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style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38862/getting-started" title="Getting started">Getting started</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21712/resources-for-ib-dp-business-management" title="Resources for IB DP Business Management">Resources for IB DP Business Management</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45691/old-course-n23" title="Old course (N23)">Old course (N23)</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21706/unit-1" title="Unit 1">Unit 1</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21759/11-introduction-to-business-management" title="1.1 Introduction to business management">1.1 Introduction to business management</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/30793/11-comprehension-questions" title="1.1 Comprehension questions">1.1 Comprehension questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24499/glossary-introduction-to-business-management" title="Glossary: Introduction to business management">Glossary: Introduction to business management</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21766/12-types-of-organizations" title="1.2 Types of organizations">1.2 Types of organizations</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22276/the-private-and-the-public-sectors" title="The private and the public sectors">The private and the public sectors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/30794/12-comprehension-questions" title="1.2 Comprehension questions">1.2 Comprehension questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/23724/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21761/13-organizational-objectives" title="1.3 Organizational objectives">1.3 Organizational objectives</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/30796/13-comprehension-questions" title="1.3 Comprehension questions">1.3 Comprehension questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22238/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21762/14-stakeholders" title="1.4 Stakeholders">1.4 Stakeholders</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/30801/14-comprehension-questions" title="1.4 Comprehension Questions">1.4 Comprehension Questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21946/glossary-stakeholders" title="Glossary - Stakeholders">Glossary - Stakeholders</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21763/15-external-environment" title="1.5 External environment">1.5 External environment</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24494/glossary-external-environment" title="Glossary: External environment">Glossary: External environment</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="1.6 Growth and evolution">1.6 Growth and evolution</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22300/mncs-quiz" title="MNCs Quiz">MNCs Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24021/glossary-growth-and-evolution" title="Glossary: Growth and evolution">Glossary: Growth and evolution</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21765/17-organizational-planning-tools-hl-only" title="1.7 Organizational planning tools (HL only)">1.7 Organizational planning tools (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24500/glossary-organizational-planning-tools-hl" title="Glossary: Organizational planning tools (HL)">Glossary: Organizational planning tools (HL)</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21699/unit-2" title="Unit 2">Unit 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21753/21-functions-evolution-of-hrm" title="2.1 Functions & evolution of HRM">2.1 Functions & evolution of HRM</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25388/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21754/22-organizational-structure" title="2.2 Organizational structure">2.2 Organizational structure</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25471/glossary-organizational-structure" title="Glossary: Organizational structure">Glossary: Organizational structure</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21755/23-leadership-and-management" title="2.3 Leadership and management">2.3 Leadership and management</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24733/glossary-leadership-management" title="Glossary: Leadership & Management">Glossary: Leadership & Management</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24745/24-motivation" title="2.4 Motivation">2.4 Motivation</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24719/glossary-motivation" title="Glossary: Motivation">Glossary: Motivation</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21757/25-organizational-culture-hl-only" title="2.5 Organizational culture (HL only)">2.5 Organizational culture (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25243/glossary-organizational-culture" title="Glossary: Organizational culture">Glossary: Organizational culture</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21758/26-industrialemployee-relations-hl-only" title="2.6 Industrial/employee relations (HL only)">2.6 Industrial/employee relations (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25125/glossary-industrialemployee-relations" title="Glossary: Industrial/employee relations">Glossary: Industrial/employee relations</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21670/unit-3" title="Unit 3">Unit 3</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21744/31-sources-of-finance" title="3.1 Sources of finance">3.1 Sources of finance</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24501/glossary-sources-of-finance" title="Glossary: Sources of finance">Glossary: Sources of finance</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21745/32-costs-and-revenues" title="3.2 Costs and revenues">3.2 Costs and revenues</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22092/glossary-costs-revenues" title="Glossary: Costs & revenues">Glossary: Costs & revenues</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21746/33-break-even-analysis" title="3.3 Break-even analysis">3.3 Break-even analysis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22270/contribution-analysis" title="Contribution analysis">Contribution analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22093/glossary-break-even-analysis" title="Glossary: Break-even analysis">Glossary: Break-even analysis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21747/34-final-accounts" title="3.4 Final accounts">3.4 Final accounts</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/31367/glossary-final-accounts" title="Glossary: Final accounts">Glossary: Final accounts</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21748/35-profitability-and-liquidity-ratio-analysis" title="3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis">3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25111/glossary-profitability-and-liquidity-ratio-analysis" title="Glossary: Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis">Glossary: Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21749/36-efficiency-ratio-analysis-hl-only" title="3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL only)">3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25114/glossary-efficiency-ratios" title="Glossary: Efficiency ratios">Glossary: Efficiency ratios</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21750/37-cash-flow" title="3.7 Cash flow">3.7 Cash flow</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25118/cash-flow-forecasts" title="Cash flow forecasts">Cash flow forecasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/31376/glossary-cash-flow" title="Glossary: Cash flow">Glossary: Cash flow</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21751/38-investment-appraisal" title="3.8 Investment appraisal">3.8 Investment appraisal</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/31377/glossary-investment-appraisal-" title="Glossary: Investment appraisal ">Glossary: Investment appraisal </a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21752/39-budgets-hl-only" title="3.9 Budgets (HL only)">3.9 Budgets (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/31378/39-budgets-hl-only-glossary" title="3.9 Budgets (HL Only) Glossary">3.9 Budgets (HL Only) Glossary</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21684/unit-4" title="Unit 4">Unit 4</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21767/41-the-role-of-marketing" title="4.1 The role of marketing">4.1 The role of marketing</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25618/glossary-the-role-of-marketing" title="Glossary: The role of marketing">Glossary: The role of marketing</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21768/42-marketing-planning" title="4.2 Marketing planning">4.2 Marketing planning</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/28328/glossary-marketing-planning" title="Glossary: Marketing planning">Glossary: Marketing planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21769/43-sales-forecasting-hl-only" title="4.3 Sales forecasting (HL only)">4.3 Sales forecasting (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25713/glossary-sales-forecasting" title="Glossary: Sales forecasting">Glossary: Sales forecasting</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21713/44-market-research" title="4.4 Market research">4.4 Market research</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25208/glossary-market-research" title="Glossary: Market research">Glossary: Market research</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21770/45-the-four-ps" title="4.5 The four Ps">4.5 The four Ps</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Product">Product</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22627/glossary-product" title="Glossary: Product">Glossary: Product</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22525/price" title="Price">Price</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22548/glossary-price" title="Glossary: Price">Glossary: Price</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22567/promotion" title="Promotion">Promotion</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22704/45-promotion-glossary" title="4.5 Promotion - Glossary">4.5 Promotion - Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22745/place" title="Place">Place</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/23813/45-place-glossary" title="4.5 Place - Glossary">4.5 Place - Glossary</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21774/46-the-extended-marketing-mix-7-ps-hl" title="4.6 The extended marketing mix (7 Ps) (HL)">4.6 The extended marketing mix (7 Ps) (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/23814/glossary-the-extended-marketing-mix-hl" title="Glossary: The extended marketing mix (HL)">Glossary: The extended marketing mix (HL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21772/47-international-marketing-hl-only" title="4.7 International marketing (HL only)">4.7 International marketing (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/23815/glossary-international-marketing-hl" title="Glossary: International Marketing (HL)">Glossary: International Marketing (HL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21773/48-e-commerce" title="4.8 E-commerce">4.8 E-commerce</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/23797/glossary-e-commerce" title="Glossary: E-commerce">Glossary: E-commerce</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21688/unit-5" title="Unit 5">Unit 5</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21937/51-the-role-of-operations-management" title="5.1 The role of operations management">5.1 The role of operations management</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24843/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21938/52-production-methods" title="5.2 Production methods">5.2 Production methods</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24848/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21939/53-lean-production-quality-management-hl" title="5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)">5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24839/glossary-lean-production-and-quality-management" title="Glossary: Lean Production and quality management">Glossary: Lean Production and quality management</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21700/54-location" title="5.4 Location">5.4 Location</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/24959/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21695/55-production-planning-hl" title="5.5 Production planning (HL)">5.5 Production planning (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25032/glossary-production-planning" title="Glossary: Production planning">Glossary: Production planning</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33222/56-research-development-hl" title="5.6 Research & development (HL)">5.6 Research & development (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/34014/glossary-research-development" title="Glossary: Research & Development">Glossary: Research & Development</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21941/57-crisis-management-contingency-planning-hl" title="5.7 Crisis management & contingency planning (HL)">5.7 Crisis management & contingency planning (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25042/glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25115/cuegis" title="CUEGIS">CUEGIS</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The 6 CUEGIS concepts">The 6 CUEGIS concepts</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21954/mcdonalds-supersize-me" title="McDonald's - Supersize Me">McDonald's - Supersize Me</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="The CUEGIS essay">The CUEGIS essay</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22876/planning-your-cuegis-essay" title="Planning your CUEGIS essay">Planning your CUEGIS essay</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33806/paper-2-section-c-questions" title="Paper 2 Section C Questions">Paper 2 Section C Questions</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33959/the-ia" title="The IA">The IA</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="HL IA">HL IA</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22190/35-sample-research-questions-for-the-hl-ia" title="35 sample research questions for the HL IA">35 sample research questions for the HL IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22200/hl-ia-student-checklist" title="HL IA - Student Checklist">HL IA - Student Checklist</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33508/ia-hl-poster" title="IA HL Poster">IA HL Poster</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="SL IA">SL IA</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22146/sl-ia-20-sample-titles" title="SL IA - 20 Sample Titles">SL IA - 20 Sample Titles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38181/faq-about-the-sl-ia" title="FAQ about the SL IA">FAQ about the SL IA</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22114/exams" title="Exams">Exams</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22115/command-terms" title="Command Terms">Command Terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36599/glossary-of-key-terms" title="Glossary of key terms">Glossary of key terms</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38059/flashcards-revision" title="Flashcards - Revision">Flashcards - Revision</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38060/flashcards-revision-unit-1" title="Flashcards - Revision (Unit 1)">Flashcards - Revision (Unit 1)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38056/unit-11-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.1 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38061/unit-12-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.2 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38067/unit-13-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.3 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.3 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38092/unit-14-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38096/unit-15-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.5 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.5 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38102/unit-16-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.6 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.6 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38103/unit-17-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.7 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.7 Revision Flashcards</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38114/flashcards-revision-unit-2" title="Flashcards - Revision (Unit 2)">Flashcards - Revision (Unit 2)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38121/unit-21-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 2.1 Revision Flashcards">Unit 2.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38125/unit-22-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 2.2 Revision Flashcards">Unit 2.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38126/unit-23-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 2.3 Revision Flashcards">Unit 2.3 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38144/unit-24-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 2.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 2.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38146/unit-25-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 2.5 Revision Flashcards">Unit 2.5 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38147/unit-26-revision-flashcards-hl-only" title="Unit 2.6 Revision Flashcards (HL only)">Unit 2.6 Revision Flashcards (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38149/flashcards-revision-unit-3" title="Flashcards - Revision (Unit 3)">Flashcards - Revision (Unit 3)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38153/unit-31-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.1 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38154/unit-32-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.2 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38182/unit-33-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.3 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.3 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38183/unit-34-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38191/unit-35-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.5 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.5 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38192/unit-36-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 3.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 3.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38193/unit-37-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.7 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.7 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38194/unit-38-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.8 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.8 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38195/unit-39-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 3.9 Revision Flashcards">Unit 3.9 Revision Flashcards</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38196/flashcards-revision-unit-4" title="Flashcards - Revision (Unit 4)">Flashcards - Revision (Unit 4)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38198/unit-41-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.1 Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38203/unit-42-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.2 Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38217/unit-43-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.3 Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.3 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38218/unit-44-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38219/unit-45a-product-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.5a Product Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.5a Product Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38220/unit-45b-price-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.5b Price Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.5b Price Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38221/unit-45c-promotion-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.5c Promotion Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.5c Promotion Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38222/unit-45d-promotion-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 4.5d Promotion Revision Flashcards">Unit 4.5d Promotion Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38223/unit-46-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 4.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 4.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38224/unit-47-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 4.7 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 4.7 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38225/unit-48-e-commerce-flashcards" title="Unit 4.8 E-commerce Flashcards">Unit 4.8 E-commerce Flashcards</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38232/flashcards-revision-unit-5" title="Flashcards - Revision (Unit 5)">Flashcards - Revision (Unit 5)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38233/unit-51-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 5.1 Revision Flashcards">Unit 5.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38234/unit-52-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 5.2 Revision Flashcards">Unit 5.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38235/unit-53-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 5.3 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 5.3 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38236/unit-54-revision-flashcards" title="Unit 5.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 5.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38237/unit-55-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 5.5 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 5.5 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38238/unit-56-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 5.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 5.6 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38239/unit-57-revision-flashcards-hl" title="Unit 5.7 Revision Flashcards (HL)">Unit 5.7 Revision Flashcards (HL)</a></li></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33830/formulae-quiz" title="Formulae Quiz">Formulae Quiz</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 1 Pre-release case study">Paper 1 Pre-release case study</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44969/n22-case-study-ele-plc" title="N22 Case Study (ELE PLC)">N22 Case Study (ELE PLC)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="M22 (Peacewick Uni)">M22 (Peacewick Uni)</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44106/additional-exam-questions-paper-1" title="Additional exam questions (Paper 1)">Additional exam questions (Paper 1)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/32840/may-2020-p-s-trawlers" title="May 2020 (P&S Trawlers)">May 2020 (P&S Trawlers)</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="M23 Paper 1">M23 Paper 1</a></li><ul class="level-4 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 56px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/47825/paper-1-svt-study-guide-shirin-karimi" title="Paper 1 SVT Study Guide (Shirin Karimi)">Paper 1 SVT Study Guide (Shirin Karimi)</a></li></ul></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/26095/exam-study-tips-resources" title="Exam & Study tips (resources)">Exam & Study tips (resources)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/31342/revision-exams-top-tips" title="Revision & Exams - Top tips">Revision & Exams - Top tips</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/47460/top-tips-for-m23-exams" title="Top Tips for M23 Exams">Top Tips for M23 Exams</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43522/unit-1-intro-to-bm" title="Unit 1 - Intro to BM">Unit 1 - Intro to BM</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44034/11-what-is-a-business" title="1.1 What is a business?">1.1 What is a business?</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44112/the-nature-of-business" title="The nature of business">The nature of business</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44052/primary-secondary-tertiary-quaternary-sectors" title="Primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary sectors">Primary, secondary, tertiary, & quaternary sectors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44327/entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44040/challenges-opportunities-for-starting-a-business" title="Challenges & opportunities for starting a business">Challenges & opportunities for starting a business</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45442/11-true-or-false-quiz" title="1.1 True or False Quiz">1.1 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45581/11-revision-flashcards" title="1.1 Revision Flashcards">1.1 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43662/11-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.1 Glossary of key terms">1.1 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44016/12-types-of-business-entities" title="1.2 Types of business entities">1.2 Types of business entities</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44065/public-private-sectors" title="Public & private sectors">Public & private sectors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44119/types-of-for-profit-organizations" title="Types of for-profit organizations">Types of for-profit organizations</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44015/for-profit-social-enterprises" title="For-profit social enterprises">For-profit social enterprises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44128/non-profit-social-enterprises" title="Non-profit social enterprises">Non-profit social enterprises</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45443/true-or-false-quiz" title="True or False quiz">True or False quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45582/12-revision-flashcards" title="1.2 Revision Flashcards">1.2 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45550/12-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.2 Glossary of key terms">1.2 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44041/13-business-objectives" title="1.3 Business objectives">1.3 Business objectives</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44132/vision-and-mission-statements" title="Vision and mission statements">Vision and mission statements</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44160/common-business-objectives" title="Common business objectives">Common business objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44180/strategic-tactical-objectives" title="Strategic & tactical objectives">Strategic & tactical objectives</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44171/corporate-social-responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45583/13-revision-flashcards" title="1.3 Revision Flashcards">1.3 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45446/true-or-false-quiz" title="True or False quiz">True or False quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43663/13-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.3 Glossary of Key terms">1.3 Glossary of Key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44044/14-stakeholders" title="1.4 Stakeholders">1.4 Stakeholders</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44188/the-interests-of-stakeholders" title="The interests of stakeholders">The interests of stakeholders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44189/conflict-between-stakeholders" title="Conflict between stakeholders">Conflict between stakeholders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45584/unit-14revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.4 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.4 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45447/14-true-or-false" title="1.4 True or False">1.4 True or False</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43671/14-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.4 Glossary of Key terms">1.4 Glossary of Key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44045/15-growth-and-evolution" title="1.5 Growth and evolution">1.5 Growth and evolution</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44212/economies-diseconomies-of-scale" title="Economies & diseconomies of scale">Economies & diseconomies of scale</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44214/internal-and-external-growth" title="Internal and external growth">Internal and external growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44220/external-growth-methods" title="External growth methods">External growth methods</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44219/reasons-to-grow-or-stay-small" title="Reasons to grow or stay small">Reasons to grow or stay small</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45586/unit-15revision-flashcards" title="Unit 1.5 Revision Flashcards">Unit 1.5 Revision Flashcards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45450/true-or-false-quiz" title="True or False quiz">True or False quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43673/15-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.5 Glossary of key terms">1.5 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44046/16-multinational-companies" title="1.6 Multinational companies">1.6 Multinational companies</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44236/the-impact-of-mncs-on-host-countries-ao3" title="The impact of MNCs on host countries (AO3)">The impact of MNCs on host countries (AO3)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44240/video-documentaries-mncs" title="Video documentaries - MNCs">Video documentaries - MNCs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45587/16-glossary-of-key-terms" title="1.6 Glossary of key terms">1.6 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43530/unit-2-hrm" title="Unit 2 - HRM">Unit 2 - HRM</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44253/21-introduction-to-hrm" title="2.1 Introduction to HRM">2.1 Introduction to HRM</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44256/role-of-hrm" title="Role of HRM">Role of HRM</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44257/factors-that-influence-hr-planning" title="Factors that influence HR planning">Factors that influence HR planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44282/reasons-for-resistance-to-change" title="Reasons for resistance to change">Reasons for resistance to change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44283/hr-strategies-for-reducing-the-impact-of-change-resistance-to-ch" title="HR strategies for reducing the impact of change & resistance to change">HR strategies for reducing the impact of change & resistance to change</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45458/21-true-or-false-quiz" title="2.1 True or False quiz">2.1 True or False quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43677/21-glossary-of-key-terms" title="2.1 Glossary of key terms">2.1 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43875/22-organizational-structure" title="2.2 Organizational structure">2.2 Organizational structure</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44296/terminology-for-understanding-organizational-structures" title="Terminology for understanding organizational structures">Terminology for understanding organizational structures</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44310/types-of-organization-charts" title="Types of organization charts">Types of organization charts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44323/appropriateness-of-organizational-structures-and-external-factor" title="Appropriateness of organizational structures and external factors">Appropriateness of organizational structures and external factors</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44316/changes-in-organizational-structures-hl" title="Changes in organizational structures (HL)">Changes in organizational structures (HL)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44338/23-leadership-and-management" title="2.3 Leadership and management">2.3 Leadership and management</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44343/scientific-intuitive-management-hl" title="Scientific & intuitive management (HL)">Scientific & intuitive management (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44339/management-and-leadership" title="Management and leadership">Management and leadership</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44340/leadership-styles" title="Leadership styles">Leadership styles</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45462/23-true-or-false-quiz" title="2.3 True or False Quiz">2.3 True or False Quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43829/24-motivation-and-demotivation" title="2.4 Motivation and demotivation">2.4 Motivation and demotivation</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44349/motivation-theories-sl-hl" title="Motivation theories (SL & HL)">Motivation theories (SL & HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44353/motivation-theories-hl" title="Motivation theories (HL)">Motivation theories (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44354/labour-turnover-hl" title="Labour turnover (HL)">Labour turnover (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44361/types-of-appraisal-hl" title="Types of appraisal (HL)">Types of appraisal (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44383/methods-of-recruitment-hl" title="Methods of recruitment (HL)">Methods of recruitment (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44382/internal-external-recruitment-hl" title="Internal & external recruitment (HL)">Internal & external recruitment (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44363/types-of-financial-rewards" title="Types of financial rewards">Types of financial rewards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44370/types-of-non-financial-rewards" title="Types of non-financial rewards">Types of non-financial rewards</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44371/types-of-training" title="Types of training">Types of training</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44390/25-organizational-corporate-culture-hl" title="2.5 Organizational (corporate) culture (HL)">2.5 Organizational (corporate) culture (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44392/organizational-culture-hl" title="Organizational culture (HL)">Organizational culture (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44393/types-of-organizational-culture-hl" title="Types of organizational culture (HL)">Types of organizational culture (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44394/cultural-clashes-hl" title="Cultural clashes (HL)">Cultural clashes (HL)</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44247/26-communication" title="2.6 Communication">2.6 Communication</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43545/unit-3-finance" title="Unit 3 - Finance">Unit 3 - Finance</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44435/31-introduction-to-finance" title="3.1 Introduction to finance">3.1 Introduction to finance</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44431/31-introduction-to-finance-role-of-finance" title="3.1 Introduction to finance - role of finance">3.1 Introduction to finance - role of finance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45634/31-glossary-of-key-term" title="3.1 Glossary of key term">3.1 Glossary of key term</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44436/32-sources-of-finance" title="3.2 Sources of finance">3.2 Sources of finance</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44437/internal-sources-of-finance" title="Internal sources of finance">Internal sources of finance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44450/external-sources-of-finance" title="External sources of finance">External sources of finance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44479/appropriateness-of-sources-of-finance" title="Appropriateness of sources of finance">Appropriateness of sources of finance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45483/32-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.2 True or False Quiz">3.2 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43688/32-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.2 Glossary of key terms">3.2 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44486/33-costs-and-revenues" title="3.3 Costs and revenues">3.3 Costs and revenues</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44487/types-of-costs" title="Types of costs">Types of costs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44491/total-revenue-revenue-streams" title="Total revenue & revenue streams">Total revenue & revenue streams</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45484/33-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.3 True or false quiz">3.3 True or false quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45657/33-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.3 Glossary of key terms">3.3 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44492/34-final-accounts" title="3.4 Final accounts">3.4 Final accounts</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44527/the-purpose-of-accounts-to-different-stakeholders" title="The purpose of accounts to different stakeholders">The purpose of accounts to different stakeholders</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44577/profit-loss-account" title="Profit & loss account">Profit & loss account</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44579/balance-sheets" title="Balance sheets">Balance sheets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44560/types-of-intangible-assets" title="Types of intangible assets">Types of intangible assets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44585/depreciation-hl" title="Depreciation (HL)">Depreciation (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45919/34-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.4 True or False Quiz">3.4 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45658/34-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.4 Glossary of key terms">3.4 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44593/35-profitability-liquidity-ratio-analysis" title="3.5 Profitability & liquidity ratio analysis">3.5 Profitability & liquidity ratio analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44595/profitability-ratios" title="Profitability ratios">Profitability ratios</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44626/liquidity-ratios" title="Liquidity ratios">Liquidity ratios</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45486/35-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.5 True or False Quiz">3.5 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45661/35-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.5 Glossary of key terms">3.5 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44627/36-efficiency-ratio-analysis-hl-only" title="3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL only)">3.6 Efficiency ratio analysis (HL only)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44805/efficiency-ratios-hl" title="Efficiency ratios (HL)">Efficiency ratios (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44633/insolvency-versus-bankruptcy" title="Insolvency versus bankruptcy">Insolvency versus bankruptcy</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45488/36-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.6 True or False Quiz">3.6 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45662/36-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.6 Glossary of key terms">3.6 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44493/37-cash-flow" title="3.7 Cash flow">3.7 Cash flow</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44502/the-difference-between-profit-cash-flow" title="The difference between profit & cash flow">The difference between profit & cash flow</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44506/working-capital" title="Working capital">Working capital</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44557/liquidity-position" title="Liquidity position">Liquidity position</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44558/cash-flow-forecasts" title="Cash flow forecasts">Cash flow forecasts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44507/relationship-between-investment-profit-cash-flow" title="Relationship between investment, profit & cash flow">Relationship between investment, profit & cash flow</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44509/strategies-for-dealing-with-cash-flow-problems" title="Strategies for dealing with cash flow problems">Strategies for dealing with cash flow problems</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45493/37-true-or-false" title="3.7 True or False">3.7 True or False</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43687/37-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.7 Glossary of key terms">3.7 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44515/38-investment-appraisal" title="3.8 Investment appraisal">3.8 Investment appraisal</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44516/payback-period-average-rate-of-return" title="Payback period & Average rate of return">Payback period & Average rate of return</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44519/net-present-value-npv-hl" title="Net present value (NPV) (HL)">Net present value (NPV) (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45494/38-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.8 True or False Quiz">3.8 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43693/38-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.8 Glossary of key terms">3.8 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44564/39-budgets-hl" title="3.9 Budgets (HL)">3.9 Budgets (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44565/the-difference-between-cost-profit-centres" title="The difference between cost & profit centres">The difference between cost & profit centres</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44568/the-roles-of-cost-profit-centres" title="The roles of cost & profit centres">The roles of cost & profit centres</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44576/constructing-budgets" title="Constructing budgets">Constructing budgets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44569/variances" title="Variances">Variances</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44571/the-importance-of-budgets-variances" title="The importance of budgets & variances">The importance of budgets & variances</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45495/39-true-or-false-quiz" title="3.9 True or False Quiz">3.9 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43694/39-glossary-of-key-terms" title="3.9 Glossary of key terms">3.9 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43547/unit-4-marketing" title="Unit 4 - Marketing">Unit 4 - Marketing</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44637/41-introduction-to-marketing" title="4.1 Introduction to marketing">4.1 Introduction to marketing</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44638/market-orientation-vs-product-orientation" title="Market orientation vs Product orientation">Market orientation vs Product orientation</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44639/market-share" title="Market share">Market share</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44641/market-growth" title="Market growth">Market growth</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44642/importance-of-market-share-market-leadership-hl" title="Importance of market share & market leadership (HL)">Importance of market share & market leadership (HL)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43695/41-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.1 Glossary of key terms">4.1 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43823/42-marketing-planning" title="4.2 Marketing planning">4.2 Marketing planning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44645/the-role-of-marketing-planning" title="The role of marketing planning">The role of marketing planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44654/segmentation-targeting-and-positioning" title="Segmentation, targeting, and positioning">Segmentation, targeting, and positioning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44646/difference-between-niche-mass-market" title="Difference between niche & mass market">Difference between niche & mass market</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43821/the-importance-of-having-a-usp" title="The importance of having a USP">The importance of having a USP</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44655/how-organizations-differentiate-themselves" title="How organizations differentiate themselves">How organizations differentiate themselves</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43834/42-vocab-quiz" title="4.2 Vocab Quiz">4.2 Vocab Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45528/42-true-or-false-quiz" title="4.2 True or False Quiz">4.2 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43696/42-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.2 Glossary of key terms">4.2 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44660/43-sales-forecasting-hl" title="4.3 Sales forecasting (HL)">4.3 Sales forecasting (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44669/benefits-limitations-of-sales-forecasting" title="Benefits & limitations of sales forecasting">Benefits & limitations of sales forecasting</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45530/43-true-or-false-quiz" title="4.3 True or False Quiz">4.3 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43711/43-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.3 Glossary of key terms">4.3 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44679/44-market-research" title="4.4 Market research">4.4 Market research</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44680/why-how-organizations-carry-out-market-research" title="Why & how organizations carry out market research">Why & how organizations carry out market research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44692/methodstechniques-of-primary-market-research" title="Methods/techniques of primary market research">Methods/techniques of primary market research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44693/methodstechniques-of-secondary-market-research" title="Methods/techniques of secondary market research">Methods/techniques of secondary market research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44694/qualitative-quantitative-research" title="Qualitative & quantitative research">Qualitative & quantitative research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44695/methods-of-sampling" title="Methods of sampling">Methods of sampling</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45531/44-true-or-false-quiz" title="4.4 True or False Quiz">4.4 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43712/44-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.4 Glossary of key terms">4.4 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44720/45-the-seven-ps-of-the-marketing-mix" title="4.5 The seven Ps of the marketing mix">4.5 The seven Ps of the marketing mix</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44740/451-product" title="4.5.1 Product">4.5.1 Product</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44741/the-product-life-cycle" title="The product life cycle">The product life cycle</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44745/extension-strategies" title="Extension strategies">Extension strategies</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44981/relationship-between-the-plc-investment-profit-cash-flow" title="Relationship between the PLC, investment, profit & cash flow">Relationship between the PLC, investment, profit & cash flow</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44748/aspects-of-branding" title="Aspects of branding">Aspects of branding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44757/the-importance-of-branding" title="The importance of branding">The importance of branding</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45766/starterplenary-activity-anagrams-quiz-brands" title="Starter/Plenary activity - Anagrams Quiz (Brands)">Starter/Plenary activity - Anagrams Quiz (Brands)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45957/starterplenary-activity-whats-in-a-brand-name" title="Starter/Plenary activity - What's in a (brand) name?">Starter/Plenary activity - What's in a (brand) name?</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43713/45-glossary-of-key-terms-product" title="4.5 Glossary of key terms (Product)">4.5 Glossary of key terms (Product)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42547/452-price" title="4.5.2 Price">4.5.2 Price</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43719/45-key-terms-price" title="4.5 Key Terms (Price)">4.5 Key Terms (Price)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44782/453-promotion" title="4.5.3 Promotion">4.5.3 Promotion</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44783/above-the-line-promotion" title="Above the line promotion">Above the line promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44795/below-the-line-promotion" title="Below the line promotion">Below the line promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44797/through-the-line-promotion" title="Through the line promotion">Through the line promotion</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44801/social-media-marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43721/45-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.5 Glossary of key terms">4.5 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44803/454-place" title="4.5.4 Place">4.5.4 Place</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44804/the-importance-of-different-distribution-channels" title="The importance of different distribution channels">The importance of different distribution channels</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43722/45-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.5 Glossary of key terms">4.5 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44758/455-people" title="4.5.5 People">4.5.5 People</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44773/456-processes" title="4.5.6 Processes">4.5.6 Processes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44774/457-physical-evidence" title="4.5.7 Physical evidence">4.5.7 Physical evidence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44982/appropriate-marketing-mixes" title="Appropriate marketing mixes">Appropriate marketing mixes</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44697/46-international-marketing-hl" title="4.6 International marketing (HL)">4.6 International marketing (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44698/opportunities-threats-posed-by-entry-into-international-markets" title="Opportunities & threats posed by entry into international markets">Opportunities & threats posed by entry into international markets</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45537/46-true-or-false-quiz" title="4.6 True or False Quiz">4.6 True or False Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45736/46-glossary-of-key-terms" title="4.6 Glossary of key terms">4.6 Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43565/unit-5-operations-mgt" title="Unit 5 - Operations Mgt">Unit 5 - Operations Mgt</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44817/51-introduction-to-operations-management" title="5.1 Introduction to operations management">5.1 Introduction to operations management</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44818/the-role-of-operations-management" title="The role of operations management">The role of operations management</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44812/52-operations-methods" title="5.2 Operations methods">5.2 Operations methods</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44815/operations-methods" title="Operations methods">Operations methods</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44861/53-lean-production-quality-management-hl" title="5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)">5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44864/features-of-lean-production" title="Features of lean production">Features of lean production</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44872/methods-of-lean-production" title="Methods of lean production">Methods of lean production</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44874/cradle-to-cradle-design-manufacturing" title="Cradle to cradle design & manufacturing">Cradle to cradle design & manufacturing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44875/quality-control-quality-assurance" title="Quality control & quality assurance">Quality control & quality assurance</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44876/methods-of-managing-quality" title="Methods of managing quality">Methods of managing quality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44877/the-impact-of-lean-production-tqm" title="The impact of lean production & TQM">The impact of lean production & TQM</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44878/national-international-quality-standards" title="National & international quality standards">National & international quality standards</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44840/55-break-even-analysis" title="5.5 Break-even analysis">5.5 Break-even analysis</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44843/contribution" title="Contribution">Contribution</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44848/aspects-of-break-even-analysis" title="Aspects of break-even analysis">Aspects of break-even analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44851/changes-in-price-and-costs" title="Changes in price and costs">Changes in price and costs</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44852/limitations-of-break-even-analysis" title="Limitations of break-even analysis">Limitations of break-even analysis</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44890/56-production-planning-hl" title="5.6 Production planning (HL)">5.6 Production planning (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44902/the-local-global-supply-chain-process" title="The local & global supply chain process">The local & global supply chain process</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44922/the-difference-between-jit-jic" title="The difference between JIT & JIC">The difference between JIT & JIC</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44931/stock-control-charts" title="Stock control charts">Stock control charts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44970/capacity-utilization-rate" title="Capacity utilization rate">Capacity utilization rate</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45125/defect-rate" title="Defect rate">Defect rate</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43832/productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45187/cost-to-buy-cost-to-make" title="Cost to buy & Cost to make">Cost to buy & Cost to make</a></li><ul class="level-3 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/46353/sinterklaas-putting-ctb-vs-ctm-into-practice" title="Sinterklaas - Putting CTB vs CTM into practice">Sinterklaas - Putting CTB vs CTM into practice</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45242/57-crisis-management-contingency-planning-hl" title="5.7 Crisis management & contingency planning (HL)">5.7 Crisis management & contingency planning (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45243/difference-between-crisis-management-contingency-planning" title="Difference between crisis management & contingency planning">Difference between crisis management & contingency planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45268/impact-of-contingency-planning" title="Impact of contingency planning">Impact of contingency planning</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45260/factors-that-affect-effective-crisis-management" title="Factors that affect effective crisis management">Factors that affect effective crisis management</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45554/57-true-or-false-quiz" title="5.7 True or False Quiz">5.7 True or False Quiz</a></li></ul><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45669/59-management-information-systems-hl" title="5.9 Management Information Systems (HL)">5.9 Management Information Systems (HL)</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42633/data-analytics" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45861/database" title="Database">Database</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44966/cybersecurity-and-cybercrime" title="Cybersecurity and cybercrime">Cybersecurity and cybercrime</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45859/critical-infrastructures" title="Critical infrastructures">Critical infrastructures</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/46175/virtual-reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45862/the-internet-of-things" title="The internet of things">The internet of things</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45858/artificial-intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42634/big-data" title="Big data">Big data</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43392/customer-loyalty-programmes" title="Customer loyalty programmes">Customer loyalty programmes</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43395/digital-taylorism" title="Digital Taylorism">Digital Taylorism</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45671/data-mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45856/benefits-risks-ethical-implications-of-mis" title="Benefits, risks, & ethical implications of MIS">Benefits, risks, & ethical implications of MIS</a></li></ul></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42640/bmt-" title="BMT ">BMT </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42553/bmt-1-swot-analysis" title="BMT 1 - SWOT analysis">BMT 1 - SWOT analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42406/bmt-2-ansoff-matrix" title="BMT 2 - Ansoff matrix">BMT 2 - Ansoff matrix</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44027/bmt-3-steeple-analysis" title="BMT 3 - STEEPLE analysis">BMT 3 - STEEPLE analysis</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42577/bmt-4-boston-consulting-group-matrix" title="BMT 4 - Boston Consulting Group matrix">BMT 4 - Boston Consulting Group matrix</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42956/bmt-5-business-plans" title="BMT 5 - Business plans">BMT 5 - Business plans</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43606/bmt-6-decision-trees" title="BMT 6 - Decision trees">BMT 6 - Decision trees</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42362/bmt-7-descriptive-statistics" title="BMT 7 - Descriptive statistics">BMT 7 - Descriptive statistics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42226/bmt-8-circular-business-models" title="BMT 8 - Circular Business Models">BMT 8 - Circular Business Models</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43605/bmt-9-gantt-chart-hl-only" title="BMT 9 - Gantt chart (HL only)">BMT 9 - Gantt chart (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42214/bmt-10-porters-generic-strategies-hl-only" title="BMT 10 - Porter's generic strategies (HL only)">BMT 10 - Porter's generic strategies (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42216/bmt-11-hofstedes-cultural-dimensions-hl-only" title="BMT 11 - Hofstede's cultural dimensions (HL only)">BMT 11 - Hofstede's cultural dimensions (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42372/bmt-12-force-field-analysis-hl-only" title="BMT 12 - Force field analysis (HL only)">BMT 12 - Force field analysis (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42375/bmt-13-critical-path-analysis-hl-only" title="BMT 13 - Critical path analysis (HL only)">BMT 13 - Critical path analysis (HL only)</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42344/bmt-14-contribution-hl-only-" title="BMT 14 - Contribution (HL only) ">BMT 14 - Contribution (HL only) </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42311/bmt-15-simple-linear-regression-hl-only" title="BMT 15 - Simple linear regression (HL only)">BMT 15 - Simple linear regression (HL only)</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42758/concepts" title="Concepts">Concepts</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43633/creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43631/ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43435/sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43668/change" title="Change">Change</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/42836/ia-" title="IA ">IA </a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44415/formulating-suitable-ia-questions" title="Formulating suitable IA questions">Formulating suitable IA questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/47685/supporting-documents-for-the-ia" title="Supporting documents for the IA">Supporting documents for the IA</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/47840/top-tips-for-the-ia-primary-research" title="Top tips for the IA – Primary research">Top tips for the IA – Primary research</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44047/50-sample-ia-research-questions" title="50+ Sample IA research questions">50+ Sample IA research questions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/46719/recommended-format-for-the-ia" title="Recommended format for the IA">Recommended format for the IA</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43603/exams" title="Exams">Exams</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44091/paper-1" title="Paper 1">Paper 1</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Paper 2">Paper 2</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/46637/01-ikea" title="01 - IKEA">01 - IKEA</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45839/quantitative-techniques" title="Quantitative techniques">Quantitative techniques</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/46025/abbreviations-quiz" title="Abbreviations Quiz">Abbreviations Quiz</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/43740/command-terms" title="Command terms">Command terms</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/45612/glossary-of-key-terms" title="Glossary of key terms">Glossary of key terms</a></li></ul><li class="ancestor parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33955/the-core" title="The Core">The Core</a></li><ul class="level-1 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/34902/cas-bm" title="CAS & BM">CAS & BM</a></li><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21665/the-ee" title="The EE">The EE</a></li><ul class="level-2 expanded"><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21934/the-bm-extended-essay" title="The BM Extended Essay">The BM Extended Essay</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/32857/ee-planning-form" title="EE Planning form">EE Planning form</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/37390/managing-the-ee-process" title="Managing the EE process">Managing the EE process</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/37496/top-10-tips-for-the-bm-ee" title="Top 10 tips for the BM EE">Top 10 tips for the BM EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21930/70-top-bm-ee-research-questions" title="70 top BM EE Research Questions">70 top BM EE Research Questions</a></li><li class="ancestor parent" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right fa-rotate-90"></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22196/tools-techniques-theories-for-the-ee" title="Tools, techniques & theories for the EE">Tools, techniques & theories for the EE</a></li><ul class="level-3 expanded"><li class="current" style="padding-left: 42px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/44048/the-triple-bottom-line" title="The triple bottom line">The triple bottom line</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21836/understanding-the-assessment-criteria" title="Understanding the assessment criteria">Understanding the assessment criteria</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/37960/reflections-and-engagement-in-the-ee" title="Reflections and engagement in the EE">Reflections and engagement in the EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/41874/the-mandatory-reflection-sessions" title="The mandatory reflection sessions">The mandatory reflection sessions</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/37659/top-10-tips-for-completing-the-rppf" title="Top 10 Tips for completing the RPPF">Top 10 Tips for completing the RPPF</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/21945/academic-integrity-the-ee" title="Academic Integrity & the EE">Academic Integrity & the EE</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/37573/citation-and-referencing" title="Citation and Referencing">Citation and Referencing</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/39260/ee-checklist" title="EE Checklist">EE Checklist</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/25192/tok-bm" title="TOK & BM">TOK & BM</a></li></ul><li class=" parent std-toplevel" style="padding-left: 4px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22100/misc" title="Misc">Misc</a></li><ul class="level-1 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/22208/how-well-do-you-know-the-bm-course" title="How well do you know the BM course?">How well do you know the BM course?</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="std-disabled" href="#" title="Distance Learning">Distance Learning</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/39730/financial-literacy-simulation-game" title="Financial literacy simulation game">Financial literacy simulation game</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/34551/starter-activities-business-management-trivia-quizzes" title="Starter Activities - Business Management Trivia Quizzes">Starter Activities - Business Management Trivia Quizzes</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/33511/glossary-of-key-terms-index" title="Glossary of key terms - index">Glossary of key terms - index</a></li><li class=" parent" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36815/revision-key-terms" title="Revision - Key terms">Revision - Key terms</a></li><ul class="level-2 "><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36818/unit-1-key-terms-business-organization-environment" title="Unit 1 Key terms - Business organization & environment">Unit 1 Key terms - Business organization & environment</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36871/unit-2-key-terms-human-resource-management" title="Unit 2 Key terms - Human Resource Management">Unit 2 Key terms - Human Resource Management</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36874/unit-3-key-terms-finance-accounts" title="Unit 3 Key terms - Finance & accounts">Unit 3 Key terms - Finance & accounts</a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36882/unit-4-key-terms-marketing-" title="Unit 4 Key terms - Marketing ">Unit 4 Key terms - Marketing </a></li><li class="" style="padding-left: 28px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/36887/unit-5-key-terms-operations-management" title="Unit 5 Key terms - Operations management">Unit 5 Key terms - Operations management</a></li></ul><li class="" style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="expander fa fa-caret-right "></i><a class="" href="https://www.student.thinkib.net/businessmanagement/page/38055/entrepreneurs-leaders-quiz" title="Entrepreneurs & Leaders Quiz">Entrepreneurs & Leaders Quiz</a></li></ul></ul></nav> </div> </div> </div> </div><div style="margin-top: 20px;"><style type="text/css">
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<div id="main-column" class="span9"> <article id="the-triple-bottom-line" style="margin-top: 16px;">
<h1 class="section-title">The triple bottom line</h1>
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<div class="panel panel-has-footer" style="box-shadow: rgba(17, 0, 51, 0.3) 0px 10px 30px -15px; border-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><div class="panel-heading" style="background-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><h6><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The triple bottom line - Operations management and sustainability</span></h6></div></div><div class="panel-body"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="266" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/sustainability.jpg" width="224" /></span></span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>“We need to think of the future and the planet we are going to leave to our children and their children.”<br />- </em>Kofi Annan, Ghanaian diplomat (1938 - 2018)</span></span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><em>“If it can't be reduced, reused, repaired, rebuilt, refurbished, refinished, resold, recycled or composted, then it should be restricted, redesigned, or removed from production.”<br />- </em>Pete Seeger (1919 - 2014), American folk singer and social activist</span></p></div><div class="panel-footer" style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 250);"><div><p><a href="businessmanagement/page/43435/sustainability" title="New syllabus 2022 » The 4 key concepts » Sustainability">Sustainability</a> is one of the key concepts prescribed in the IB Business Management course. The triple bottom line (3BL) model discusses business management strategies and practices for ecological, social (human resource) and economic sustainability. According to the United Nations (UN), sustainability is defined as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (UN, 1987).</p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In a business context, the term <strong>sustainability</strong> refers to the ability of an organization or an economy to continue its business activities indefinitely. This means that its operations today do not jeopardise the opportunities for future generations. British author and entrepreneur John Elkington (1994) is a world-leading authority on corporate responsibility and sustainable development. Elkington coined the term the<strong> triple bottom line </strong>(or the three 3Ps of sustainability) to refer to the three pillars (aspects) of sustainability that businesses need to consider:</span></p><ul class="branded"><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Social sustainability (People)</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ecological sustainability (Planet), and</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Economic sustainability (Profit)</span></p></li></ul><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/sustainability-pillars.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 229px;" /></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Elkington</em><em>’s</em><em> </em><em>pillars of sustainability</em></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-heading" style="background-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><h6><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Ecological sustainability (Planet)</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></h6></div></div><div class="panel-body"><p><em>"We have a finite environment - the planet. Anyone who thinks that you can have infinite growth in a finite environment is either a madman or an economist."</em><br />- Sir David Attenborough, British broadcaster, natural historian, and author</p><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="124" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/sustainability---resources.jpg" width="375" /></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /><em><span style="color:#696969;">Overfishing and deforestation are ecologically unsustainable</span></em></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer" style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 250);"><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Ecological sustainability</strong> (or <strong>environmental sustainability</strong>) refers to sustainable use of the planet’s natural resources so that the current level of consumption does not jeopardise the resources available for future generations. Without ecological sustainability, business activity will eventually deplete the planet’s natural resources.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Examples of unsustainable business activities include overfishing and deforestation. At a more micro level, many retailer have implemented a policy of "opt-in receipts"</span> (where printed receipts are only given to customers <em>if </em>they request one - otherwise they can be emailed to customers instead).</p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Therefore, environmental sustainability requires the efficient and rational use of the earth’s resources. For example, many countries have introduced a charge (or tax) on the use of non-biodegradable plastic carrier bags. These countries include: Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Holland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Switzerland, and Wales. According to reusethisbag.com, Ireland reduced the use of plastic carrier bags by 90% (or over 1 billion bags) between 2001 and 2011 by imposing a per unit tax of $0.37. Some countries have banned the distribution of plastic carrier bags that are not made from biodegradable sources. These nations include: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Italy, Mexico, Rwanda and Tasmania.</span></p><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="187" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/litter_2.jpg" width="313" /> </span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Many countries have taxes or bans on plastic bags</em></span></span></p><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Operations management has a significant role in ecological sustainability. For example:</span></p><ul class="branded"><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="businessmanagement/page/21939/53-lean-production-quality-management-hl" title="Unit 5 » 5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)">Lean production and quality management</a> help to minimise the resources used to make goods and provide services</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="businessmanagement/page/21939/53-lean-production-quality-management-hl" title="Unit 5 » 5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL)">Cradle-to-cradle (C2C)</a> design and manufacturing is used to reduce waste.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="businessmanagement/page/21938/52-production-methods" title="Unit 5 » 5.2 Production methods">Production methods</a> that involve the use of green technologies, such as the use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind and geothermal power).</span></p></li></ul><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 1 - Overfishing</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/fishing.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 186px;" /></p><p><strong>Overfishing </strong>is the commercial practice of removing too many fish from their natural habitat such that the species<br />cannot replenish themselves in time. This can result in the fish stock becoming severely depleted or underpopulated, which endangers the species.</p><p>There is a global trend in overfishing, with some fishing businesses illegally overfishing. Overfishing creates a threat to sustainability and causes negative externalities of production (such as pollution caused by too many commercial trawlers operating in the oceans) and negative consumption externalities (such as the immense amount of food waste from over-consumption of seafood buffets).</p></div><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 2 - Deforestation</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" height="188" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/deforestation.jpg" width="328" /></p><p>Brazil’s continual reduction of forest areas is harmful for the country’s long-term environmental sustainability, according to Canada's Natural Resources Canada (NRC). By contrast, Bhutan has continually increased its forest areas. The NRC states that the ratio of forest areas to the total land area of a country is a major indicator of environmental sustainability. The NRC also states that forestry helps to sustain ecological functions such as carbon storage, nutrient cycling, water and air purification, and maintenance of wildlife.</p><p><span style="color:#696969;">Source: www.nrcan.gc.ca</span></p><hr class="hidden" /><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 1 - Why is the Amazon rainforest being destroyed?</span></span></h5><p><span>The Amazon rainforest <span>is known for its biodiversity</span>, but also for the growing problem of deforestation. As <span>the world’s largest tropical </span><span>rainforest with an area of <span class="Eq0J8 LrzXr kno-fv">5.5 million km²</span>, the Amazon rainforest </span>covers much of northwestern Brazil and extends into Colombia, Peru and other South American countries.</span></p><ol><li><p>Knowledge - List reasons why deforestation takes place.</p></li><li><p>Understanding - Write a short paragraph stating why deforestation is happening.</p></li><li><p>Application - Write a short paragraph describing the reasons for deforestation in a specific area you have studied. Include facts and figures in your response.</p></li><li><p>Analysis - What problems exist in the Amazon Basin that cause deforestation?</p></li><li><p>Evaluation - Are there any feasible solutions which may prevent deforestation? In your response, consider the reasons <em>why </em>businesses are involved in deforestation and think of some alternative, feasible and sustainable solutions to the issue.</p></li><li><p>Creation - What would happen if Brazil gave the Amerindians more rights to the land within which they live?</p></li></ol></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> <span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ATL Activity 2 - The World Counts (climate change)</span></span></h5><p>Take a look at <a href="https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/climate-change/global-warming/average-global-temperature/story">The World Counts website</a> to see how the earth’s average temperature is continually rising. According to the website, if no action is taken to tackle the global problem of climate change, temperatures could increase by 5 degrees by 2100. Use the website to help answer the question below.</p><p>What are the economic implications of global temperatures rising by around 5 degrees within the next eight decades?</p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">According to the UNDP, climate change is the most defining issue of our time and the most significant challenge to sustainable development. The compounding effects of climate change are speeding up, leaving even less time for people, firms, and governments to act. Unprecedented changes in all aspects of society will be required to avoid the worst effects of climate change, bringing with it massive wildfires, hurricanes, droughts, floods, and other climate disasters across all continents.</span></p></section><p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 3 - The Coca-Cola Company</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/coca.jpg" style="width: 143px; height: 124px; float: left;" />Coca-Cola is the world’s most successful consumer drinks company. However, this also means the company is the planet’s largest plastic polluter. Read this BBC article about Coca-Cola’s impact on the environment, and answer the questions that follow:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-50175594">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-50175594</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">This task can also be useful for the <a href="businessmanagement/page/25115/cuegis" title="CUEGIS">CUEGIS</a> assessment.</span></p><hr class="hidden" /><ol><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Coca-Cola was once associated with “teaching the world to sing”. According to the author, what is it being increasingly associated with today?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plastic pollution and childhood obesity</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Who is the global chief executive of the Coca-Cola Company?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">James Quincey</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">How many plastic bottles does the Coca-Cola Company produce each year?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Over 100 billion plastic bottles!</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">What does the company aim to achieve by 2030?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">To recover every plastic bottle for every one the company sells, and to use 50% of this for new bottles (an example of cradle to cradle manufacturing)</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">What is Coca-Cola’s annual sales revenue?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Over $40 billion (that equates to $109,589,041 in sales revenue every day of the year!)</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">What are the largest growth areas for the company?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Zero-sugar versions of Coca-Cola and the company’s water and juice drinks</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">When did the UK government introduce its sugar tax?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">2016</span></span></p></section></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">If Coca-Cola reduced its use of plastics by 5%, how many plastic bottles would be avoided in the production process?</span><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">500 million fewer bottles (which is the same as saving 1,369,863 plastic bottles per day of the year, or a staggering 57,077 plastic bottles each hour of the day, every day)</span></span></p></section></li></ol></div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">In 2018, Coca-Cola used three million tonnes of plastic in its global operations. Coca-Cola sells more than 100 billion throw-away plastic bottles each year - that's more than 8.3 billion plastic bottles per month, 1.9bn per week, almost 274 million per day or more than 11.4 million single-use plastic bottles per hour! Across the planet, more of Coca-Cola's plastic packaging is found littered than any other brand. Since then, Coca-Cola has announced that the company will replace all plastic shrink wraps for its multipacks, and replace these with 100% recyclable cardboard. Read more about this initiative <a href="https://www-edie-net.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.edie.net/amp-news/5/Coca-Cola-to-replace-plastic-shrink-wrap-with-paper-packaging-across-Europe/">here</a>.</span></p><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 3 - Marriott Hotels</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Read <a href="https://www.treehugger.com/plastic/amp/marriott-removing-plastic-straws-its-6500-hotels.html">this short article</a> about Marriott, the world’s largest hotel chain, removing plastic straws from its 6,500 hotels. This is an important move for the organization’s ecological sustainability as many of its hotels are on beachfront locations and other areas of natural beauty (where the plastics could plastic waste could easily make their way into the sea or into the natural environment.</span></p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 4 - Prada</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Read <a href="https://robbreport-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/robbreport.com/style/fashion/pradas-sustainable-re-nylon-bags-are-made-from-recycled-ocean-waste-2856553/amp/">this article</a> about luxury brand Prada’s “Re-Nylon” project, which aims to replace all of the company’s nylon products with recyclable ocean trash by the end of 2021. Whilst many luxury brands continue to use the finest leathers, silks and cashmeres from around the world, Prada’s efforts to invest in sustainable alternatives has led the business to use ocean plastics and fishing nets to make its bags. Prada’s Re-Nylon bags range from US$1,550 to $1,790.</span></p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 5 - France bans waste foods</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/supermarket-2.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 173px;" /></p><p>In 2016, France became the first country in the world to ban supermarkets from throwing away unsold food products, such as fresh bread, fruits, vegetables, eggs, fresh milk and other perishable goods. Instead, supermarkets are required to donate the food items to charities and food banks.</p></div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-youtube fa-lg" style="color: rgb(167, 38, 38);"> </span> This fantastic documentary titled <em>“A Plastic Ocean”</em> shows why sustainability is so important. The 2016 documentary is not available for free online, but watch the trailer here to get a glimpse of why ecological sustainability is vital to our own human survival:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6zrn4-FfbXw" width="640"></iframe></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-youtube fa-lg" style="color: rgb(167, 38, 38);"> </span> For the non-faint hearted, here is a short snippet of the documentary, that shows why so many birds are dying from the plastic pollution in our oceans, with one scene showing 234 pieces of plastic waste inside a dead bird:</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ju_2NuK5O-E" width="640"></iframe></span></p><p><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-youtube fa-lg" style="color: rgb(167, 38, 38);"> </span> But it is not all doom and gloom. Some organizations, such as Ecoalf, have embraced upcycling by using plastic waste from the oceans to create products such as clothes. Watch this short video that introduces the EcoAlf Foundation's Ocean Waste and Recycling Partnership.</p><p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qZtblz0q1do" width="640"></iframe></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ecological sustainability strives to achieve economic goals of society without having to deplete more of the planet ́s natural resources. Upcycling the oceans is one way to achieve this aim. It involves organizations and volunteers to collect trash destroys the oceans and ecosystem, by turning plastic waste into top-quality yarn to produce fabrics and other products.<span style="color:#FF0000;"> Ecoalf has managed to create a new 100% recycled filament, called "UTO Yarn", which is made of the plastic bottles recovered from the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea.</span></span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ecoalf's Upcycling the Oceans programme is an unprecedented worldwide project that aims to remove plastic waste from the bottom of the oceans, with the help of fishermen and other volunteers. </span><span style="color:#FF0000;">The revolutionary project's main goal is to recover the trash, mainly plastic waste, that is destroying the oceans in order to give the seas a second chance of life. Ecolaf's <span style="color:#FF0000;">Upcycling the Oceans project</span> started in September 2015 in the Mediterranean Coast of Levante (Spain), and has expanded throughout the Mediterranean and has also been replicated in Thailand.</span></p></section></div></div><div class="panel-heading" style="background-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a><div><h6><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Social sustainability (People)</span></h6></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/consumption.jpg" style="width: 280px; height: 187px;" /></span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>With more people, comes more consumption</em></span></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer" style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 250);"><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Social sustainability</strong> focuses on the extent to which an organization or economy can meet the needs of the current generation without jeopardising the needs of future generations. For example, population growth around the world results in greater levels of consumption and depletion of the earth’s natural resources. Social sustainability enables people of the current and future generations to enjoy a decent quality of life.</span></p><hr class="hidden" /><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 7 - Population trends</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Take a look at this website (Worldometers.com) with some fascinating live data, including the size of the world’s population, as well as the populations of the world’s 20 largest countries (by population size). Click <a href="http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/">here</a> to see the information on this website, which clearly points to the importance of social sustainability.</span></p></div><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 6 - Population milestones</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">8 billion: 2022 (15th Nov 2022)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">7 billion: 2011</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">6 billion: 1999</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">5 billion: 1987</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">4 billion: 1974</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">3 billion: 1960</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">2 billion: 1930</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">1 billion: 1804</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#696969;">Source: </span><a href="http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/"><span style="color:#696969;">http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/</span></a></span></p></div><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Social sustainability requires allocating resources in such a way to maximise the quality of life for people within a society. For example, by removing social barriers such as gender inequalities, human resources are allocated more efficiently in society. This results in women being provided equal opportunities in the workplace, and hence higher household incomes too.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">However, social barriers exist which prevent or limit social sustainability. Examples include absolute poverty, unemployment and social imbalances (such as racism, ageism, sexual discrimination, and gender inequalities). Elkington argues that businesses need to embrace social justices, especially the fair treatment of women in the workplace as this can result in many opportunities in terms of productivity gains, employee morale, and a more positive corporate image. In fact, gender equality is the fifth of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s <a href="http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. This means that gender equality, and the empowerment of women in particular, is vital to both economic and human development in the long term.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="173" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/gender-equality.png" width="124" /></span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Gender equality is vital to social sustainability</em></span></span></p><div class="panel panel-has-footer" style="box-shadow: rgba(17, 0, 51, 0.3) 0px 10px 30px -15px; border-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><div class="panel-footer" style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 250);"><div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 4 - Social sustainability and the UNDP SDG</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" height="317" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/sustainability-un-sdg.jpg" width="702" /></p><p>Source: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html</p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), part of the United Nations Development Programme, were adopted by all UN Member States back in 2015 as a universal call to action to end world poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people across the globe enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Read more about the United Nations Development Programme’s Sustainable Development Goals <a href="http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals">here</a> and <a href="http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/">here </a>(from the website of the United Nations), making links to social sustainability.</span></p><p>Students can also refer to this short video about the SDGs:</p><p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5EW5vVCiXlQ" title="YouTube video player" width="640"></iframe></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Students are not expected to learn all of the UN SDGs although being able to understand the overview and purpose of these goals can help them to better understand the concept of sustainability in IB Business Management. There are plenty of discussion points that can arise from this part of the syllabus, such as:</span></span></p><ul class="branded"><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Why hotels around the world offer all-you-can-eat buffets</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Whether high-income nations can justify their overconsumption of goods and services</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Why the world's poorest people have minimal access to the planet's resources</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The pro's and con's of China's previous one-child policy relative to other means to control population growth</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The costs and benefits of an ageing population.</span></span></p></li></ul></section></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="panel panel-has-footer" style="box-shadow: rgba(17, 0, 51, 0.3) 0px 10px 30px -15px; border-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><div class="panel-heading" style="background-color: rgb(61, 30, 128);"><div><h6><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Economic sustainability (Profits)</span></h6></div></div><div class="panel-body"><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="196" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/pollution.jpg" width="294" /></span></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Over-production can cause pollution and waste</em></span></span></p></div></div><div class="panel-footer" style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 250);"><div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Economic sustainability</strong> is about using resources, both natural and manufactured, efficiently and responsibly. It is able encouraging businesses to focus their strategies on long-term rather than short-term profitability targets, and the long-term consequences of economic activities. This also has a direct impact on people’s jobs and careers in the future.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">A lack of economic sustainable business behaviour causes over-production and over-consumption in the short run. Increased populations across the world and higher per capita income have led to greater demand and consumption, making it increasingly difficult to maintain the output of goods and services to meet consumer needs and wants. However, the greater levels of production result in an inefficient allocation of resources, and creates a threat to economic sustainability. This is worsened if over-production and over-consumption results in more pollution and waste. Moreover, overuse of non-renewable resources means that businesses will struggle to operate efficiently in the long run, thus harming their long term profitability and threatening their survival.</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-youtube fa-lg" style="color: rgb(167, 38, 38);"> </span> Watch this short video clip about sustainable banana farming in Australia, asking students to consider the importance of 'best management practices (BMP)' in environmentally-sustainable farming:</span></p><p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FFZnjI6wc6o" width="640"></iframe></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">This video showcases how banana farmers in North Queensland, Australia are using environmentally-sustainable farming practices to reduce the impacts on local waterways and the Great Barrier Reef lagoon.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Possible benefits of best management practices (BMP) include:</span></p><ul class="branded"><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">long-term sustainability of farmland, despite the rain and storm season</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">long-term sustainability of the environment, including protection of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon area</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Restoring riverbanks and soils lost due to tropical cyclones and other natural disasters</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Restoration of natural habitats and ecosystems, including the return of natural wildlife such as ducks, eagles, other birds and even crocodiles.</span></p></li></ul></section><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 7 - IKEA's generous offer to buy back old furniture</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/ikea.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 195px;" /></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><em>An IKEA store in Kraków, Poland</em></span></p><p>In October 2020, IKEA announced that it would buy back unwanted furniture for up to half original price. IKEA, the world’s biggest furniture chain, said it would buy back unwanted furniture from customers and resell these as secondhand products in an attempt to become more environmentally friendly. On the surface of it, this was a great move in terms of the company's <a href="businessmanagement/page/22234/ethical-objectives-csr" title="Unit 1 » 1.3 Organizational objectives » Ethical objectives & CSR">ethical objectives and corporate social responsibility</a> (CSR), as well as its attempt to act in a more sustainable way. The Swedish company’s Buy Back initiative was launched in stores across the UK and Ireland on 27 November 2020 (the Black Friday discount day).</p><p>The scheme is also of direct benefit to IKEA, as customers taking advantage of this initiative receive vouchers to spend in store (i.e. not cash). The value of the returned / unwanted furniture is calculated according to the condition of the items returned. The returned items are put on sale in stores and anything that cannot be resold to customers is simply recycled.</p><p>The move by IKEA is an attempt to build a "circular business model" (<a href="businessmanagement/page/24081/features-of-cradle-to-cradle-design-manufacturing" title="Unit 5 » 5.3 Lean production & quality management (HL) » Features of cradle to cradle design & manufacturing">cradle to cradle design and manufacturing</a>) in which materials and products are reused or recycled. IKEA announced it was investing more than €3.2 billion ($3.76 billion) on sustainability measures in order to become carbon neutral within the next decade (by the end of 2030).</p><p>Read more about this story featured in <em>The Guardian </em>by clicking the link <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/13/ikea-buy-furniture-price-uk-ireland-black-friday">here</a>.</p></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 9 - Sustainability goals and business functions</span></span></h5><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/sdg.png" style="width: 320px; height: 205px;" /></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Business operations are bound by the rules, regulations and laws of the countries in which they operate. Prior to the agreement on the 17 SDGs in 2015, member states of the United Nations focused on the eight <strong>Millennium Development Goals </strong>(MDGs). These were originally planned to be achieved by all 193 UN member countries by 2000 (hence the name). However, the target for achieving the MDGs was extended to 2015, prior to UN members adapting the new <strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong> (SDGs).</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Get students to work in pairs or groups of three to summarise the MDGs and the SDGs. Importantly, they need to be able to apply these sustainability goals to <a href="businessmanagement/page/21766/12-types-of-organizations" title="Unit 1 » 1.2 Types of organizations">business organizations</a> and <a href="businessmanagement/page/24088/business-functions-their-roles" title="Unit 1 » 1.1 Introduction to business management » Business functions & their roles">business functions</a>. Ask them to evaluate the implications of these goals on business operations (they may choose to use a PEST or <a href="businessmanagement/page/24075/steeple-analysis-of-a-given-organization" title="Unit 1 » 1.5 External environment » STEEPLE analysis of a given organization">STEEPLE </a>framework for this.</span></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The eight <strong>Millennium Development Goals</strong> of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) were to:</span></span></p><ol><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, i.e. reducing the number of people whose income is below $1.25 a day and those who suffer from hunger (such as underweight children). <em>Note: In line with increased costs of living (due to inflation), the World Bank revised this figure – which represents the international poverty line – to $1.90 per day in 2015.</em></span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Achieve universal education to primary level (at least), i.e. to raise the school enrolment rate and the literacy rate.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Promote gender equality and empower women, i.e. social, economic and ethical reasons for promoting gender equality, including equal access to education and employment.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Reduce child mortality rates, i.e. reducing the infant mortality rate such as by raising the number of young children who are immunised against measles.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Improve maternal health, i.e. raise the proportion of births supported by skilled health professionals such as qualified doctors and nurses.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Combat diseases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria, i.e. to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS and major diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure environmental sustainability, e.g. by reducing energy use and carbon emissions whilst improving access to clean water sources and better sanitation.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Develop a global partnership for development, i.e. to address the needs of low-income countries, including debt servicing, debt relief, sustainable debt, infrastructure and employment opportunities for women and the youth.</span></span></p></li></ol><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Although the MDGs were not all fully achieved by 2015, there have been some major achievements that enabled the UNDP to create the SDGs. For example, although extreme poverty and hunger have not been completely eradicated, more than 1 billion individuals were lifted out of extreme poverty between 1990 to 2015. The infant mortality rate has also decreased by more than half since inception of the MDGs. The number of children who do not attended any form of education has also dropped by more than half from its pre-1990 level.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></span></p><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The United Nations Development Programme’s <strong>Sustainable Development Goals</strong> (SDGs) were conceived at the</span> <a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/rio20">Earth Summit in Rio De Janeiro</a><span style="color:#FF0000;">, Brazil during the June 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD). These 17 SDGs were developed to replace the 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which were scheduled to end in 2015. UN member states agreed to a timeline of achieving the SDGs by 2030.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The 17 SDGs, to be achieved by 2030, are:</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span></span></p><ol><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">End poverty in all its forms everywhere.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Achieve gender equality and empower women and girls.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Reduce inequality within and among countries.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.</span></span></p></li><li><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development.</span></span></p></li></ol><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#696969;">Source: </span><a href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld"><span style="color:#696969;">UNDP</span></a></span></p></section></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 10 - The importance of green credentials</span></span></h5><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/carbon-footprint.jpg" style="width: 320px; height: 133px;" /></p><p>Read <a href="https://www.phs.co.uk/about-phs/expertise-news/5-simple-ways-to-improve-your-businesss-green-credentials/">this interesting article</a> from phs about the importance of green credentials and how businesses can improve their green credentials.</p><p>Green credentials refers to the credibility of a business in terms of its ecological sustainability, which will also have a direct impact on its economic sustainability. For example, a business which actively engages with the three Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) is likely to have better green credentials than firms that do not. The three Rs is a simple framework that can be applied across the board to businesses of all sizes in all industries.</p><p>It is increasingly challenging for organizations to ignore business ethics, sustainability issues and considering the environmental impacts of their operations. Sustainability is of growing importance to customers and governments around the world.</p><p>Read the article above and consult any other resources to answer the two questions below:</p><ol><li><p>Why are green credentials important?</p></li><li><p>What are the main ways suggested in the article to help businesses to improve their green credentials?</p></li></ol><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Having green credentials is an increasingly important factor for all businesses. Having good green credentials helps a business to manage its brand / corporate reputation. Many businesses actively take steps to become more sustainable and ethical, which also helps to improve its market standing with customers and improves its economic sustainability (profitability).</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The article suggests five "simple ways" to improve an organization's green credentials:</span></p><ol><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Cutting back, i.e. reducing the use of resources, especially non-renewable resources.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Invest in resource-saving appliances, i.e. switching to modern, more energy-efficient appliances and devices / technologies.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Encourage green commuting, i.e. reducing the firm’s overall carbon footprint, such as by encouraging staff to think green when commuting (taking public transport, walking or cycling to work rather than driving).</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Implement a recycling strategy, i.e. embedding a recycling culture in the workplace.</span></p></li><li><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Get staff on board and involved in green credentials, sustainability and ecological sustainable practices.</span></p></li></ol><hr class="hidden" /><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">As an extension task, students could also read</span> <a href="https://www.igniyte.co.uk/blog/important-green-credentials-reputation/">this aricle</a> <span style="color:#FF0000;">about the increasing importance of green credentials in the corporate world.</span></p></section></div><div class="yellowBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-file-text-o fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Case Study 8 - Tourism, planet, people and profits</span></span></h5><p>With the growth in tourism across the world, many business opportunities are created. However, this creates potentially huge threats to the three pillars of sustainability. The case study refers to Venice, but could equally apply to other highly popular tourist destinations.</p><p><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/venice.jpg" style="width: 330px; height: 204px;" /></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><em>Rialto Bridge, Venice, in northeastern Italy</em></span></p><p>Venice, Italy is a popular city destination for tourists who come from all over the world for the well-preserved architecture (worthy of UNESCO World Heritage status), the waterways, canals, gondolas and bridges of the historic centre, the art culture evident in museums, palaces, the opera and churches.</p><p>Increased transport routes, low-cost airlines, cruise ship visits, and the growth of affordable accommodation options, like Airbnb, have helped to create many new business opportunities and increase tourism in Venice. However, its popularity has grown to the extent that it is widely recognised as suffering from <em>overtourism</em>. This means that there are too many tourists for Venice in order to sustain the area (with a population of around 262,000 people) without a worsening of conditions. Some 20 million people visit Venice each year, which averages out to around 54,800 visitors per day (although this easily reaches an estimated 100,000 visitors per day during the peak season). Furthermore, tourists concentrate in hotspot sites within the city, such as the Rialto Bridge and St. Mark’s Square resulting in extreme congestion.</p><hr class="hidden" /><p><strong>Environmental consequences - the threat to ecological sustainability</strong></p><p>Litter, congestion and noise pollution are all obvious by-products of tens of thousands of tourists visiting Venice each day, especially in the historic centre of the city. Air and water pollution are also problems caused by the thousands of boats and water taxis used to ferry tourists around.</p><p><img alt="" height="182" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/images/venice2.jpg" width="344" /></p><p><span style="color:#696969;"><em>Water and noise pollution caused by boats in the canals</em></span></p><p>Cruise ships are also thought to increase erosion from their wake and alter the water channels due to their huge water displacement. These issues have caused what is known as Venice’s ‘sinking’ problem, which is related to subsidence as well as rising sea levels. Although this is not a direct result of tourism, the masses of tourists put additional and perhaps unsustainable stresses on the city’s infrastructure and services which are trying to cope with the subsidence and flooding.</p><hr class="hidden" /><p><strong>Socio-economic consequences - threats to social and economic sustainability</strong></p><p>Local residents are used to living in a highly popular tourist destination and of course there will be numerous economic benefits from the tourism industry, including job opportunities and higher sales revenues from local and foreign tourists. However, the disadvantages include over-dependence on tourism, erosion of other local business and trades, higher prices (inflation), including increased property prices. Indeed, the local property market is now so distorted that there is a lack of affordable rental properties as landlords can earn more money from holiday rentals through Airbnb, for example. This has led to a declining local population, who have been pushed out of the city.</p><p>The decline in the quality of the tourism experience is another ‘self-inflicted’ consequence of overtourism in Venice. The views of the city's historic architecture, traditional cultural experiences and boat rides along the canals and waterways are in danger of being ruined by the very presence of the tourists themselves (in huge and growing numbers).</p><p>Ultimately, the idea of sustainable tourism is built on the basis of economic sustainability (profit), social sustainability (people) and ecological sustainability (planet) in the framework of a circular economy. Sustainable tourism requires such an approach so that the use of resources can be reduced, recycled and/or reused for further productive use in the industry. Essentially, a circular economy is based on the principles of the preservation and restoration of scarce resources so that once they are used they can be reused in the production process rather than being discarded as waste and/or generated as pollution.</p></div><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-cogs fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> Theory of Knowledge (TOK) </span></span></h5><p>The idea of environmental sustainability suggests that people should avoid overconsuming or destroying resources today so as not to penalize opportunities for future generations. Is it possible to have knowledge of the future?</p></div></div></div></div><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-linode fa-lg" style="color: rgb(103, 7, 124);"> </span> ATL Activity 11 - Video Review</span></span></h5><p><span class="snippet-fa fa fa-youtube fa-lg" style="color: rgb(167, 38, 38);"> </span> Review your understanding of operations management strategies and practices for sustainability by watching this short video. Remember that the model is essentially about providing businesses with new perspective on the rationale for integrating practices for sustainability based on the three pillars of sustainability.</p><p><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2f5m-jBf81Q" width="640"></iframe></p><section class="tib-hiddenbox"><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The video transcript, which might be useful to share with students for their revision notes, is included below:</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The triple bottom line (TBL or 3BL) is a concept that is used a lot when speaking about sustainable development, and particularly sustainability in business. John Elkington, a global authority on corporate responsibility and sustainability coined the phrase in a book in 1997. His argument was that the methods by which companies measure value should include not only a financial bottom line (profit or loss), but a social and environmental one as well. The concept has evolved into one that’s often described as three overlapping circles. You’ve probably seen this image before. Sustainability is typically defined as the place where economy, social realities and environmental health overlap.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The concept of the triple bottom line mainstreamed the idea of sustainability as including people, planet AND profit. It helped business to understand that long-term sustainability of an organization required more than just financial equity. It also helped to clarify that when businesses were considering what sustainability meant for them, it didn’t mean they had to give up the notion of financial success.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">But this overlapping circles image of the triple bottom line can convey a lot more. The circles are all the same size. Does this indicate that the economy is the same relative size, or value, as the other two circles, which deal with society and the environment? Can we trade say “2 social and 3 environment for 5 economy” as long as we stay in the overlapping bit in the middle (sustainability)?</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Science tells us that, left to its own devices, the planet operates in a balanced way. We call this the cycles of nature and they are powered by energy from the sun. Science also tells us that matter is not created or destroyed, while laws of thermodynamics tell us that everything tends towards dispersal (principle of entropy). Because plant cells are, for all intents and purposes, the only cells that can produce structure from energy, photosynthesis is the process by which matter is structured on our planet. This is why we say that photosynthesis pays the bills. Without it, creation of structure from energy would not occur, and entropy could rule the day.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">How does this help us understand the triple bottom line?</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Plant cells belong to the environment circle of the triple bottom line. If plant cells are the original creators of structure, then this is the circle on which everything else depends, or in which everything is embedded. Everything comes from nature at some point. Society, which is related to the social circle of the triple bottom line, exists within the environment. And economy is a by-product of society. Instead of three overlapping circles, we have three nested circles, where the economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the environment.</span></p><p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To achieve sustainability, we need to comply with social and environmental conditions: meet human needs within ecological constraints. Does this mean that business has to put financial gain last? Of course not! But economic decisions are part of a strategy to make more money while getting closer to social and ecological sustainability. The economy is a means to an end. Not the end itself.</span></p></section><p>The triple bottom line model is also related to ethical objectives and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Read more about ethical objectives and CSR in Unit 1.3 by clicking the link <a href="businessmanagement/page/22234/ethical-objectives-csr" title="Unit 1 » 1.3 Organizational objectives » Ethical objectives & CSR">here</a>.</p></div><div class="greenBg"><h5><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Key terms</span></span></h5><ul class="branded"><li><strong>Ecological sustainability</strong> (or <strong>environmental sustainability</strong>) refers to the responsibility of individuals and societies to conserve natural resources and protect the planet in order to support the social and economic wellbeing of the current and future generations.</li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Economic sustainability</strong> is about using resources, both natural and manufactured, efficiently and responsibly. It is able encouraging businesses to focus their strategies on long-term rather than short-term profitability targets, and the long-term consequences of economic activities.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Social sustainability</strong> focuses on the extent to which an organization or economy can meet the needs of the current generation without jeopardising the needs of future generations.</span></li><li>The <strong>triple bottom line</strong> refers to the three 3Ps of sustainability: Social sustainability (People), Ecological sustainability (Planet), and Economic sustainability (Profit).</li></ul></div><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Return to the <a href="businessmanagement/page/21937/51-the-role-of-operations-management" title="Unit 5 » 5.1 The role of operations management">Unit 5.1 - The role of operations management</a> homepage</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Return to the <a href="businessmanagement/page/21688/unit-5" title="Unit 5">Unit 5 - Operations management</a> homepage</span></p><p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><a href="businessmanagement/"><img alt="" src="/media/ib/businessmanagement/logo-blue-black.png" style="width: 170px; height: 54px;" /></a></span></p><script>document.querySelectorAll('.tib-teacher-only').forEach(e => e.remove());</script>
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