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onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../chemistry.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../355/atomic-structure.html">Atomic Structure</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">The nuclear atom</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/atomic-structure/the-nucleus-1.png" style="width: 160px; height: 159px; float: left;">This section covers the foundations of atomic structure and explains the numerical values given on the periodic table. It is a relatively straightforward part of the course in terms of concepts, but a firm grip of the specific terms and the calculations are needed before you can move on to the challenges to come.</p> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Ensure you are confident using the terms below and learn the asterisked* definitions</p> <p>proton, neutron, electron, atomic number, mass number, relative atomic mass*, isotopes*</p> <div class="tib-flashcard"><a class="show-flashcards btn btn-success btn-xs-block btn-block " data-levels="1" data-mode="" data-topics="566" data-subject-id="7" data-n-flashcards="7" style="text-align:center">Show flashcards</a></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p> The revision cards contain all of the essential content:</p> <div id="carousel-78" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="78"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131622.png" data-fancybox="gallery-78" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131622.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131638.png" data-fancybox="gallery-78" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131638.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131653.png" data-fancybox="gallery-78" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131653.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131717.png" data-fancybox="gallery-78" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131717.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-78" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-78" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131622-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131638-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131653-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/7-78/screen-shot-2018-10-25-at-131717-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="7-110-709"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The relative atomic mass is measured relative to which elemental isotope?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Carbon-14</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Hydrogen-1</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Deuterium (Hydrogen-2)</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Carbon-12</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>All atomic masses are measured relative to Carbon-12 having a mass of exactly 12 units.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct description of the position of the sub-atomic particles in an atom?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons outside the nucleus</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Neutrons and electrons in the nucleus, protons outside the nucleus</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Protons and electrons in the nucleus, neutrons outside the nucleus </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>Electrons in the nucleus, protons and neutrons outside the nucleus </span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The nucleus contains the protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral) packed together. The electrons (negative) are found outside the nucleus in energy levels, or shells.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the magnesium-25 atom?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>13 protons, 12 neutrons, 13 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>12 protons, 13 neutrons, 12 electrons </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>25 protons, 25 neutrons, 25 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>25 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The number given after the dash in this format refers to the <em>mass number</em>, which is equal to protons plus neutrons. The number of protons is given by the <em>atomic number</em> found on the periodic table. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom. So magnesium-25 has 12 protons, (25 minus 12 = ) 13 neutrons and 12 (same number as protons) electrons.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the sodium-23 ion (Na<sup>+</sup>)?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>11 protons, 12 neutrons, 12 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>11 protons, 12 neutrons, 10 electrons </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>12 protons, 11 neutrons, 10 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>11 protons, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The number given after the dash in this format refers to the <em>mass number</em>, which is equal to protons plus neutrons. The number of protons is given by the <em>atomic number</em> found on the periodic table. The atomic number of sodium is 11. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom, but this is 1+ positive ion, so it has one fewer electrons than protons. So the sodium-23 ion (Na<sup>+</sup>) has 11 protons, (23 minus 11 = ) 12 neutrons and 10 (one fewer than protons) electrons.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the chemical species <span class="math-tex">\(\begin{smallmatrix} 27\\ 13 \end{smallmatrix}\)</span>Al<sup>3+</sup>?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>14 protons, 13 neutrons, 10 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>13 protons, 14 neutrons, 10 electrons </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>13 protons, 14 neutrons, 13 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>13 protons, 14 neutrons, 14 electrons</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The upper number is the <em>mass number</em>, which is equal to protons plus neutrons. The lower number is the <em>atomic number</em> which is the number of protons. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom, but this is 3+ positive ion, so it has three fewer electrons than protons. So the species has 13 protons, (27 minus 13 = ) 14 neutrons and 10 (three fewer than protons) electrons.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the correct number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the chemical species <span class="math-tex">\(\begin{smallmatrix} 18\\ 8 \end{smallmatrix}\)</span>O<sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup>?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>8 protons, 10 neutrons, 6 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>8 protons, 10 neutrons, 10 electrons </span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>10 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>8 protons, 10 neutrons, 8 electrons</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The upper number is the <em>mass number</em>, which is equal to protons plus neutrons. The lower number is the <em>atomic number</em> which is the number of protons. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons in a neutral atom, but this is 2− negative ion, so it has two more electrons than protons. So the species has 8 protons, (18 minus 8 = ) 10 neutrons and 10 (two more than protons) electrons.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A sample of an element Z contains two isotopes, 80% <sup>82</sup>Z and 20% <sup>84</sup>Z. What is the relative atomic mass of Z in this sample?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>82.4</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>83.0</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>82.2</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>83.6</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The relative atomic mass is found by finding the mean (average) mass. Assume that the percentage given is the number of atoms (100 atoms in total) and calculate a mean; 80 atoms at mass 82, and 20 atoms at mass 84, divided by 100 atoms in total:</p><p><span class="math-tex">\(\frac{(80×82)+(20×84)}{100}\)</span>= 82.4</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">8</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A sample of element Y has a relative atomic mass of 39.1. Which could be the correct distribution of element Y's isotopes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span><sup>39</sup>Y 95% and <sup>41</sup>Y 5%</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span><sup>39</sup>Y 5% and <sup>41</sup>Y 95%</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span><sup>39</sup>Y 90% and <sup>41</sup>Y 10%</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span> <sup>39</sup>Y 10% and <sup>41</sup>Y 90%</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Without a calculator (for trial and error): The separation betweeen the two isoptpes (39 and 41) is 2 units. The average mass lies .1 of a unit close to 39 and 1.9 of a unit close to 41. That is 1/20th close to 39 and 19/20ths close to 41. The distribution is therefore 95% to 5% in favour of <sup>39</sup>Y.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">9</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Look at the mass spectrum of X below:</p><p><img alt="" height="417" src="../../images/atomic-structure/mass-spectrum-1.png" width="534"></p><p>What is the relative atomic mass of X?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"> <input class="c" type="radio"> <span>20.2</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>21.8</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>20.8</span></label> </p><p><label class="radio"> <input type="radio"> <span>20.1</span></label> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The spectrum shows 90% 20.0 and 10% 22.0. Without a calculator: The separation betweeen the two isoptpes (20 and 22) is 2 units. The average mass lies 90% closer to 20 than to 22. 90% of 2 units is 1.8 units. So the mass lies 1.8 units closer to 20 than to 22; thus 20.2 is the correct answer.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-has-colored-body"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h4>Paper 1</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2118/atomic-structure-core-sl-and-hl-paper-1-questions.html" title=" Atomic Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions">Atomic Structure core (SL and HL) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2125/atomic-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-1-questions.html" title=" Atomic Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions"> Atomic Structure AHL (HL only) paper 1 questions</a></h5> <h4>Paper 2</h4> <h5>Core (SL&HL): <a href="../2699/atomic-structure-core-sl-hl-paper-2-questions.html" title="Atomic Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions">Atomic Structure core (SL & HL) paper 2 questions</a></h5> <h5>AHL (HL only): <a href="../2700/atomic-structure-ahl-hl-only-paper-2-questions.html" title="Atomic Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions">Atomic Structure AHL (HL only) paper 2 questions</a></h5> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="709"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div 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</textarea><a href="#" class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-block text-center save-notes" title="Save personal notes for this flashcard" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i> Save notes</a> </div><div class="fc-viewer-actions-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block reset-stats"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-undo"></i>Reset</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#card-notes-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Notes</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-xs-block" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#report-problem-sm-modal"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-exclamation-circle"></i>Report error</button></div> </div></div><div class="fc-viewer-controls-bottom hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="fc-move"> <button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="prev" title="Previous flashcard"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i>Prev</button><button class="btn bg-turquoise text-center disabled" rel="next" title="Next flashcard">Next<i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></button></div><div class="fc-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"><i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle</button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="fc-close-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"><button id="fc-xs-close" type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button> <hr class="thin"> <div class="fc-actions" style="width: 100%;"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-center shuffle"> <i class="fa fa-random"></i> Shuffle </button><div class="fc-progress"><div class="progress"><div class="progress-bar"></div></div><div class="text-right"><span class="fc-viewer-results-counter hidden-md hidden-lg"></span></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div id="report-error-container" class="report-problem"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-8"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group"><label>Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></label><textarea class="form-control issue-description" cols="4"></textarea></div><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary pull-right send-report disabled"><i class="fa fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button id="close-send-report" type="button" class="btn btn-default" style="margin-left: 0;">Close</button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="card-notes-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Notes</h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><textarea class="form-control notes fc-back card-notes p-xs-3" rows="8" style="resize: none;">
</textarea></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-xs-block save-notes"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-pencil"></i>Save</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div><div id="report-problem-sm-modal" class="modal fade overlay-modal report-problem" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"><div class="modal-dialog modal-sm" role="document"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header p-xs-3"><h4 class="modal-title text-center my-xs-2">Report a problem for flashcard <span class="fc-viewer-id"></span></h4></div><div class="modal-body p-xs-3"><div class="msg"></div><div class="form-group mb-xs-0"><textarea class="form-control issue-description p-xs-3" rows="8"></textarea></div></div><div class="modal-footer p-xs-3"><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary text-center btn-xs-block mb-xs-3 disabled send-report"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-paper-plane"></i>Send</button><button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-default text-center btn-xs-block mx-xs-0" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">Close</button></div></div></div></div> <div id="fcgame-viewer" class="modal fade modal-flashcard" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-fcgame" role="document"> <div class="modal-content mc-flashcard modal-content-fcgame"> <div class="modal-header" style="background-color: #fafafa;"> <div class="row text-center" style="width: 100%;"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center;"> <div class="text-left"> Your time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="chronometer">00:00:</span> <span class="chronometer msec c-mobile" id="chronometer-msec">000</span> <br> Your best time: <span class="chronometer c-mobile" id="best-record"></span> </div> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fcgame-body" class=" modal-body modal-body-fcgame"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 fc-content" id="fc-content" style="padding: 15px;"></div> </div> </div> <div id="end-game" style="display: none;"> <div class="col-lg-10 col-lg-offset-1 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 col-sm-10 col-sm-offset-1 result shadow-bottom"> <div id="end-game-dismiss"></div> <div id="end-game-results"></div> <div id="show-percent" style="margin-bottom: 30px;font-size: 16px;"></div> </div> <div id="end-game-fc" class="col-lg-12"></div> </div> <div id="start-game" class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 centered"> <div style="width: 200px;"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block" id="play-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Start</button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block" id="cancel-game" style="display: block; width: 100%; margin: 10px 0;">Cancel</button> </div> </div> <div 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