File "chemistry.html"

Path: /ThinkIB/chem/chemistryhtml
File size: 81.16 KB
MIME-type: text/html
Charset: utf-8

 
Open Back
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
        <!-- Google Tag Manager -->
    <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
        new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
        j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
        'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
        })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K5VSFSN');
    </script>
    <!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
    <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=Edge">
    <title>DP Chemistry</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"><meta name="googlebot" content="noarchive">
    <!-- Removed by WebCopy --><!--<base href="https://www.thinkib.net">--><!-- Removed by WebCopy --><meta name="keywords" content="dp chemistry, chemistry, inthinking, IB, IBDP, IBMYP, thinkib, baccalaureate, education, diploma, international baccalaureate, international schools, high school degree, middle years, middle years programme, international education"><meta name="description" content="Chemistry: Browse last pages, blog posts, check sitemap, get Teaching Materials and share knowledge with the ThinkIB.net IB community.">
    <link href="css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
    <!-- <link href="css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="css/font-awesome-ie7.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> -->
    <link href="css/font-awesome-4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <link href="css/top-nav.min.css?v=202211301945" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
    <link href="css/style.min.css?v=202212191040" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
    <link href="css/style-ib.min.css?v=202211282000" rel="stylesheet" media="screen">
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css">
    <link href="js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">

    <!-- IEXPLORER FIXES -->
    <!--[if lt IE 9]>
        <script src="js/iexplorer-html5-fix.js"></script>
    <![endif]-->
    <!--[if IE 8]>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap-ie8buttonfix.css">
    <![endif]-->
    <!--[if lt IE 8]>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap-ie7buttonfix.css">
    <![endif]-->

    <link href="css/frontpage.min.css?v=20221104" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"><meta property="og:title" content="InThinking DP Chemistry"><meta property="og:description" content="Chemistry: Browse last pages, blog posts, check sitemap, get Teaching Materials and share knowledge with the ThinkIB.net IB community."><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/subject-sites-home/ib/std/chemistry.jpg"><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta property="og:site_name" content="DP Chemistry"><script src="js/localdates.min.js?v=202009290900"></script><script src="js/ifvisible.min.js"></script><script>ifvisible.setIdleDuration(300);</script><script>var tibSitename = "chemistry";</script>
    <script>
        const SITE_TAG = "ib"
        const SITE_WEB = "ThinkIB.net"
        const SITE_DOMAIN = "www.thinkib.net"
        const SITE_URI = "https://thinkib.net"
        const SITE_CLIENT_CODE = "TIB000001"
        let imageThinker = "img/header-thinker-ib.svg";
        let imageStudent = "img/header-student-thinkib.svg";
    </script>
<script>var userHash = "IB Docs (2) Team", userTicket = "";</script><script src="js/user/local-stats.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="img/favicon/thinkib/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="img/favicon/thinkib/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"><meta name="application-name" content="&nbsp;"><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#FFFFFF"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-144x144.png"><meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-70x70.png"><meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-150x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x150.png"><meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="https://www.thinkib.net/img/favicon/thinkib/mstile-310x310.png">
</head>

<body onunload="">
        <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
    <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K5VSFSN" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
    <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
    <div id="header">
    <div class="wmap">
        <div class="layout-wrapper">
            <div class="container-fluid">
                <div class="pull-right visible-phone">
                    <a href="https://www.inthinking.net">
                        <img class="header-logo" src="img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 45px; width: auto;">
                    </a>
                </div>
                <div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>

                <div class="pull-left">
                	<h1><a href="chemistry.html"><span style="">IBDP Chemistry brought to you by the IB Docs (2) Team</span></a></h1>
                	<p class="slogan hidden-phone"><span class="slogan"><em>InThinking</em> Subject Sites for teachers &amp; their classes</span></p>
                    <p class="hidden-phone">Website by <strong>Geoffrey Neuss</strong></p>
                    <p class="hidden-phone">Updated 2 JIB Docs (2) Teamary 2023</p>
                </div>
                <div class="visible-phone" style="clear:both;"></div>

                <div class="pull-right text-right header-right">
                    <a class="hidden-phone" href="https://www.inthinking.net">
                        <img class="header-logo" src="img/header-logo.svg" style="height: 70px; width: auto;">
                    </a>
                    <div class="search">
                        <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" data-toggle="dropdown">
                            <i class="fa fa-2x fa-search"></i>
                        </a>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>


    <div id="topmenu">
		<div class="layout-wrapper">
			<div>
				<nav class="top-nav"><ul class="level-0"><li class=""><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/chemistry"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a>
				
				<li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16256/start-here-1.html">Start here</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/36257/how-to-navigate-the-site-1.html">How to navigate the site</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/24826/using-student-access--1.html" class="father">Using student access </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/27330/creating-student-accounts--1.html">Creating student accounts  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/32806/short-cut-to-give-students-access-to-a-page-1.html">Short cut to give students access to a page</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27328/setting-assignments-1.html">Setting assignments</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27351/managing-student-accounts-mark-book-1.html">Managing student accounts & mark book</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27362/using-qbank-1.html">Using qBank</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16257/for-teachers-new-to-ib-chemistry-1.html" class="father">For teachers new to IB Chemistry</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16258/dart-board-chemistry-1.html">&#039;Dart board&#039; chemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16274/essential-resources-1.html">Essential resources</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16276/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16278/possible-teaching-schedule-1.html">Possible teaching schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/46318/teaching-learning-resources-1.html">Teaching, learning & resources</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17394/approaches-to-teaching-1.html" class="father">Approaches to teaching</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17395/teaching-styles--1.html">Teaching styles </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17396/teaching-skills--1.html">Teaching skills </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17398/workshops--1.html">Workshops </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17397/teacher-recommendations--1.html">Teacher recommendations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27280/approaches-to-learning-1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/27208/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27216/reflection-1.html">Reflection</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27209/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27211/social-skills-1.html">Social skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27232/self-management-1.html">Self-management</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27312/research-1.html">Research</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17120/resources-1.html" class="father">Resources</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17119/ib-specific-books-1.html">IB specific books</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17121/general-text-books-1.html">General text books</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17131/post-ib-text-books-1.html">Post IB text books</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17132/journals-1.html">Journals</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17133/newspaper-articles-1.html">Newspaper articles</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17124/demonstrations-1.html">Demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17139/chemistry-videos-1.html">Chemistry videos</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17140/web-links-1.html">Web links</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17138/chemistry-apps-1.html">Chemistry apps</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17348/novel-uses-for-the-ib-data-booklet--1.html">Novel uses for the IB data booklet </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17392/books-for-enjoyment--1.html">Books for enjoyment </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27313/unit-plans-1.html">Unit plans</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/22523/critical-thinking-1.html">Critical thinking</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18044/do-you-speak-ib-1.html" class="father">Do you speak IB?</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17382/changes-to-terminology-1.html">Changes to terminology</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/32761/school-closures-and-distance-learning-1.html">School closures and distance learning</a></li></ul></li>
				
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/16347/core-ahl-1.html">Core & AHL</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16344/syllabus-1.html">Syllabus</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16329/teaching-each-topic-sub-topic-1.html" class="father">Teaching each topic & sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16328/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16907/topics-2-12--1.html">Topics 2 & 12 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17021/topics-3-13-1.html">Topics 3 & 13</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17114/topics-4-14-1.html">Topics 4 & 14</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17669/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17848/topics-6-16-1.html">Topics 6 & 16</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18038/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18120/topics-8-18--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18350/topics-9-19-1.html">Topics 9 & 19</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18475/topics-10-20--1.html">Topics 10 & 20 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17285/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16441/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16450/key-terms-concepts-1.html">Key terms & concepts</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/34566/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/32100/how-the-elements-were-named-1.html">How the elements were named</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/36753/the-culture-of-chemistry-1.html">The Culture of Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17333/nature-of-science-questions-1.html">Nature of Science questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16413/incorporating-im-tok-utilization-etc-1.html" class="father">Incorporating IM, TOK, &#039;Utilization&#039; etc.</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16414/topic-1-1.html">Topic 1</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16916/topics-2-12-1.html">Topics 2 & 12</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17023/topics-3-13--1.html">Topics 3 & 13  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17055/topics-4-14--1.html">Topics 4 & 14 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17270/topics-5-15--1.html">Topics 5 & 15  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17854/topics-6-16--1.html">Topics 6 & 16 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18041/topics-7-17--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18099/topics-8-18-1.html">Topics 8 & 18</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18349/topics-9-19--1.html">Topics 9 & 19 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18420/topics-10-20-1.html">Topics 10 & 20</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17269/topics-11-21--1.html">Topics 11 & 21 </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17866/utilization-relationships-between-topics--1.html" class="father">&#039;Utilization&#039; - Relationships between topics </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17867/relating-topics-4-14-to-all-the-other-topics-1.html">Relating Topics 4 & 14 to all the other topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17868/example-of-connections-1.html">Example of connections</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/34404/hydroxychloroquine-ib-chemistry-1.html">Hydroxychloroquine & IB Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/35418/ammonium-nitrate-ib-chemistry-1.html">Ammonium nitrate & IB Chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16685/multiple-choice-tests-for-each-topic-1.html" class="father">Multiple choice tests for each topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16687/sl-questions-by-topic-1.html">SL Questions by topic</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16688/hl-questions-by-topic-1.html">HL Questions by topic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
				
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/19044/options--1.html">Options </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/19503/option-a--1.html" class="father">Option A  </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/19504/introduction-to-materials-science--1.html">Introduction to materials science </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19519/metals-and-icp-spectroscopy-1.html">Metals and ICP spectroscopy</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19541/catalysts--1.html">Catalysts </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19580/liquid-crystals-1.html">Liquid crystals</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19665/polymers--1.html">Polymers  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19672/nanotechnology-1.html">Nanotechnology</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19843/environmental-impact-plastics-1.html">Environmental impact - plastics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19858/superconducting-metals-x-ray-crystallography--1.html">Superconducting metals & X-ray crystallography </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19666/condensation-polymers-1.html">Condensation polymers</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19916/environmental-impact-heavy-metals-1.html">Environmental impact - heavy metals</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19284/option-b--1.html" class="father">Option B </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/19290/introduction-to-biochemistry--1.html">Introduction to biochemistry  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19287/proteins-enzymes--1.html">Proteins & enzymes </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19291/lipids-1.html">Lipids</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19299/carbohydrates--1.html">Carbohydrates </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19305/vitamins--1.html">Vitamins   </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19313/biochemistry-the-environment--1.html">Biochemistry & the environment </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19336/proteins-enzymes-ahl--1.html">Proteins & enzymes (AHL)   </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19347/nucleic-acids--1.html">Nucleic acids   </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19361/biological-pigments--1.html">Biological pigments   </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19366/stereochemistry-in-biomolecules-1.html">Stereochemistry in biomolecules</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19390/option-c--1.html" class="father">Option C </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/19391/energy-sources-1.html">Energy sources</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19407/fossil-fuels-1.html">Fossil fuels</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19411/nuclear-fusion-nuclear-fission-reactions-1.html">Nuclear fusion & nuclear fission reactions</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19429/solar-energy-1.html">Solar energy</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19437/environmental-impact-global-warming-1.html">Environmental impact - global warming</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19453/electrochemistry-rechargeable-batteries-fuel-cells-1.html">Electrochemistry, rechargeable batteries & fuel cells</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19458/nuclear-fusion-fission-hl--1.html">Nuclear fusion & fission (HL)    </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19470/photovoltaic-cells-and-dsscs-1.html">Photovoltaic cells and DSSCs</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19078/option-d-1.html" class="father">Option D</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/19079/pharmaceutical-products-drug-action--1.html">Pharmaceutical products & drug action </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19158/aspirin-penicillin--1.html">Aspirin & penicillin  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19174/opiates-1.html">Opiates</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19184/ph-regulation-of-the-stomach-1.html">pH regulation of the stomach</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19194/antiviral-medications--1.html">Antiviral medications </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19211/environmental-impact-of-some-medications-1.html">Environmental impact of some medications</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19254/taxol-a-chiral-auxiliary-case-study-1.html">Taxol - a chiral auxiliary case study</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19258/nuclear-medicine--1.html">Nuclear medicine  </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19273/drug-detection-analysis--1.html">Drug detection & analysis </a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
				
				
				
							
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/16592/practical-scheme-of-work-ia--1.html">Practical scheme of work & IA </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16682/internal-assessment-1.html" class="father">Internal Assessment</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/18892/scaffolding-the-investigation-1.html">&#039;Scaffolding&#039; the investigation</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18896/timing-organisation--1.html">Timing & organisation </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18905/choosing-the-research-question-1.html">Choosing the research question</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18946/personal-engagement-1.html">Personal engagement</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18950/exploration-1.html">Exploration</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18957/analysis-1.html">Analysis</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18965/evaluation-1.html">Evaluation</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18966/communication-1.html">Communication</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19882/internal-standardization-of-the-ia-1.html">Internal standardization of the IA</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19901/submitting-the-samples-for-moderation-2.html">Submitting the samples for moderation</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/33754/ten-suggestions-for-ias-using-secondary-data-1.html">Ten suggestions for IAs using secondary data</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/37544/gaining-full-marks-for-a-databased-ia--1.html">Gaining full marks for a databased IA </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19506/ia-example-marking-exercise--1.html">IA example & marking exercise </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/23929/genuine-examples-of-moderated-ia-reports-1.html">Genuine examples of moderated IA reports</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/25234/examples-of-teacher-marked-ia-reports--1.html">Examples of teacher-marked IA reports </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/37542/history-of-internal-assessment-1.html">History of Internal Assessment</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16598/mandatory-laboratory-components-1.html" class="father">Mandatory laboratory components</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16613/formula-of-magnesium-oxide--1.html">Formula of magnesium oxide </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16612/determining-the-mr-of-an-unknown-gas-1.html">Determining the <i>M</i><sub>r</sub> of an unknown gas</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16615/acid-base-titrations--1.html">Acid-base titrations </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16616/a-green-acid-base-practical-1.html">A green acid-base practical</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16617/analysis-of-aspirin-tablets-1.html">Analysis of aspirin tablets</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16618/caco3-in-egg-shells-1.html">CaCO<sub>3</sub> in egg shells</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16644/enthalpy-changes-1.html">Enthalpy changes</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16631/reaction-rates-1.html">Reaction rates</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16635/rate-dependent-factors-1.html">Rate-dependent factors</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16636/determining-ea-for-a-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>E</i><sub>a</sub> for a reaction</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16637/iodination-of-propanone-1.html">Iodination of propanone</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18144/titrations-with-a-ph-meter-1.html">Titrations with a pH meter</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18355/redox-titration-with-kmno4--1.html">Redox titration with KMnO<sub>4</sub> </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16640/voltaic-cells-1.html">Voltaic cells</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16659/3-d-molecular-modelling--1.html">3-D molecular modelling </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17168/other-good-practicals-1.html" class="father">Other good practicals</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17196/common-chemical-reactions-1.html">Common chemical reactions</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/227/elements-oxides-of-the-third-period--1.html">Elements & oxides of the third period </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17239/the-halogens-1.html">The halogens</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17162/boiling-points-of-mixtures-1.html">Boiling points of mixtures</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17170/polarity-of-molecules-1.html">Polarity of molecules</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18083/le-chateliers-principle--1.html">Le Chatelier&#039;s principle </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19582/determining-kc-for-an-esterification-reaction-1.html">Determining <i>K</i><sub>c</sub> for an esterification reaction</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18164/redox-reactions-of-vanadium--1.html">Redox reactions of vanadium </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18351/chlorine-in-swimming-pools--1.html">Chlorine in swimming pools </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18178/analysis-of-cuii-ions-in-solution--1.html">Analysis of Cu(II) ions in solution </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18179/percentage-of-copper-in-brass-1.html">Percentage of copper in brass</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18356/electrolytic-cells--1.html">Electrolytic cells </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18598/reactions-of-organic-compounds-1.html">Reactions of organic compounds</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18752/hydrolysis-of-halogenoalkanes-1.html">Hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18784/preparation-of-13-dinitrobenzene--1.html">Preparation of 1,3-dinitrobenzene </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19022/determination-of-an-organic-structure-1.html">Determination of an organic structure</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19887/preparation-of-nylon-66-1.html">Preparation of nylon 6,6</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19343/determination-of-vitamin-c-content--1.html">Determination of vitamin C content </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19342/hydrolysis-of-starch--1.html">Hydrolysis of starch </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/19159/preparation-purification-of-aspirin--1.html">Preparation & purification of aspirin </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18851/ict-in-practical-work-1.html" class="father">ICT in practical work</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/18852/data-logging--1.html">Data logging </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18853/software-for-graph-plotting--1.html">Software for graph plotting </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18854/spreadsheets-for-data-processing--1.html">Spreadsheets for data processing </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18855/databases-1.html">Databases</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/18856/computer-modelling-simulations--1.html">Computer modelling & simulations </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16594/group-4-project-1.html" class="father">Group 4 Project</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16595/practicalities-1.html">Practicalities</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16596/reflective-statement--2.html">Reflective statement </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16666/a-new-laboratory-1.html">A new laboratory?</a></li></ul></li>
				
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/16284/exams-1.html">Exams</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16286/essential-facts-1.html" class="father">Essential Facts</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16287/objectives-command-terms-1.html">Objectives & command terms</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16288/grade-descriptors-1.html">Grade descriptors</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16289/grade-boundaries-1.html">Grade boundaries</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16302/paper-1-multiple-choice-1.html" class="father">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16303/advice-to-students-paper-1-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 1)</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/31515/practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16305/paper-2-1.html" class="father">Paper 2</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16306/advice-to-students-paper-2-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 2)</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16307/areas-of-difficulty-1.html">Areas of difficulty</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16313/paper-3--1.html" class="father">Paper 3 </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16314/advice-to-students-paper-3-1.html">Advice to students (Paper 3)</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16342/data-response-questions-1.html">Data response questions</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/20054/experimental-work-questions-1.html">Experimental work questions</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16324/the-examination-process-1.html" class="father">The examination process</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/16316/setting-the-exam-papers-1.html">Setting the exam papers</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16317/predicted-grades-1.html">Predicted grades</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16318/marking-the-papers-1.html">Marking the papers</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16319/commenting-on-the-exams-1.html">Commenting on the exams</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16320/grade-awarding-1.html">Grade Awarding</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16321/enquiry-upon-results-1.html">Enquiry upon results</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16322/chief-examiners-report-1.html">Chief Examiner&#039;s report</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16323/retaking-the-exam-1.html">Retaking the exam</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/16325/faqs-1.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></li>
				
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/3147/ib-core-1.html">IB Core</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/3149/learner-profile-1.html">Learner Profile</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21735/extended-essays--1.html" class="father">Extended Essays </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/21736/overview--1.html">Overview </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21780/responsibilities-1.html">Responsibilities</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21790/resources-1.html">Resources</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21800/research-1.html">Research</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21804/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/21810/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/22434/summary-of-advice--1.html">Summary of advice </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/25272/faqs--1.html">FAQs </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/307/theory-of-knowledge-tok-1.html" class="father">Theory of Knowledge (TOK)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41171/the-12-tok-concepts-1.html">The 12 TOK concepts</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/3507/why-tok-chemistry-1.html">Why TOK & Chemistry?</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/3505/a-modern-paradigm-1.html">A modern paradigm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
				
				
				<li><a href="chemistry/page/17783/fast-track-to-tests-questions-1.html">Fast track to tests & questions</a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/17784/sl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/24351/sl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">SL Multiple choice &#039;quizzes&#039; on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/31519/sl-practice-paper-1-exams-1.html">SL Practice Paper 1 exams</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17786/sl-questions-on-each-sub-topic-1.html">SL Questions on each sub-topic</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/20431/sl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">SL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17792/sl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">SL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/24897/sl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics--1.html">SL Quizzes on option sub-topics </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17785/hl-multiple-choice-tests-on-individual-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice tests on individual topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/24352/hl-multiple-choice-quizzes-on-sub-topics-1.html">HL Multiple choice &#039;quizzes&#039; on sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/31520/hl-practice-paper-1-exams--1.html">HL Practice Paper 1 exams </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17787/hl-questions-on-each-sub-topic--1.html">HL Questions on each sub-topic </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/20428/hl-paper-3-section-a-questions-1.html">HL Paper 3 Section A questions</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/17793/hl-questions-on-the-options-1.html">HL Questions on the options</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/24973/hl-quizzes-on-option-sub-topics-1.html">HL Quizzes on option sub-topics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html">Printable versions of written tasks </a></li></ul></li>
				
				
				<li class="selected"><a href="chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html">Complete course for students </a><ul class="level-1"><li><a href="chemistry/page/27988/full-coverage-of-each-topic-and-sub-topic-2.html" class="father">Full coverage of each topic and sub-topic</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/27959/topic-1-stoichiometric-relationships-1.html">Topic 1 : Stoichiometric relationships</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27960/topics-2-12-atomic-structure-1.html">Topics 2 & 12 : Atomic structure</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27965/topics-3-13-periodicity-1.html">Topics 3 & 13 : Periodicity</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27971/topics-4-14-chemical-bonding-structure-1.html">Topics 4 & 14 : Chemical bonding & structure</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27987/topics-5-15-energeticsthermochemistry-1.html">Topics 5 & 15 : Energetics/thermochemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/27995/topics-6-16-chemical-kinetics-1.html">Topics 6 & 16 : Chemical kinetics</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28001/topics-7-17-equilibrium--1.html">Topics 7 & 17 : Equilibrium </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28017/topics-8-18-acids-and-bases--1.html">Topics 8 & 18 : Acids and bases </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28031/topics-9-19-redox-process-1.html">Topics 9 & 19 : Redox process</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28061/topics-10-20-organic-chemistry-1.html">Topics 10 & 20 : Organic chemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28038/topics-11-21-measurement-data-processing-analysis-1.html">Topics 11 & 21 : Measurement, data processing & analysis</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28074/option-a-materials--1.html">Option A : Materials </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28087/option-b-biochemistry-1.html">Option B : Biochemistry</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28098/option-c-energy--1.html">Option C : Energy </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/28109/option-d-medicinal-chemistry-1.html">Option D : Medicinal chemistry</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41553/practical-work-including-ia-group-4-project--1.html" class="father">Practical work (including IA & Group 4 Project) </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41528/internal-assessment-1.html">Internal Assessment</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41657/group-4-project-1.html">Group 4 Project</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41387/approaches-to-learning--1.html" class="father">Approaches to learning </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41380/thinking-skills-1.html">Thinking skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41383/communication-skills-1.html">Communication skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41384/social-skills--1.html">Social skills </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41385/self-management-skills-1.html">Self-management skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41386/research-skills-1.html">Research skills</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41382/reflection-skills--1.html">Reflection skills </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41488/the-nature-of-science-1.html" class="father">The Nature of Science</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41489/key-terms-concepts--1.html">Key terms & concepts </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41492/how-the-elements-were-named--1.html">How the elements were named </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41490/nos-critical-thinking-1.html">NOS & Critical Thinking</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41493/the-culture-of-chemistry--1.html">The Culture of Chemistry </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41494/nature-of-science-questions--1.html">Nature of Science questions </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41401/external-assessment-exams-1.html" class="father">External assessment (Exams)</a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41403/essential-facts--1.html">Essential Facts </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41409/paper-1-multiple-choice--1.html">Paper 1 (Multiple Choice) </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41417/paper-2--1.html">Paper 2 </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41431/paper-3--1.html">Paper 3  </a></li></ul></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41662/extended-essay--1.html" class="father">Extended Essay </a><ul class="level-2"><li><a href="chemistry/page/41685/preparation-1.html">Preparation</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41686/researching--1.html">Researching </a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/42075/writing-the-essay-1.html">Writing the essay</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/page/41687/assessment-1.html">Assessment</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
			</div>
		</div>
	</div>


    <nav id="nav-menu-search" style="display: none;">
        <div class="layout-wrapper">
            <form class="form-inline" role="search" method="get" action="chemistry/search">
    <input id="nav-search" name="s" type="search" placeholder="Search Chemistry..." value="">
    <button class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" type="submit">
        Search
    </button>
    <a href="#" class="toggle-menu-search" title="Close">
        <i class="fa fa-lg fa-times gray"></i>
    </a>
</form>

        </div>
    </nav>

    <div class="layout-wrapper">
        <div id="container" class="container-fluid">
            <div id="content">
                <div class="row-fluid">
                    <div id="left-column" class="span3">
                        <div class="dropdown" id="userbox"><a class="dropdown-toggle btn" data-toggle="dropdown" onclick="return false;"><img src="img/user/t/IBRR.jpg" style="width: 16px; height: 16px; margin: -2px 0 0 0;">&nbsp;&nbsp;IB Docs (2) Team&nbsp;&nbsp;<i class="fa fa-caret-down gray"></i></a><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 200px"><li><a href="chemistry.html" class="" title=""><i class="fa fa-globe fixwidth colored"></i>IBDP Chemistry</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry/user.html" class="" title="Check &amp; modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/sitemap.html" class="" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/std-access.html" class="" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/user/teacher-accounts.html" class="" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/user/bookmarks.html" class="" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li><a href="chemistry/user/messages.html" class="" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li><a href="/help/thinkib" class="pop-up-help" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" class="" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li><li class="divider"></li><li><a href="chemistry.html?logout=1"><i class="fa fa-power-off fixwidth colored"></i>Log out</a></li></ul></div>
						
						<div class="side-box"><nav id="usernav"><ul class="always-expanded" style="padding: 4px 0;"><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/user.html" title="Check &amp; modify your profile"><i class="fa fa-user fixwidth colored"></i>My profile</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/sitemap.html" title="Get an overview of the site"><i class="fa fa-sitemap colored fixwidth colored"></i>Sitemap</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/std-access.html" title="Set up/Manage student access"><i class="fa fa-group fixwidth colored"></i>Student access</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/user/teacher-accounts.html" title="Manage teacher accounts"><i class="fa fa-cogs fixwidth colored"></i>Teacher accounts</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/user/bookmarks.html" title="Manage your bookmarked pages"><i class="fa fa-star fixwidth colored"></i>My favorites</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="chemistry/user/messages.html" title="Read your messages"><i class="fa fa-envelope-o fixwidth colored"></i>Messages</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 pop-up-help" href="/help/thinkib" title="Help"><i class="fa fa-info-circle fixwidth colored"></i>Help</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12" href="chemistry/recommendations.html" title="Recommendations"><i class="fa fa-thumbs-up fixwidth colored"></i>Recommendations</a></li><li class="row-fluid"><a class="span12 " href="https://www.thinkib.net/subscribe/" title="Add / Renew subjects"><i class="fa fa-refresh fixwidth colored"></i>Renew</a></li></ul></nav></div><div id="forthcoming-workshops" class="side-box shadow-md">
						
						
						</div>
		<div class="side-box shadow-md">
			<div>
				<p>Site author:</p>
				
            <div style="height: 70px;">
                <img title="Geoffrey Neuss" class="pull-right user-picture" src="img/user/e/b438baa6db8acef3e3.jpg">
                <span style="font-size: 18px">Geoffrey Neuss</span><br><br>
                <a style="margin-top: -8px;" href="chemistry/biography/3/geoffrey-neuss.html">Read Geoffrey's Bio</a>
            </div>
        
			</div>
		</div>
		
			
		<div class="side-box shadow-md" style="margin-top: 16px;">
	
</div>
                    </div><!-- /#left-column-->
                    <div id="main-column" class="span9">
                        <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><div class="modal hide fade" id="add-recommendation-modal" style="width: 600px;">
  <div class="modal-header">
    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">&times;</button>
    <h3>Submit recommendation</h3>
  </div>
  <div class="modal-body" style="max-height: none;">
    
    <form id="subject-rec-form" class="form" method="post">
    	<div class="row-fluid">
    		<div class="span12">
    			<label for="rec-name" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Name</label>
    			<div class="row-fluid">
    				<input class="span12" type="text" name="rec-name" value="">
    			</div>
    		</div>
    	</div>
        <label for="rec-school" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">School</label>
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <input class="span12" type="text" name="rec-school" value="">
        </div>
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <label for="rec-country" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Country</label>
                <div class="row-fluid">
                    <select class="span12 gray" name="rec-country">
                        <option class="default" value="0">Select country</option>
                        <option value="186">Afghanistan</option><option value="182">Albania</option><option value="72">Algeria</option><option value="185">Andorra</option><option value="125">Angola</option><option value="173">Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value="58">Argentina</option><option value="159">Armenia</option><option value="59">Australia</option><option value="1">Austria</option><option value="2">Azerbaijan</option><option value="73">Bahamas</option><option value="3">Bahrain</option><option value="74">Bangladesh</option><option value="108">Barbados</option><option value="184">Belarus</option><option value="4">Belgium</option><option value="190">Belice</option><option value="126">Benin</option><option value="75">Bermuda</option><option value="207">Bhutan</option><option value="121">Bolivia</option><option value="52">Bosnia Herzegovina</option><option value="76">Botswana</option><option value="77">Brazil</option><option value="78">Brunei</option><option value="5">Bulgaria</option><option value="143">Burkina Faso</option><option value="144">Burundi</option><option value="79">Cambodia</option><option value="80">Cameroon</option><option value="53">Canada</option><option value="145">Cape Verde</option><option value="172">Cayman Islands</option><option value="146">Central African Republic</option><option value="147">Chad</option><option value="115">Chile</option><option value="6">China</option><option value="112">Colombia</option><option value="148">Comoros</option><option value="189">Congo, Democratic Republic of</option><option value="149">Congo, Republic of the</option><option value="193">Cook Islands</option><option value="116">Costa Rica</option><option value="89">C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire</option><option value="60">Croatia</option><option value="111">Cuba</option><option value="169">Curazao</option><option value="81">Cyprus</option><option value="7">Czech Republic</option><option value="8">Denmark</option><option value="150">Djibouti</option><option value="187">Dominica</option><option value="168">Dominican Republic</option><option value="178">East Timor</option><option value="114">Ecuador</option><option value="9">Egypt</option><option value="61">El Salvador</option><option value="151">Equatorial Guinea</option><option value="152">Eritrea</option><option value="82">Estonia</option><option value="62">Ethiopia</option><option value="83">Fiji</option><option value="10">Finland</option><option value="11">France</option><option value="153">Gabon</option><option value="154">Gambia, The</option><option value="84">Georgia</option><option value="12">Germany</option><option value="85">Ghana</option><option value="13">Greece</option><option value="195">Greenland</option><option value="167">Guam</option><option value="164">Guatemala</option><option value="180">Guernsey</option><option value="141">Guinea</option><option value="140">Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="122">Guyana</option><option value="196">Haiti</option><option value="158">Honduras</option><option value="86">Hong Kong</option><option value="14">Hungary</option><option value="15">Iceland</option><option value="16">India</option><option value="54">Indonesia</option><option value="87">Iran</option><option value="162">Iraq</option><option value="18">Ireland</option><option value="165">Isle of Man</option><option value="88">Israel</option><option value="17">Italy</option><option value="166">Jamaica</option><option value="64">Japan</option><option value="19">Jordan</option><option value="109">Kazakhstan</option><option value="20">Kenya</option><option value="197">Kiribati</option><option value="208">Kosovo</option><option value="90">Kuwait</option><option value="181">Kyrgyzstan</option><option value="174">Laos</option><option value="21">Latvia</option><option value="22">Lebanon</option><option value="127">Lesotho</option><option value="91">Liberia</option><option value="110">Libya</option><option value="188">Liechtenstein</option><option value="23">Lithuania</option><option value="24">Luxembourg</option><option value="179">Macao</option><option value="113">Macedonia</option><option value="128">Madagascar</option><option value="92">Malawi</option><option value="65">Malaysia</option><option value="93">Maldives</option><option value="129">Mali</option><option value="25">Malta</option><option value="198">Martinica</option><option value="130">Mauritania</option><option value="94">Mauritius</option><option value="131">Mayotte</option><option value="95">Mexico</option><option value="199">Moldova</option><option value="55">Monaco</option><option value="160">Mongolia</option><option value="177">Montenegro</option><option value="26">Morocco</option><option value="27">Mozambique</option><option value="118">Myanmar</option><option value="105">Namibia</option><option value="200">Nauru</option><option value="96">Nepal</option><option value="44">Netherlands</option><option value="201">New Caledonia</option><option value="97">New Zealand</option><option value="163">Nicaragua</option><option value="132">Niger</option><option value="28">Nigeria</option><option value="194">North Corea</option><option value="29">Norway</option><option value="30">Oman</option><option value="98">Pakistan</option><option value="202">Palau</option><option value="170">Palestine</option><option value="156">Panama</option><option value="99">Papua New Guinea</option><option value="123">Paraguay</option><option value="66">Peru</option><option value="67">Philippines</option><option value="31">Poland</option><option value="142">Portugal</option><option value="183">Puerto Rico</option><option value="56">Qatar</option><option value="133">Reunion</option><option value="32">Romania</option><option value="33">Russia</option><option value="117">Rwanda</option><option value="191">Samoa</option><option value="192">San Marino</option><option value="134">Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value="34">Saudi Arabia</option><option value="106">Senegal</option><option value="35">Serbia</option><option value="135">Seychelles</option><option value="100">Sierra Leone</option><option value="68">Singapore</option><option value="176">Sint Maarten</option><option value="36">Slovakia</option><option value="37">Slovenia</option><option value="175">Solomon Islands</option><option value="136">Somalia</option><option value="38">South Africa</option><option value="101">South Korea</option><option value="203">South Sudan</option><option value="39">Spain</option><option value="69">Sri Lanka</option><option value="107">Sudan</option><option value="124">Surinam</option><option value="137">Swaziland</option><option value="40">Sweden</option><option value="41">Switzerland</option><option value="42">Syria</option><option value="119">Taiwan</option><option value="43">Tanzania</option><option value="204">Tayikistan</option><option value="70">Thailand</option><option value="138">Togo</option><option value="161">Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value="45">Tunisia</option><option value="46">Turkey</option><option value="205">Turkmenistan</option><option value="102">Uganda</option><option value="49">Ukraine</option><option value="47">United Arab Emirates</option><option value="48">United Kingdom</option><option value="103">Uruguay</option><option value="71">USA</option><option value="50">Uzbekistan</option><option value="120">Venezuela</option><option value="104">Vietnam</option><option value="171">Virgin Islands, British</option><option value="157">Virgin Islands, US</option><option value="139">Western Sahara</option><option value="206">Yemen</option><option value="155">Zaire (Dem Rep of Congo)</option><option value="51">Zambia</option><option value="57">Zimbabwe</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row-fluid" style="display: none;">
            <div class="span12">
                <label style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Subject</label>
                <div class="row-fluid">
                    <select name="rec-select-subject" class="span12 gray subject" disabled="">
                        <option class="default" value="0">Select subject</option>
                        <option value="6">Biology</option><option value="42">Business Management</option><option value="61">Career-related Programme</option><option value="3" selected="">Chemistry</option><option value="13">Economics</option><option value="22">English A Literature</option><option value="23">English A: Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="12">English B</option><option value="55">English Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="28">Environmental Systems &amp; Societies</option><option value="33">French B</option><option value="27">Geography</option><option value="39">German A: Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="15">History</option><option value="58">Maths: Analysis &amp; Approaches</option><option value="59">Maths: Applications &amp; Interpretation</option><option value="14">Physics</option><option value="4">Psychology</option><option value="69">Resources</option><option value="47">School Leadership</option><option value="50">Spanish A</option><option value="57">Spanish Ab Initio</option><option value="7">Spanish B</option><option value="40">Spanish Language Acquisition</option><option value="24">teachMathematics</option><option value="19">Visual Arts</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    	<label for="rec-content" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Recommendation</label>
    	<div class="row-fluid">
    		<textarea class="span12" name="rec-content" rows="6" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea>
    	</div>
        <input type="hidden" name="rid" value="">
        <input type="hidden" name="ticket" value="0ef1e6b6fb1e6bd8">
        <input type="hidden" name="rec-subject" value="3">
        <script src="recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script><div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6Lev2oUbAAAAANcGf0l8lnvsGucAnRWF50k0dVd_"></div>
    </form>
  </div>
  <div class="modal-footer">
    <button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
        Cancel
    </button>
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success pull-right" form="subject-rec-form" name="rec-submit" value="1">
        <i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i> Submit
    </button>
  </div>
</div>
<div id="frontpage-new"><div id="frontpage-carousel" class="carousel slide frontpage">
  <h1>
    <a class="tib-red">
      Welcome to the Chemistry InThinking Page!
      
    </a>
  </h1>
  <!-- Carousel items -->
  <div class="carousel-inner">
    
	
	
	<section id="main-content">
	
	<h4>⚬ This page was copied to provide students free access to this educational resource</h4>
	<h4>⚬ <a href="chemistry/page/41465/complete-course-for-students--2.html"><u>Student Content</u></a> provides a digital textbook that can be used to support your study</h4>
	<h4>⚬ Teacher content will allow you to gain further insight into the material, syllabus, and components of your course</h4>
	<h4>⚬ Go <a href="chemistry/page/41573/printable-versions-of-written-tasks--1.html"><u>here</u></a> for printable question answer sheets per topic (pdf)</h4>
	<h4>⚬ For slideshows with empty fields: click on the empty fields, and the images should appear</h4>
	<hr>
	<h3 class="tib-red"><i>Copying the site can break it, so there's issues with dead links/images. <br>      Some pages might not available, it is too much to manually check and fix, but the main Student and Teacher content and resources should be accessible.</i></h3>
	
	
	</section></article>
	
	
	
  </div>
</div>


</div>

<div class="modal hide fade" id="add-recommendation-modal" style="width: 600px;">
  <div class="modal-header">
    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">&times;</button>
    <h3>Submit recommendation</h3>
  </div>
  <div class="modal-body" style="max-height: none;">
    
    <form id="subject-rec-form" class="form" method="post">
    	<div class="row-fluid">
    		<div class="span12">
    			<label for="rec-name" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Name</label>
    			<div class="row-fluid">
    				<input class="span12" type="text" name="rec-name" value="">
    			</div>
    		</div>
    	</div>
        <label for="rec-school" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">School</label>
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <input class="span12" type="text" name="rec-school" value="">
        </div>
        <div class="row-fluid">
            <div class="span12">
                <label for="rec-country" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Country</label>
                <div class="row-fluid">
                    <select class="span12 gray" name="rec-country">
                        <option class="default" value="0">Select country</option>
                        <option value="186">Afghanistan</option><option value="182">Albania</option><option value="72">Algeria</option><option value="185">Andorra</option><option value="125">Angola</option><option value="173">Antigua and Barbuda</option><option value="58">Argentina</option><option value="159">Armenia</option><option value="59">Australia</option><option value="1">Austria</option><option value="2">Azerbaijan</option><option value="73">Bahamas</option><option value="3">Bahrain</option><option value="74">Bangladesh</option><option value="108">Barbados</option><option value="184">Belarus</option><option value="4">Belgium</option><option value="190">Belice</option><option value="126">Benin</option><option value="75">Bermuda</option><option value="207">Bhutan</option><option value="121">Bolivia</option><option value="52">Bosnia Herzegovina</option><option value="76">Botswana</option><option value="77">Brazil</option><option value="78">Brunei</option><option value="5">Bulgaria</option><option value="143">Burkina Faso</option><option value="144">Burundi</option><option value="79">Cambodia</option><option value="80">Cameroon</option><option value="53">Canada</option><option value="145">Cape Verde</option><option value="172">Cayman Islands</option><option value="146">Central African Republic</option><option value="147">Chad</option><option value="115">Chile</option><option value="6">China</option><option value="112">Colombia</option><option value="148">Comoros</option><option value="189">Congo, Democratic Republic of</option><option value="149">Congo, Republic of the</option><option value="193">Cook Islands</option><option value="116">Costa Rica</option><option value="89">C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Ivoire</option><option value="60">Croatia</option><option value="111">Cuba</option><option value="169">Curazao</option><option value="81">Cyprus</option><option value="7">Czech Republic</option><option value="8">Denmark</option><option value="150">Djibouti</option><option value="187">Dominica</option><option value="168">Dominican Republic</option><option value="178">East Timor</option><option value="114">Ecuador</option><option value="9">Egypt</option><option value="61">El Salvador</option><option value="151">Equatorial Guinea</option><option value="152">Eritrea</option><option value="82">Estonia</option><option value="62">Ethiopia</option><option value="83">Fiji</option><option value="10">Finland</option><option value="11">France</option><option value="153">Gabon</option><option value="154">Gambia, The</option><option value="84">Georgia</option><option value="12">Germany</option><option value="85">Ghana</option><option value="13">Greece</option><option value="195">Greenland</option><option value="167">Guam</option><option value="164">Guatemala</option><option value="180">Guernsey</option><option value="141">Guinea</option><option value="140">Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="122">Guyana</option><option value="196">Haiti</option><option value="158">Honduras</option><option value="86">Hong Kong</option><option value="14">Hungary</option><option value="15">Iceland</option><option value="16">India</option><option value="54">Indonesia</option><option value="87">Iran</option><option value="162">Iraq</option><option value="18">Ireland</option><option value="165">Isle of Man</option><option value="88">Israel</option><option value="17">Italy</option><option value="166">Jamaica</option><option value="64">Japan</option><option value="19">Jordan</option><option value="109">Kazakhstan</option><option value="20">Kenya</option><option value="197">Kiribati</option><option value="208">Kosovo</option><option value="90">Kuwait</option><option value="181">Kyrgyzstan</option><option value="174">Laos</option><option value="21">Latvia</option><option value="22">Lebanon</option><option value="127">Lesotho</option><option value="91">Liberia</option><option value="110">Libya</option><option value="188">Liechtenstein</option><option value="23">Lithuania</option><option value="24">Luxembourg</option><option value="179">Macao</option><option value="113">Macedonia</option><option value="128">Madagascar</option><option value="92">Malawi</option><option value="65">Malaysia</option><option value="93">Maldives</option><option value="129">Mali</option><option value="25">Malta</option><option value="198">Martinica</option><option value="130">Mauritania</option><option value="94">Mauritius</option><option value="131">Mayotte</option><option value="95">Mexico</option><option value="199">Moldova</option><option value="55">Monaco</option><option value="160">Mongolia</option><option value="177">Montenegro</option><option value="26">Morocco</option><option value="27">Mozambique</option><option value="118">Myanmar</option><option value="105">Namibia</option><option value="200">Nauru</option><option value="96">Nepal</option><option value="44">Netherlands</option><option value="201">New Caledonia</option><option value="97">New Zealand</option><option value="163">Nicaragua</option><option value="132">Niger</option><option value="28">Nigeria</option><option value="194">North Corea</option><option value="29">Norway</option><option value="30">Oman</option><option value="98">Pakistan</option><option value="202">Palau</option><option value="170">Palestine</option><option value="156">Panama</option><option value="99">Papua New Guinea</option><option value="123">Paraguay</option><option value="66">Peru</option><option value="67">Philippines</option><option value="31">Poland</option><option value="142">Portugal</option><option value="183">Puerto Rico</option><option value="56">Qatar</option><option value="133">Reunion</option><option value="32">Romania</option><option value="33">Russia</option><option value="117">Rwanda</option><option value="191">Samoa</option><option value="192">San Marino</option><option value="134">Sao Tome and Principe</option><option value="34">Saudi Arabia</option><option value="106">Senegal</option><option value="35">Serbia</option><option value="135">Seychelles</option><option value="100">Sierra Leone</option><option value="68">Singapore</option><option value="176">Sint Maarten</option><option value="36">Slovakia</option><option value="37">Slovenia</option><option value="175">Solomon Islands</option><option value="136">Somalia</option><option value="38">South Africa</option><option value="101">South Korea</option><option value="203">South Sudan</option><option value="39">Spain</option><option value="69">Sri Lanka</option><option value="107">Sudan</option><option value="124">Surinam</option><option value="137">Swaziland</option><option value="40">Sweden</option><option value="41">Switzerland</option><option value="42">Syria</option><option value="119">Taiwan</option><option value="43">Tanzania</option><option value="204">Tayikistan</option><option value="70">Thailand</option><option value="138">Togo</option><option value="161">Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value="45">Tunisia</option><option value="46">Turkey</option><option value="205">Turkmenistan</option><option value="102">Uganda</option><option value="49">Ukraine</option><option value="47">United Arab Emirates</option><option value="48">United Kingdom</option><option value="103">Uruguay</option><option value="71">USA</option><option value="50">Uzbekistan</option><option value="120">Venezuela</option><option value="104">Vietnam</option><option value="171">Virgin Islands, British</option><option value="157">Virgin Islands, US</option><option value="139">Western Sahara</option><option value="206">Yemen</option><option value="155">Zaire (Dem Rep of Congo)</option><option value="51">Zambia</option><option value="57">Zimbabwe</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
        <div class="row-fluid" style="display: none;">
            <div class="span12">
                <label style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Subject</label>
                <div class="row-fluid">
                    <select name="rec-select-subject" class="span12 gray subject" disabled="">
                        <option class="default" value="0">Select subject</option>
                        <option value="6">Biology</option><option value="42">Business Management</option><option value="61">Career-related Programme</option><option value="3" selected="">Chemistry</option><option value="13">Economics</option><option value="22">English A Literature</option><option value="23">English A: Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="12">English B</option><option value="55">English Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="28">Environmental Systems &amp; Societies</option><option value="33">French B</option><option value="27">Geography</option><option value="39">German A: Language &amp; Literature</option><option value="15">History</option><option value="58">Maths: Analysis &amp; Approaches</option><option value="59">Maths: Applications &amp; Interpretation</option><option value="14">Physics</option><option value="4">Psychology</option><option value="69">Resources</option><option value="47">School Leadership</option><option value="50">Spanish A</option><option value="57">Spanish Ab Initio</option><option value="7">Spanish B</option><option value="40">Spanish Language Acquisition</option><option value="24">teachMathematics</option><option value="19">Visual Arts</option>
                    </select>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    	<label for="rec-content" style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0;">Recommendation</label>
    	<div class="row-fluid">
    		<textarea class="span12" name="rec-content" rows="6" style="resize: vertical;"></textarea>
    	</div>
        <input type="hidden" name="rid" value="">
        <input type="hidden" name="ticket" value="0ef1e6b6fb1e6bd8">
        <input type="hidden" name="rec-subject" value="3">
        <script src="recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script><div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="6Lev2oUbAAAAANcGf0l8lnvsGucAnRWF50k0dVd_"></div>
    </form>
  </div>
  <div class="modal-footer">
    <button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
        Cancel
    </button>
    <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success pull-right" form="subject-rec-form" name="rec-submit" value="1">
        <i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i> Submit
    </button>
  </div>
</div>
</body></html>

                    </div><!-- /#main-column -->
                </div>
            </div><!-- /#content -->
        </div>
    </div>

    <div id="footer">
    <div class="wmap">
        <div class="layout-wrapper">
            <p>
                &copy; <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <em>InThinking / IB Documents (2) Team | Version: 31.01.2023</em>
                &nbsp;| &nbsp;
                <a target="_self" href="/subscribe/about-us">
                    About us
                </a>
                &nbsp;|&nbsp;
                 <a target="_self" href="/subscribe/legal">
                    Legal
                </a>
                &nbsp;|&nbsp;
                <a target="_self" href="/subscribe/contact">
                    Contact
                </a>
            </p>
            <p>
                <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/inthinker">
                    <img src="social/twitter-square.svg"> Twitter
                </a>
                <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/inthinking.net">
                    <img src="social/facebook-square.svg"> Facebook
                </a>
                <a class="social" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/9s4we1">
                    <img src="social/linkedin-square.svg"> LinkedIn
                </a>
            </p>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>
<input id="tzoffset" type="hidden" value="-36000"><div id="modal-session-expired" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" data-backdrop="static" data-keyboard="false">
    <div class="modal-dialog" role="document">
        <div class="modal-content">
            <div class="modal-header">
                <h3 style="margin-top: 0">Your session has expired</h3>
            </div>
            <div class="modal-body" style="padding: 10px;">
                <p>You will have to reload and log in again.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="modal-footer">
                <a id="session-expired" class="btn btn-danger pull-right" href="#">
                    <i class="fa fa-refresh"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Reload
                </a>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

    <!-- Loading scripts at the end of the body means faster page loading -->
    <script src="js/jquery-1.10.2.min.js"></script>
    <script src="js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="js/jq-fancybox/jquery.fancybox.pack.js"></script>
    <script src="js/header-circle.min.js?v=20220113"></script><script src="js/password-toggler.min.js?v=20220929"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/cookies.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
// The cookies alert
if (! readCookie("displayCookieConsent") && ! readCookie("y") ) {
    var cookieMSG = "We use cookies. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used.";
    setTimeout(function() {
        $.ajax({
            cache: true,
            url: "js/cookiechoices.js",
            dataType: "script",
            success: function () {
                cookieChoices.showCookieConsentBar(cookieMSG, 'close', 'Read more', "chemistry/legal#cookies");
            }
        });
    }, 2000);
}
</script><script>var sAJAX='/pages/activity/user-stats-page.php?t=&x=11643';var sData='0ebg+I>F/4F[IxZ4hvT)hIn82OY[UxbMLNbYoiQChNf[5[/[UxbOqNuc2|w6IicY/4FMak==';var loopSecs = 30;var lsKey = '';</script><script src="js/user/user-stats-page.min.js?v=202102101800"></script><script>var sessionUpdateSecs = 600;</script><script type="text/javascript" src="js/session-updater.js?v=20200831"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(document).ready(function(){
            function padLeft(str,max){return str.length<max?padLeft("0"+str,max):str}function padRight(str,max){return str.length<max?padRight(str+"0",max):str}$("body").on("click",'a[href="#"], a.fancybox-nav, a[data-toggle="tab"], a[data-toggle="dropdown"], a[data-toggle="collapse"], a[data-toggle="modal"]',(function(e){e.preventDefault()}));var topmenuOffset=0,topmenuHeight=0;function fixDiv(t,h){$(window).scrollTop()<topmenuOffset||$("#topmenu ul.level-1").is(":visible")?($("#topmenu").css({position:"",width:""}),$("#topmenu").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":"0"})):($("#topmenu").css({position:"fixed",top:"0",width:$("#topmenu").width()+"px"}),$("#topmenu").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css({"padding-top":topmenuHeight+"px"}))}function fixSearchNav(){var searchMenuTop=topmenuOffset+topmenuHeight,searchMenuH=$("#nav-menu-search").is(":visible")?$("#nav-menu-search").outerHeight():0;$(window).scrollTop()>searchMenuTop-topmenuHeight?($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:"fixed",top:topmenuHeight+"px",left:"0",right:"0"}),$("#nav-menu-search").addClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top",topmenuHeight+searchMenuH+"px")):($("#nav-menu-search").css({position:""}),$("#nav-menu-search").removeClass("fixed-top"),$("body").css("padding-top","0"))}$("#topmenu").length&&(topmenuOffset=$("#topmenu").offset().top,topmenuHeight=$("#topmenu").outerHeight(),fixDiv(),$(window).scroll((function(){fixDiv(),fixSearchNav()}))),$("a.toggle-menu-search").on("click",(function(e){e.preventDefault(),$("#nav-menu-search").slideToggle("fast",(function(){$(this).find('input[name="s"]').focus()}))}));var menuH=$("#topmenu").height(),itemH=$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").height();function fancyScrollTo(id){$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:$("#"+id).offset().top-300},300)}function printSectionBlog(){var w=$(window).width()/2,h,windowSettings="height="+($(window).height()-100)+", width="+w+", left=0, top=0, resizable=no, ";windowSettings+="scrollbars=yes, toolbar=no, menubar=no, location=no, ",windowSettings+="directories=no, status=yes";var myWindow=window.open("","Page printer",windowSettings),containerHtml=["<html>","<head>","<title>Page printer</title>",'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/style.min.css?v=202211152130">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+"/css/style"+SITE_TAG+'.min.css?v=202104061357">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/snippets.min.css?v=202210181500">','<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="'+window.location.origin+'/css/article.min.css?v=202210181500">',"</head>","<body>",$("section#main-content").html().replace(/<span\sclass="MJX_Assistive_MathML".*?<\/span>/g,""),"</body>","</html>"].join("");containerHtml=containerHtml.replace(/src="files\//gi,'src="'+window.location.origin+"/files/"),myWindow.document.write(containerHtml),myWindow.document.close(),myWindow.focus(),setTimeout((function(){$.when(myWindow.print()).then(myWindow.close())}),1e3)}function PopupPrint(target){window.print()}$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").each((function(){if(menuH>itemH&&$(this).position().top<1){var i=itemH+1;$(this).find("ul:first").css("margin-top","-"+i+"px")}})),$("#topmenu > nav > ul > li").on("mouseenter mouseleave",(function(e){var submenu=$("ul:first",this),submenuW=submenu.width();$(this).offset().left+submenuW>$(window).width()&&(submenu.css("right","0"),submenu.find("ul").each((function(){if(!$(this).hasClass("fixed")){var l=$(this).width()+submenuW;$(this).css("margin-left","-"+l+"px"),$(this).addClass("fixed")}})))})),$("a.showhider").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var box="#"+$(this).attr("rel"),show='<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>',hide='<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>';$(box).slideToggle("fast"),$(this).html($(this).html()==show?hide:show),$(this).attr("title","Show"==$(this).attr("title")?"Hide":"Show")})),$("a.scroll-to").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var n=$("#"+$(this).data("target")).offset().top-70;$("html, body").animate({scrollTop:n},300)})),$("a.print-section-blog").click((function(e){e.preventDefault(),printSectionBlog()})),$(".print-button").click((function(e){var target;e.preventDefault(),PopupPrint("#"+$(this).data("target-id"))})),$(".alert.alert-success").delay(6e3).hide("fast",fixDiv());var fancyParent=1==$("body").find($("#main-article")).length?"#main-article":"body",fancyOptions={loop:!1,openEffect:"elastic",closeEffect:"elastic",nextEffect:"fade",prevEffect:"fade",parent:fancyParent,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}};if($("ul.gallery").each((function(){var rel=$(this).find("li:first-child > a:first-child").attr("rel");$('ul.gallery a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$(".carousel.slide").each((function(){var rel="gallery-"+$(this).data("id");$('.carousel.slide a.fancy[rel="'+rel+'"]').fancybox(fancyOptions)})),$("img.pop").parent("a").each((function(){$(this).attr("title",$(this).children("img").attr("alt"))})),$("img.pop").parent("a").fancybox({loop:!1,helpers:{title:{type:"inside"}}}),!are_cookies_enabled()){var msg='<div class="alert alert-error"><i class="fa fa-warning"></i> Your browser does not accept cookies from this site. Please enable cookies to log in.</div><div class="alert alert-info"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Enabling cookies in <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/enable-and-disable-cookies-website-preferences">Firefox</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">Chrome</a>, <a target="_blank" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/block-or-allow-cookies">Explorer</a></div>';$("#modal-login .modal-header").append(msg)}if($(".panel-expandable > .panel-heading").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var panel=$(this).closest(".panel-expandable"),expandables=panel.hasClass("panel-has-footer")?".panel-body, .panel-footer":".panel-body";panel.find(".panel-body").is(":visible")?(panel.find(expandables).slideUp("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-minus").removeClass("fa-minus").addClass("fa-plus")):(panel.find(expandables).slideDown("fast"),panel.find(".expander > .fa-plus").removeClass("fa-plus").addClass("fa-minus"))})),$("#modal-find-out-more").css({width:.8*$("#container").width()+"px","margin-left":-.4*$("#container").width()+"px"}),$(".modal-xxl").length){var modalTopPos=Math.round(.07*$(window).height());$(window).width()>1200&&$(".modal-xxl").css({"max-width":$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px",width:$(window).width()>960?"960px":$(window).width()+"px","margin-left":$(window).width()>960?"-480px":Math.round($(window).width()/2)}),$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),$(".modal-xxl").on("shown",(function(){var mHeaderH=$(this).find(".modal-header").outerHeight(),mBody=$(this).find(".modal-body"),mBodyH=mBody.outerHeight(),mFooterH=$(this).find(".modal-footer").outerHeight(),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH;if(bottomOfTheModal<$(window).height())mBodyH+=$(window).height()-bottomOfTheModal-60,mBody.css("max-height",mBodyH+"px");else{$(window).scrollTop(0),modalTopPos=10,$(".modal-xxl").css("top",modalTopPos+"px"),bottomOfTheModal=modalTopPos+mHeaderH+mBodyH+mFooterH,availableScroll=bottomOfTheModal-$(window).height()+modalTopPos;var lastPos=-1;$(window).on("scroll",(function(){var s=$(window).scrollTop()>availableScroll?availableScroll:$(window).scrollTop();newPos=modalTopPos-s,newPos!=lastPos&&($(".modal-xxl").css("top",newPos+"px"),lastPos=newPos)}))}}))}function popupHelp(url,title,w,h){var dualScreenLeft=void 0!==window.screenLeft?window.screenLeft:screen.left,dualScreenTop=void 0!==window.screenTop?window.screenTop:screen.top,width,height,left=(window.innerWidth?window.innerWidth:document.documentElement.clientWidth?document.documentElement.clientWidth:screen.width)/2-w/2+dualScreenLeft,top=(window.innerHeight?window.innerHeight:document.documentElement.clientHeight?document.documentElement.clientHeight:screen.height)/2-h/2+dualScreenTop,newWindow=window.open(url,title,"menubar=no,location=no,resizable=0, width="+w+", height="+h+", top="+top+", left="+left);return window.focus&&(newWindow?newWindow.focus():$('<div class="alert alert-warning" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><p class="help-block">Pop Up blocked. Please allow Pop Ups in your browser settings.</p></div>').insertBefore("body")),newWindow}if($(".open-student-access-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var h=$(window).height()-20,w=$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280;popupHelp(helpURL,"Student Access Help",w,h)})),$(".pop-up-help").click((function(e){e.preventDefault();var url=$(this).attr("href"),title=$(this).data("title"),h=$(window).height()-20,w;popupHelp(url,title,$(window).width()<1280?$(window).width():1280,h)})),$("section.tib-hiddenbox").length){var count=0;$($("section.tib-hiddenbox").get().reverse()).each((function(){var box=$(this),revealButton;$("<a />").attr("class","btn showhider").attr("rel","hiddenBoxContent"+count).attr("style","margin-bottom: 0;").html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>').insertBefore(box);var newContainer=$("<div />").attr("class","hidden-content").attr("id","hiddenBoxContent"+count).html(box.html());newContainer.hide(),newContainer.insertBefore(box),box.remove(),count++})),$("a.showhider").on("click",(function(e){var container=$("#"+$(this).attr("rel"));container.is(":hidden")?(container.fadeIn("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye-slash"></i>')):(container.fadeOut("fast"),$(this).html('<i class="fa fa-eye"></i>'))}))}
            
var hTopmenu = $('#topmenu').height();
var n = 0;
$('nav.top-nav > ul > li').each(function(k, e) {
    if (n > 1) {
        var diff = hTopmenu-(e.offsetTop+e.offsetHeight);
        $(e).find(' > ul ').css('margin-top', '-'+diff+'px');
    }
    n++;
});


            $('a.add-recommendation').on('click', function() {
                $('#add-recommendation-modal').find('.alert').remove(); 
            });

            $.when(
                carouselFixes()
            ).then(
                columnFixes()
            );
        });

        function columnFixes()
        {
            // Twitter height
            var mainH = $('#main-column').height();
            var leftH = $('#left-column').height();

            if ( mainH > leftH) {
                tweetsH  = $('#frontpage-tweets > div > ul').height();
                tweetsH += (mainH - leftH);
                $('#frontpage-tweets > div > ul').height(tweetsH + 10);
            }
            else {
                commentsH  = $('#latest-comments ul').height();
                commentsH += (leftH - mainH);
                $('#latest-comments ul').height( commentsH - 10 );
            }
        }

        function carouselFixes()
        {
            var w = 0;

            // Featured height: all available
            $('#frontpage-featured .cropper').height( $('#frontpage-featured').height() - 20 );

            // Last updates
            w = $('#frontpage-carousel .carousel-inner .cropper').width();
            $('#frontpage-carousel .carousel-inner .cropper').height( Math.round(w/16*9) );
            $('#frontpage-carousel .carousel-inner .excerpt').height( Math.round(w/16*10) );

            // Hot pages
            w = $('#frontpage-hot .carousel-inner .cropper').width();
            $('#frontpage-hot .carousel-inner .cropper').height( Math.round(w/16*9) );
            $('#frontpage-hot .carousel-inner .excerpt').height( Math.round(w/16*10) );
            $('#frontpage-hot').carousel({'interval': 16000});
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>