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<h1 class="section-title">About articles 2</h1>
<ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a title="Home" href="../../../index.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Language System</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="gray">Key Language Issues</span><span class="divider">/</span></li><li><span class="active">About articles 2</span></li></ul>
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<h2>Making sense of exceptions</h2>
<p><img alt="" class="right noborder" src="../../../ib/englishb/images/Articles%20GenGraphic%202.jpg" style="width: 167px; height: 150px;">In <a href="../../key-language-issues/about-articles-1.htm"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong>About Articles 1</strong></span></a>, we looked at the main rules about how to use those annoying articles in English. In this page, I want to look at the ways that articles are used which don't fit conveniently into the Rules.</p>
<p>I propose to suggest some MiniRules which cover 'special circumstances' about articles. These are mostly common phrases which you'll come across in everyday usage ... so it is smart to learn them.</p>
<p>If you have a good understanding of the main Rules, and you learn the MiniRules carefully - you will get 90% of the articles right, 90% of the time !</p>
<h3>The MiniRules</h3>
<p>The MiniRules don't really have reasons - they're just the way that the language is used. This means that you simply have to learn them until they become the natural way to say those ideas. I provide the main examples, but you would be smart to keep looking out for similar cases.</p>
<p>The MiniRules fall into two groups: special cases <em><strong>when you do</strong></em> use an article, and special cases <em><strong>when you don't</strong></em> use any article. In some ways, the 'when you don't' group are the more common, and the more significant because these often involve cases when you <em>do</em> use articles in other languages. (It is wise to be aware of how your own language suggests that you use articles - this is called First Language Interference, or L1 interference, and it is very common ...)</p>
<h2><u>When you do</u></h2>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Professions & Jobs MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DO use a/an</strong> before the name of a name of a profession or a job</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> don't</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color:#f00;"><em>I am going to be architect </em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> do</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>I am going to be an architect</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>She's training to be a pilot</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>My parents want me to be a teacher, but I think they're crazy</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Exclamations! MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DO use a/an</strong> in exclamations - but only in front of a singular noun. With nouns that are plural, you <u>don't</u> use a / an. Here are examples :-</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em><span style="color:#008000;">What an incredible film !</span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><em><span style="color:#008000;">What a fantastic dress !</span></em></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:13px;"><strong>BUT ...</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>What beautiful flowers !</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>What amazing friends you are !</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Quantities & Rates MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DO use a/an</strong> in a number of very common expressions of quantity - how much of something there is - such as :-</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>a quarter, a half, a couple of, a dozen, a hundred, a lot of</em></span> ... and there are others</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>AND</strong> ... you <strong>DO use a / an</strong> in phrases describing the rate of things (which can also use the word <em>per</em>, as in <em>fifty miles per hour</em>)</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>$2.40 a kilo, seventy five miles an hour, four times a day / week / month / yea</em></span>r ... etc</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: center;">.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: center;">.</p>
<h2><u>When you don't</u></h2>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Meals MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DON'T use a/an</strong> when you name the <u>type</u> of meal - but you <strong>DO use a/an or the</strong> when you're talking <u>particular occasions</u></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> don't</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color:#f00;"><em>My favourite meal is the breakfast </em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> do</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>My favourite meal is breakfast </em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Dinner is ready </em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Lunch at school is usually awful</span><em> ...</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>BUT ...</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>... but the lunch they gave us yesterday was really quite good !</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>The hotel provided a very good breakfast</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Sports & Activities MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DON'T use the</strong> before the names of sports, and other activities</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> don't</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color:#f00;"><em>The cricket is the most boring sport in the world</em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><em>I studied the music at school</em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> do</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>I love cricket ! </em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><em>Music is the most popular art</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><em>Swimming is really good for you</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Institutions MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DON'T use the</strong> when you're talking about the organisation or institution, rather than the particular building.</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">NOTE the difference :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><em>She goes to university </em></span>(= she is a student in this educational system)</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#00f;"><em>We met in front of the university </em></span>(= a particular building in a particular place)</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><strong>SO ...</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>She goes to school every day</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>He has been in hospital since the accident</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>BY MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DON'T use the</strong> when you use 'by' to mean 'by the means of'</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> don't</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color:#f00;"><em>I'm going to London by the bus </em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> do</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>I going to London by bus </em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><em>We went to Moscow by plane</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><em>We'll keep in touch by email</em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Languages MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>DON'T use the</strong> in front of the names of languages</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> don't</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strike><span style="color:#f00;"><em>Do you speak the Spanish?</em></span></strike></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">You<em><strong> do</strong></em> say :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>Do you speak Spanish?</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 128, 0);"><em>Russian is a hard language to learn. </em></span></p>
<p>.</p>
<h3>Points-of-time MiniRule</h3>
<p>... you <strong>don't use the</strong> in the following cases dealing with time :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">> before days, months, festivals, years</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>SUCH AS</strong> <span style="color:#008000;"><em>... on Monday ... in August ... at Christmas ... in 1992 ...</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;">> before key <u>points</u> in the day</p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>SUCH AS</strong> <span style="color:#008000;"><em>... at dawn ... at noon ... at 7.30 ... at sunset ...</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 80px;"><strong>[BUT</strong> ... you <strong>DO use the</strong> when you are talking about <u>periods</u> in the day :</p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>... in the morning ... in the evening ...</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: center;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>.</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px; text-align: center;"><span style="color:#008000;"><em>.</em></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 120px;"></p>
<h3>MiniRules Exercises</h3>
<p>You can practise this knowledge either by doing the online exercises; or by using the handout (if you use the handout, you can find the answers by looking at the online exercises).</p>
<div>
<p><strong>Online Exercises: go to ...</strong></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:13px;"><a href="../../about-articles-2/articles-2a-mixed.htm"><strong><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/tests.png"> Articles 2A Mixed </strong></a></span>- practises the 'When you do' section</p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size:13px;"><a href="../../about-articles-2/articles-2b-minirules.htm"><strong><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/tests.png"> Articles 2B MiniRules</strong></a></span><a href="http://www.thinkib.net/englishb/about-articles-2/articles-2b-minirules.htm"> </a>- practises the 'When you don't' section</p>
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<p><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>Handout</strong></span></p>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href="/media/ib/englishb/files/Articles%20MiniRules%20Exercises.pdf"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><strong><img class="ico" src="../../../img/icons/exercise.png"> Articles MiniRules Exercises</strong></span></a></p>
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