as to whether they have chosen to be 'for' or 'against' -<em><strong> make stance / position obvious</strong></em>. If they don't do this (as required in the questions) they could lose a lot of marks under Criterion B</p><p>><em><strong> Include some direct address</strong></em> to the audience at the beginning - but (i) avoid being too formal, and (ii) move on from polite opening to direct contact with the subject - a stimulating form of address might be to ask a direct question to the audience...?</p><p>> Note that <em><strong>'address to the audience'</strong></em> is commonly recognisable in <em><strong>three main ways</strong></em>: (i) direct greeting at the beginning and direct signing-off at the end, (ii) use of pronouns such as 'you' and 'we' throughout the text, and (iii) rhetorical effects such as direct / rhetorical questions. Ideally, the students could use all of these, but (ii) is the most important and convincing.</p><p>> It is not essential, but certainly helpful in terms of marks, to give <em><strong>some sort of 'MAP'</strong></em> at the beginning of any oral presentation - i.e. "first I'm going to deal with A, then B, and finally C" This should aim to make clear why it is helpful to use the sequence A > B > C ... (This is particularly significant in the Oral Interviewer, to help the examiner understand the structure of the presentation)</p><p> However, in Paper 1 Writing, there is not time or space for a lengthy MAP, but one can do these sorts of thing :</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">(i) simply use the three key words, thus : <em>"... ignorance, intolerance and indifference. Let us take each of these words in order."</em> - leading to a paragraph on each.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">(ii) OR slightly more complex : <em>"... ignorance, intolerance and indifference. Television can easily deal with ignorance through news programmes, but intolerance and indifference are more difficult. Let us take the easy part first ..."</em> - leading to a paragraph on 'ignorance', and then more paragraphs discussing the difficulties of 'intolerance and indifference'.</p><p>> <em><strong>Clear and rational flow of ideas</strong></em> - students should think out their ideas logically and methodically to start with, and then link each step of the argument clearly ... which all means thoughtful planning before you start writing (and should also make the MAP more obvious)</p></div><div><div class="blueBg"><div><h3>Materials & models</h3><p><strong>></strong> <a href="../8182/obama-at-tucson.html" title="TOK, language & communication » Communication & Media » Internet & politics » Obama at Tucson">Obama at Tucson</a> ... an extract from a speech by Obama, following a shooting in the US - the power of clear, direct statement which transmits honesty</p><p><span style="font-size:14px"><strong>> <a href="../15934/political-speech.html">Political speech</a> </strong></span>... extract from a classic political speech, highlighting the notion, and skilled use, of rhetoric</p><p><strong>> <a href="../16381/speeches-by-students.html">Speeches by students</a></strong> ... three examples of speeches, analysed in some depth, with comments on how to improve</p><p>> <a href="../18688/paper-2-speech-b.html" title="Teaching Skills » Teaching Writing » Writing purposes » Argument » Paper 2 Speech (B)">Paper 2 Speech (B)</a> ... an example of the handling of an exam task (HL N14) - middling performance, illustrating both strengths & weaknesses</p></div></div></div><div class="yellowBg"><h3>Suggested 'new style' exam tasks</h3><p><span style="color:#006400;"><em>The following are possible adaptations of some of the 'old style' tasks listed below. Each provides three optional text types, arranged in the order of (i) appropriate; (ii) generally appropriate; (iii) inappropriate - if you use them, clearly, you should randomise the choices.</em></span></p><p><span style="color:#006400;"><em>Two versions are presented: one for HL, with three required elements, and one for SL, with two required elements.</em></span></p><hr class="hidden"><p>(HL) A recent survey conducted at your school has revealed that many students are not getting enough sleep. The school authorities are concerned about this situation, and have asked for ideas of how to deal with it. You think you have some practical suggestions, which you think you can communicate effectively and convincingly to your fellow students. Write a text which describes the habits which lead to getting too little sleep, explains ways to change these habits, and persuades people to commit themselves to these new ways..</p><p>(i) Speech .... (ii) Leaflet ..... (iii) Proposal</p><p>(SL) A recent survey conducted at your school has revealed that many students are not getting enough sleep. The school authorities are concerned about this situation, and have asked for ideas of how to deal with it. You think you have some practical suggestions, which you think you can communicate effectively and convincingly to your fellow students. Write a text which explains ways to change the habits which lead to too little sleep, and persuades people to commit themselves to these new ways..</p><p>(i) Speech .... (ii) Leaflet ..... (iii) Proposal</p><p>*******</p><p>(HL) The principal of your school is proposing to reduce the length of the school’s main holiday. This matter is to be discussed at the next Parent Teacher Association meeting. You have a strong opinion about the proposal (whether for or against). Write a text to argue your opinion - you should describe the reasons given for the proposal, discuss how strong those reasons may be, and argue that your opinion is the right one.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Speech ..... (ii) Letter ..... (iii) Blog</p><p>(SL) The principal of your school is proposing to reduce the length of the school’s main holiday. This matter is to be discussed at the next Parent Teacher Association meeting. You have a strong opinion about the proposal (whether for or against). Write a text to argue your opinion - you should describe the reasons given for the proposal, and discuss how strong those reasons may be.</p><p style="text-align: center;">(i) Speech ..... (ii) Letter ..... (iii) Blog</p></div><div class="pinkBg"><h3>Recent exam tasks ('old' style)</h3><p>You are taking part in a class debate on the motion: “When people move to another country and wish to adapt well, they should adopt its culture and forget about their own”. Write the text of the debate’s opening speech, either agreeing or disagreeing with this motion. (HL M13)</p><p>Parents who attend their children’s competitive sports events are the best of fans, yet it could be argued that this puts more pressure on the children. As the captain of a sports team, you have been asked to speak at the Parent-Teacher Association’s monthly meeting about this situation. Write your speech. (SL M13)</p><p>Money plays an important role in sport today. You have been asked to give a speech to your classmates on the negative aspects of this situation. Write the text of your speech. (HL N13)</p><p>Your school board has proposed that students should use only English while on campus. As the president of the student council, you have been asked to give a speech at the next board meeting, either agreeing or disagreeing with this proposal. Write the text of your speech. (SL N13)</p><p>You are participating in a class debate on the motion: “Science experiments should not involve the use of animals”. Write the text of your opening speech either agreeing or disagreeing with this motion. (HL M14)</p><p>In order to use more renewable energy in your country, there is a plan to build a dam to provide electricity. However, the resulting lake would cover a village, and all the people living there would have to be moved. You decide to give a speech at a public meeting called to discuss the project. Write your speech either for or against the plan. (HL N14)</p><p>Your local government has proposed to cut financial support to the only theatre in your town. The public is asked for feedback in a public hearing. You decide to go to this hearing to speak in support of ongoing government funding. Write the text for your speech. (SL N14)</p><p>Young people in your town are increasingly too reliant on dietary supplements (such as energy boosters, bodybuilding supplements or weight loss supplements). To raise awareness about the issue, your principal asked you to give a talk to your schoolmates in which you discuss the severity of the issue and suggest how it can be overcome. (HL M15)</p><p>You are taking part in a class debate on the motion: “Robots should not be used in factories because they take jobs from people.” Write your speech either agreeing or disagreeing with this motion. (HL N15)</p><p>Many students at your school are addicted to playing video games. Your principal has asked you to give a talk to younger students at your school describing the dangers of this addiction and how it can be avoided. (SL N15)</p><p>Some of your classmates are unaware of the dangers associated with loss of privacy while using social networks. Your principal has asked you, as the president of the student council, to give a talk to your fellow students in which you discuss these dangers and suggest ways in which students can protect themselves. (HL M16)</p><p>You are taking part in a class debate on the motion: “Sport is essential to health and happiness”. Write the text of your opening speech either agreeing or disagreeing with this motion. (HL N16)</p><p>Your teacher has set this as the topic of your next English B class debate: “Works of art represent their creators, not the culture in which they were created”. Write your opening speech either agreeing or disagreeing with the statement. (HL M17)</p><p>A recent survey conducted at your school revealed that many students are not getting enough sleep. Your teacher has asked you to give a talk to your classmates explaining the importance of sleeping well and suggesting ways in which sleeping habits can be improved. Write the text of your talk. (SL M17)</p><p>Your English teacher has asked you to give a presentation on the topic: “Advances in science can both benefit and damage society”. Write the text of your presentation describing one such scientific advance, and explaining why you think it is a good example of this dilemma. (HL N17)</p><p>You are very enthusiastic about your hobby and have been invited to give a talk about it to other students at your school. In your talk, describe how this hobby has contributed to your personal development and why you would encourage others to also take up this hobby. Write the text of your talk. (SL N17)</p><p>The principal of your school is proposing to reduce the length of the school’s main holiday. This matter will be debated at the next Parent Teacher Association meeting. As one of those invited to present a student perspective, write the text of your opening speech to be given at the meeting, either supporting or opposing the principal’s proposal. (HL N18)</p><p>You have been learning sign language for a year and find that this activity is both enjoyable and important. You wish that all your fellow students could learn sign language too. Write the text of a presentation you will give to the school management asking for sign language to be included in the school curriculum and explaining the benefits this could bring. (SL N19)</p></div><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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