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class="fa fa-table"></i> Periodic table</button> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Ionic bonding and structure <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="880" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../357/bonding-and-structure.html">Bonding and Structure</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Ionic bonding and structure</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/test-images/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-08.45.06-1.png" style="width: 160px; height: 154px; float: left;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Our</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> model of ionic bonding is based on the Bohr model of the atom and represented with Lewis (dot-cross) diagrams. Ensure that you know the basics; how to work out the formulae of ionic compounds, including committing to memory the polyatomic ions. Don't forget to put your charges into your Lewis/dot-cross diagrams!</span></p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p><strong>an ionic bond*</strong>, an ion, an anion, a cation, electrostatic attraction, lattice (or giant) structure</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="Normal" data-topics="604" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="6" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-has-border panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>The Bohr atom</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div>A reminder from <strong>electron configuration</strong> (section 2.2) that our Lewis (dot-cross) diagrams are based on the Bohr model of the atom.</div> <div class="video-embed vimeo"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" webkitallowfullscreen="" height="420" width="100%" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/283707909"></iframe></div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-178" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="178"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134941.png" data-fancybox="gallery-178" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134941.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134732.png" data-fancybox="gallery-178" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134732.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-07-21-at-164946.png" data-fancybox="gallery-178" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-07-21-at-164946.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134803.png" data-fancybox="gallery-178" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134803.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-178" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-178" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134941-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134732-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-07-21-at-164946-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-178/screenshot-2020-03-09-at-134803-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="7-133-880"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is an ionic bond?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between molecules with dipoles.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>The electrostatic attraction between nuclei and delocalised electrons.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The correct answer is <em>the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions</em>. The other explanations represent different types of bonding (covalent, metallic and intermolecular).</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When heated to high temperature in a lab, magnesium reacts with oxygen exothermically to produce magnesium oxide, a compound that is ionic.</p><p>What are the formulae for the magnesium and oxide ions in this ionic compound?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Mg<sup>+</sup>and O<sup>2–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>2–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Mg<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>–</sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"></span></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The charges on the ions in the main groups of the periodic table can be worked out by using the Bohr model of the atom:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td>Group number - old (new system)</td><td>I (1)</td><td>II (2)</td><td>III (13)</td><td>V (15)</td><td>VI (16)</td><td>VII (17)</td></tr><tr><td>Electrons in outer (Bohr) shell</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Charge on ion</td><td>1+</td><td>2+</td><td>3+</td><td>3–</td><td>2–</td><td>1–</td></tr><tr><td>Example</td><td>Na<sup>+</sup></td><td>Mg<sup>2+</sup></td><td>Al<sup>3+</sup></td><td>N<sup>3–</sup></td><td>O<sup>2–</sup></td><td>Cl<sup>–</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Groups IV (14) and VIII (18) tend not to form ions. Note that the '1' is omitted when showing the charge on a 1+/– ion.</p><p>Magnesium is in group II and oxygen in group VI, so Mg<sup>2+</sup> and O<sup>2–</sup> is the correct answer. (Indicating that each magnesium atom <strong>loses </strong>2 electrons and each oxygen atom <strong>gains </strong>two electrons, obtaining a <em>full valence shell</em> of electrons.)</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When heated to high temperature in a lab, aluminium reacts with oxygen exothermically, to produce aluminium oxide, a compound that is ionic.</p><p>What is the formula for aluminium oxide?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>AlO</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Al<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>AlO<sub>2</sub> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"></span></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The charges on the ions in the main groups of the periodic table can be worked out by using the Bohr model of the atom:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td>Group number - old (new system)</td><td>I (1)</td><td>II (2)</td><td>III (13)</td><td>V (15)</td><td>VI (16)</td><td>VII (17)</td></tr><tr><td>Electrons in outer (Bohr) shell</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><td>Charge on ion</td><td>1+</td><td>2+</td><td>3+</td><td>3–</td><td>2–</td><td>1–</td></tr><tr><td>Example</td><td>Na<sup>+</sup></td><td>Mg<sup>2+</sup></td><td>Al<sup>3+</sup></td><td>N<sup>3–</sup></td><td>O<sup>2–</sup></td><td>Cl<sup>–</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Groups IV (14) and VIII (18) tend not to form ions. Note that the '1' is omitted when showing the charge on a 1+/– ion.</p><p>The aluminium ion is Al<sup>3+</sup> and the oxygen ion is O<sup>2–</sup>, indicating that each aluminium atom <strong>loses </strong>3 electrons and each oxygen atom <strong>gains </strong>two electrons obtaining a <em>full valence shell </em>of electrons. In order to balance the electrons lost and gained, therefore, <strong>two </strong>aluminium atoms will react with <strong>three</strong> oxygen atoms, hence the correct answer is Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the correct formula for the nitrate ion?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>N<sup>3–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>NO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup></span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The correct answer is NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>. The other answers represent other ions (N<sup>3–</sup> is a <em>nitride</em> ion; NO<sub>2</sub><sup>–</sup> the <em>nitrite </em>ion) or don't exist in a stable form (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>).</p><p>You do <strong>need to learn</strong> these polyatomic ions:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">ammonium</td><td style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">hydroxide</td><td style="text-align: center;">OH<sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">nitrate</td><td style="text-align: center;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">hydrogen carbonate</td><td style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">carbonate</td><td style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">sulfate</td><td style="text-align: center;">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">phosphate</td><td style="text-align: center;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the correct formula for magnesium hydroxide?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>MgOH<sub>2</sub></span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>MgOH</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>MgH<sub>2</sub>O</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The correct answer is Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The other answers represent compounds that don't exist in a stable form.</p><p>Remember that <strong>brackets are essential</strong> with polyatomic ions.</p><p>You do <strong>need to learn</strong> these polyatomic ions:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;">ammonium</td><td style="text-align: center;">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">hydroxide</td><td style="text-align: center;">OH<sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">nitrate</td><td style="text-align: center;">NO<sub>3</sub><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">hydrogen carbonate</td><td style="text-align: center;">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">carbonate</td><td style="text-align: center;">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">sulfate</td><td style="text-align: center;">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">phosphate</td><td style="text-align: center;">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:">–</span></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Working out formulae with polyatomic ions is the same as with other ionic compounds (balancing electrons gained and lost) but remember not to confuse the number of atoms with the charge - e.g. the sulphate ion consists of 1 sulfur atom, 4 oxygen atoms, and has an overall charge of 2–.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best description of the typical electrical conductivity of an ionic compound?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Do not conduct when solid, but do conduct in aqueous solution or when molten.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Do conduct when solid, but do not conduct in aqueous solution or when molten.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Conduct when solid, in aqueous solution, or when molten.</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Do not conduct.</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In a solid ionic compound the ions are fixed in position and cannot move, so solid ionic compounds do not conduct. In aqueous solution (water) or when molten the ions are free to move around, and can therefore carry charge and hence conduct electricity.</p><p><em>Do not conduct when solid, but do conduct in aqueous solution or when molten</em> is therefore the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Look at the table below:</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Chemical</p></td><td style="text-align: center;">Melting/boiling point</td><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Electrical conductivity</p><p>(solid)</p></td><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Electrical conductivity</p><p>(molten)</p></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">W</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">X</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Y</td><td style="text-align: center;">high</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;">Z</td><td style="text-align: center;">low</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td><td style="text-align: center;">nil</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Which of the four chemicals is likely to be an ionic compound?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>W</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>X</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Z</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Y</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Ionic compounds are likely to have high melting and boiling points; they have giant (lattice) structures and it takes a lot of energy to break the network of strong ionic bonds. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state (ions cannot move) but do conduct when molten or in aqueous solution (ions can move and carry charge).</p><p>So X is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam-style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2161/bonding-and-structure-core-sl-and-hl-paper-1-questions.html" title="Bonding and Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions">Bonding and Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2125/atomic-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title=" Atomic Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions"> </a> <a href="../2703/bonding-and-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title=" Bonding and Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions">Bonding and Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h4>Paper 2</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2704/bonding-structure-core-sl-hl-paper-2-questions.html" title="Bonding & Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions">Bonding & Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2705/bonding-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-2-questions.html" title="Bonding & Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions">Bonding & Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions</a></h5> 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type="hidden" name="feedback-subject-name" value="Chemistry"> <div class="pull-left"> </div> </form> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs-block feedback-submit mb-xs-3 pull-right"> <i class="fa fa-send"></i> Send </button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-left" data-dismiss="modal"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <style type="text/css" media="screen">/* Important part */
.modal-dialog{ overflow-y: initial !important
}
.modal-body{ overflow-x: auto; overflow-y: auto;
}</style><div id="modal-periodic-table" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document" style="width: 90vw;"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Periodic table</h4> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <img src="../../../img/periodic-table/periodic-table-2020.png" style="max-width: 1400px; height: auto"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block m-xs-0 pull-right" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fc-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"><div class="row" style="width: 100%;"><div class="col-md-12 tags-heading"><div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"><p id="fc-viewer-info" style="width: 80%;"></p><button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div></div></div></div><div id="flashcard-body" class="modal-body"><div class="row" style="margin: 0;"><div class="col-md-8 fc-viewer-main"><div class="fc-viewer-inner"><div id="fc-viewer-main-front"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span><span id="issue-report" class="issue-report hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Report a problem"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-lg fa-exclamation-circle" style="font-size: 1.5em;"></i> </span> </div><div id="fc-viewer-main-back" class="reverse-flashcard green-bg"><div class="fc-viewer-content"></div><span class="mark-favorite" style="position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px; font-size: 22px;"><i class="fa fa-lg fa-star-o"></i></span></div></div></div><div class="col-md-4 fc-viewer-controls"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle"> <div class="fc-viewer-controls-middle-inner fc-back"><div class="fc-viewer-controls-answers mt-xs-0 mx-xs-0"><button id="right-answer" class="btn btn-success text-center btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as CORRECT"><i class="fa fa-check"></i> Correct</button><button id="wrong-answer" class="btn text-center bg-red btn-block" title="Mark this flashcard as INCORRECT"><i class="fa fa-remove"></i> Incorrect</button></div><table class="table stats"><tr><td>Times flipped</td><td id="fc-viewer-tflipped" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>correct</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-right" class="text-right">0</td></tr><tr><td>Marked as <em>incorrect</em></td><td id="fc-viewer-wrong" class="text-right">0</td></tr></table><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center reset-stats hidden-xs hidden-sm" title="Reset stats for this flashcard" style="margin: 10px 0;"><i class="fa fa-undo"></i> Reset</a> <div class="fc-notes-container hidden-xs hidden-sm"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes" rows="4" placeholder="Write your own notes here..." style="resize: none;">
</textarea><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center save-notes" title="Save personal notes for this flashcard" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i> Save notes</a> </div><div class="fc-viewer-actions-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block reset-stats"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-undo"></i>Reset</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#card-notes-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Notes</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#report-problem-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-exclamation-circle"></i>Report error</button></div> </div></div><div class="fc-viewer-controls-bottom hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="fc-move"> <button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="prev" title="Previous flashcard"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i>Prev</button><button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="next" title="Next flashcard">Next<i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></button></div><div class="fc-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"><i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle</button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="fc-close-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button id="fc-xs-close" type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button> <hr class="thin"> <div class="fc-actions" style="width: 100%;"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"> <i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle </button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter hidden-md hidden-lg"></span></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div id="report-error-container" class="report-problem"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group"><label>Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></label><textarea class="form-control issue-description" cols="4"></textarea></div><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary pull-right send-report disabled"><i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button id="close-send-report" type="button" class="btn btn-default" style="margin-left: 0;">Close</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="card-notes-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Notes</h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes p-xs-3" rows="8" style="resize: none;">
</textarea></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-xs-block save-notes"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Save</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div><div id="report-problem-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal report-problem" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group mb-xs-0"><textarea class="form-control issue-description p-xs-3" rows="8"></textarea></div></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block mb-xs-3 disabled send-report"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default text-center btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div> <div id="fcgame-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-fcgame" role="document"> <div class="modal-content mc-flashcard modal-content-fcgame"> <div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="row text-center" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"> <div class="text-left"> Your time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="chronometer">00:00:</span> <span class="chronometer msec c-mobile" id="chronometer-msec">000</span> <br> Your best time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="best-record"></span> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fcgame-body" class=" modal-body modal-body-fcgame"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fc-content" id="fc-content" style="padding: 15px;"></div> </div> </div> <div id="end-game" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-lg-10 col-lg-offset-1 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 result shadow-bottom"> <div id="end-game-dismiss"></div> <div id="end-game-results"></div> <div id="show-percent" style="margin-bottom: 30px;font-size: 16px;"></div> </div> <div id="end-game-fc" class="col-lg-12"></div> </div> <div id="start-game" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 centered"> <div style="width: 200px;"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block" id="play-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Start</button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block" id="cancel-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Cancel</button> </div> </div> <div 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