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selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="theories-and-properties-of-acids-and-bases.html">Theories and properties of acids and bases</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../899/ph-strong-and-weak-acids-and-acid-deposition.html">pH, strong and weak acids and acid deposition</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../903/calculations-involving-acids-and-bases.html">Calculations involving acids and bases</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../902/lewis-acids-and-bases-and-ph-curves.html">Lewis acids and bases, and pH curves</a></label></li></ul></div> <button id="show-periodic-table" class="btn btn-default btn-block" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-table"></i> Periodic table</button> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Theories and properties of acids and bases <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="897" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../361/acids-and-bases.html">Acids and Bases</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Theories and properties of acids and bases</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/acids-and-bases/bicarb-1.jpeg" style="width: 160px; height: 120px; float: left;">This is a short introduction to acids and bases. Much of which you may have encountered pre-IB. A few keys things to remember here include recognising acid-base conjugate pairs and remembering how to write and balance acid reactions.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p><strong>Brønsted-Lowry acid*, Brønsted-Lowry base*</strong>, Hydroxonium (hydronium) ion, Conjugate acid base pairs, Amphiprotic, Amphoteric, A salt</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="623,624" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="7" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-221" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="221"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112829.png" data-fancybox="gallery-221" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112829.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112845.png" data-fancybox="gallery-221" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112845.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112902.png" data-fancybox="gallery-221" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112902.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-113034.png" data-fancybox="gallery-221" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-113034.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-221" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-221" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112829-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112845-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-112902-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-221/screenshot-2020-08-25-at-113034-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="7-548-897"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best definition of a Brønsted-Lowry base?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A lone pair acceptor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A lone pair donor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) acceptor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) donor</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The Brønsted-Lowry model is our usual model for defining acids and bases.</p><p>A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton/hydrogen ion/H<sup>+</sup> donor and a Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton/hydrogen ion/H<sup>+</sup> acceptor. These definitions need to be learned.</p><p>Thus <strong>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) acceptor</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best definition of a Brønsted-Lowry acid?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A lone pair donor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) acceptor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>A lone pair acceptor</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) donor</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The Brønsted-Lowry model is our usual model for defining acids and bases.</p><p>A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton/hydrogen ion/H<sup>+</sup> donor and a Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton/hydrogen ion/H<sup>+</sup> acceptor. These definitions need to be learned.</p><p>Thus <strong>A hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>) donor</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the conjugate base of H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>OH<sup>−</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3−</sup></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Every base has a conjugate acid. Likewise, every acid has a conjugate base.</p><p>To find the conjugate base of a Bronsted-Lowry acid, simply remove an H<sup>+</sup> ion from the acid (and vice versa).</p><p>Therefore <strong>HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> </strong>is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the conjugate acid of HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>H<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Every base has a conjugate acid. Likewise, every acid has a conjugate base.</p><p>To find the conjugate acid of a Bronsted-Lowry acid, simply add an H<sup>+</sup> ion to the base (and vice versa).</p><p>Therefore <strong>H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which are a correct set of acid-base conjugate pairs from the reaction below (in aqueous solution)?</p><p>HNO<sub>3</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub> → NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Conjugate acid: NH<sub>3</sub> Conjugate base: NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Conjugate acid: HNO<sub>3</sub> Conjugate base: NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Conjugate acid: HNO<sub>3</sub> Conjugate base: NH<sub>3</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Conjugate acid: NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> Conjugate base: NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Conjugate acid-base pairs differ in formula by a single H<sup>+</sup> ion. The conjugate acid should have an extra H<sup>+</sup> when compared to the conjugate base.</p><p>Therefore the correct answer is: <strong>Conjugate acid: HNO<sub>3</sub> Conjugate base: NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></strong></p><p>Note that; Conjugate acid: NH<sub>3</sub> Conjugate base: NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> is also an acid-base pair, but the labels are incorrect as the base has the extra H<sup>+</sup> ion.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are formed when magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid?</p><p>1: A salt</p><p>2: Hydrogen gas</p><p>3: Water</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Acid reactions need to be learned:</p><p>Acid + Base (metal oxide/hydroxide) → Salt + Water</p><p>Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen</p><p>Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide</p><p>Magnesium hydroxide is a base, so <strong>1 and 3 only</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are formed when sodium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid?</p><p>1: Sodium chloride</p><p>2: Carbon dioxide gas</p><p>3: Water</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Acid reactions need to be learned:</p><p>Acid + Base (metal oxide/hydroxide) → Salt + Water</p><p>Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen</p><p>Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide</p><p>And neutralising: hydrochloric acid produced chlorides; sulfuric acid produces sulfates; nitric acid produces nitrates.</p><p>Sodium carbonate is a metal carbonate, and the salt produced will be sodium chloride, so <strong>1, 2 and 3 </strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">8</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following are formed when magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid?</p><p>1: Magnesium chloride</p><p>2: Hydrogen gas</p><p>3: Carbon dioxide gas</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 3 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> 2 only<span></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>3 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Acid reactions need to be learned:</p><p>Acid + Base (metal oxide/hydroxide) → Salt + Water</p><p>Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen</p><p>Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide</p><p>And neutralising: hydrochloric acid produced chlorides; sulfuric acid produces sulfates; nitric acid produces nitrates.</p><p>Magnesium is a metal, and the salt produced will be magnesium sulfate (not magnesium chloride), so <strong>2 only</strong> is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">9</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following could act as either a Brønsted-Lowry acid or base in aqueous solution?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>HCl</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A Brønsted-Lowry acid is an H<sup>+</sup> ion (proton) donor and a base is an H<sup>+</sup> ion (proton) acceptor. So in order to behave as both, a species must be able to both donate and accept an H<sup>+</sup> ion.</p><p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> can accept a proton to form H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, or can donate a proton to form HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>. We should recognise that both these species (produced) are stable. Therefore <strong>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></strong> is the correct answer.</p><p>The other species can accept or donate protons, but cannot do both.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">10</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> takes part in the following reactions:</p><p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + OH<sup>−</sup>(aq) → HPO<sub>3</sub><sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p><p>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>(aq) + H<sup>+</sup>(aq) → H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>(aq)</p><p>Which of the following apply to H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> in any/all of these reactions?</p><p>1 It is a Bronsted-Lowry base</p><p>2 It is a Bronsted-Lowry acid</p><p>3 It is Amphiprotic</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>1, 2 and 3</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>2 only</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>1 and 2 only</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In the first reaction, H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> donates a proton, acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid.</p><p>In the second reaction, H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> accepts a proton, acting as a Bronsted-Lowry base.</p><p>If a substance is both a Bronsted-Lowry acid and a Bronsted-Lowry base, then it is amphiprotic (can both accept and donate a proton (H<sup>+</sup> ion)).</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam-style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2758/acids-and-bases-core-sl-and-hl-paper-1-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions">Acids and Bases core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2761/acids-and-bases-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions">Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h4>Paper 2</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2762/acids-and-bases-core-sl-hl-paper-2-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions">Acids and Bases core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2767/acids-and-bases-ahl-hl-only-paper-2-questions.html" title="Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions">Acids and Bases AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions</a></h5> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="897"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Theories and properties of acids and bases</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" 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}</style><div id="modal-periodic-table" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document" style="width: 90vw;"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Periodic table</h4> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img src="../../../img/periodic-table/periodic-table-2020.png" style="max-width: 1400px; height: auto"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-right" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"><p id="fc-viewer-info" style="width: 80%;"></p><button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="flashcard-body" class="modal-body"><div class="row" style="margin: 0;"><div class="col-md-8 fc-viewer-main"><div class="fc-viewer-inner"><div id="fc-viewer-main-front"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span><span id="issue-report" class="issue-report hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Report a problem"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-exclamation-circle" style="font-size: 1.5em;"></i> </span> </div><div id="fc-viewer-main-back" class="reverse-flashcard green-bg"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span></div></div></div><div class="col-md-4 fc-viewer-controls"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle"> <div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle-inner fc-back"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-answers mt-xs-0 mx-xs-0"><button id="right-answer" class="btn btn-success text-center btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as CORRECT"><i class="fa fa-check"></i> Correct</button><button id="wrong-answer" class="btn text-center bg-red btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as INCORRECT"><i class="fa fa-remove"></i> Incorrect</button></div><table class="table stats"><tr><td>Times flipped</td><td id="fc-viewer-tflipped" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>correct</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-right" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>incorrect</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-wrong" class="text-right">0</td></tr></table><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center reset-stats hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Reset stats for this flashcard" style="margin: 10px 0;"><i class="fa fa-undo"></i> Reset</a> <div class="fc-notes-container hidden-xs hidden-sm"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes" rows="4" placeholder="Write your own notes here..." style="resize: none;">
</textarea><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center save-notes" title="Save personal notes for this flashcard" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i> Save notes</a> </div><div class="fc-viewer-actions-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block reset-stats"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-undo"></i>Reset</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#card-notes-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Notes</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#report-problem-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-exclamation-circle"></i>Report error</button></div> </div></div><div class="fc-viewer-controls-bottom hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="fc-move"> <button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="prev" title="Previous flashcard"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i>Prev</button><button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="next" title="Next flashcard">Next<i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></button></div><div class="fc-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"><i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle</button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="fc-close-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button id="fc-xs-close" type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button> <hr class="thin"> <div class="fc-actions" style="width: 100%;"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"> <i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle </button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter hidden-md hidden-lg"></span></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div id="report-error-container" class="report-problem"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group"><label>Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></label><textarea class="form-control issue-description" cols="4"></textarea></div><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary pull-right send-report disabled"><i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button id="close-send-report" type="button" class="btn btn-default" style="margin-left: 0;">Close</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="card-notes-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Notes</h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes p-xs-3" rows="8" style="resize: none;">
</textarea></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-xs-block save-notes"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Save</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div><div id="report-problem-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal report-problem" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group mb-xs-0"><textarea class="form-control issue-description p-xs-3" rows="8"></textarea></div></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block mb-xs-3 disabled send-report"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default text-center btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div> <div id="fcgame-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-fcgame" role="document"> <div class="modal-content mc-flashcard modal-content-fcgame"> <div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="row text-center" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"> <div class="text-left"> Your time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="chronometer">00:00:</span> <span class="chronometer msec c-mobile" id="chronometer-msec">000</span> <br> Your best time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="best-record"></span> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fcgame-body" class=" modal-body modal-body-fcgame"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fc-content" id="fc-content" style="padding: 15px;"></div> </div> </div> <div id="end-game" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-lg-10 col-lg-offset-1 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 result shadow-bottom"> <div id="end-game-dismiss"></div> <div id="end-game-results"></div> <div id="show-percent" style="margin-bottom: 30px;font-size: 16px;"></div> </div> <div id="end-game-fc" class="col-lg-12"></div> </div> <div id="start-game" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 centered"> <div style="width: 200px;"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block" id="play-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Start</button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block" id="cancel-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Cancel</button> </div> </div> <div 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