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href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Cladistics 5.4 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="802" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Cladistics 5.4</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/05_evolution/cladogram-1.png" style="float: left; width: 130px; height: 100px;">Cladistics is the study of the family relationships between different classification groups. A clade is a group containing all the descendants of an ancestor species. A variety of evidence is used to build cladograms and this topic looks at this data and some of the difficulties of interpretation.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 5.4 Cladistics using these flashcards</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/419004634/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-129" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="129"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-129" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-129" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-129" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-129" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-129" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img4.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-129" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-129" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-129/img4-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Summary list for topic 5.4 Cladistics</h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor.<img alt="" height="147" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/05_evolution/cladogram.jpg" style="float: right;" width="147"></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Evidence for species of a clade can be <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">the base sequences of a gene or</li> <li class="liWithoutP">the amino acid sequence of a protein.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">There is a gradual accumulation of differences and a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Traits can be analogous (due to convergent evolution) or homologous (inherited from a common ancestor).</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li>Interpret and deduce relationships from cladograms including humans and other primates.</li> <li>Appreciate that in the light of new evidence some cladograms are changed.</li> <li>For example the reclassification of the figwort family using evidence from cladistics.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 5.4 Cladistics.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-127" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="127"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderfull.png" data-fancybox="gallery-127" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderfull.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-127" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-127" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-127" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-127" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-127/54cladisticsspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Exam style question about cladograms</h3> <p>The interpretation of a cladogram is an important skill for this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="militia"> <p>The simple cladogram below shows a selection of organisms from The tree of life,<span data-contrast="auto"> </span>iTOL.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" src="../../images/05_evolution/six_chordate_cladogram.jpg" style="width: 468px; height: 341px;"></p> <p><strong>Deduce which animals are most closely related and most distantly related to the mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>)[2]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>Explain how evidence from DNA sequences can be used to construct a cladogram like this. [2]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer </h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>In an "explain" question always try to link a cause to its effect.</p> <p><strong>Deduce which animals are most closely related and most distantly related to the mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>)[2]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The most closely related animal to the mouse is the rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em>).</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The most distantly related animal to the mouse is the zebra fish (<em>Danio zebra</em>).</span></p> <p><strong>Explain how evidence from DNA sequences can be used to construct a cladogram like this. [3]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">All living organisms use DNA as genetic material which enables comparisons between species.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Mutations accumulate gradually in DNA over time in all species.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The more time since two species shared a common ancestor (and a gene pool) then the more differences there will be between their DNA.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on analogous and homologous traits. Click to open it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question is about the evolutionary origin of different types of traits.</p> <p>"Distinguish" – describe the differences between two or more things.<br> It helps to give an example if possible which can gain credit as a mark point.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Distinguish between analogous and homologous traits. (3 marks) </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Distinguish between analogous and homologous traits. (3 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Homologous traits have been inherited from a common ancestor and analogous traits have not been inhierited from a common ancestor.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Analogous traits have evolved separately towards a similar function. Homologous traits have evolved, becoming more different, to adapt the ancestral structure to a range of different functions.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Homologous trait example – (pentadactyl) wing of chicken and arm of a primate.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Analogous trait example – wing of bird and wing of butterfly.</span><span style="color:#FF0000;"> </span></li> </ul> <p>Other examples would be accepted after they have been checked by the examiner.</p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Multiple choice questions</h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#16701855"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="16701855"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 5.4 Cladistics <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-342-802" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which evidence is usually used to construct a cladogram?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Presence and absence of traits</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Differences between the number of proteins</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Differences between size of organisms</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Differences between DNA base sequences.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Evidence for species of a clade can be:<br>the base sequences of a gene or<br>the amino acid sequence of a protein</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which biological process usually causes differences between species in a clade over time?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mitosis in the cells of all the ogranisms of the clade.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Homologous features appearing over time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Convergent evolution from a common ancestor.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Divergent evolution from a common ancestor.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A clade is the common ancestor and all of their descendants.</p><p>The species become gradually more and more different because of divergent evolution.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which row in the table correctly summarises the outcomes of convergent and divergent evolution.</p><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="151" width="634"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"> </td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Convergent evolution</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Divergent evolution</strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>A</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><p>Creates analagous features</p></td><td style="text-align: center;">Creates ancestral features</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>B</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">Causes natural selection</td><td style="text-align: center;">Causes differences in evolution</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>C</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">Creates analagous features</td><td style="text-align: center;">Creates homologous features</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>D</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">Causes selective breeding</td><td style="text-align: center;">Causes natural selection</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Homologous traits are traits that are similar to one another due to shared ancestry. </p><p>All organisms contain homologous plasma membranes - presumably inherited from an ancient shared ancestor.</p><p>A dolphin’s flipper, bird’s wing, cat’s leg, and the human arm are considered homologous structures, pentadactyl limbs</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/05_evolution/muscrat_cladogram2.jpeg" style="float: right; width: 300px; height: 230px;"></p><p>The diagram shows a phylogeny of voles in the form of a cladogram.</p><p>Using the diagram, suggest which animals, or animals, are most closely related to the Muskrat.</p><hr class="hidden-separator"><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Red-backed vole and Field vole</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Heather vole and lemming</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Red-backed vole</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Field vole</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The further the most recent common ancestor of two species is the more differences there are between the two species.</p><p>The red-backed vole and the field vole both shared a common ancestor with muskrats at the same time.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><span style="font-family:verdana,arial,helvetica;color:rgb(0,0,0);line-height:normal"></span></p><p>Hemoglobin is a blood protein found in all vertebrates. When comparing the amino acid sequences biologists found differences in the vertebrate hemogloobin compared to humans.</p><p>The number of differences found was:</p><ul><li>horse: 18</li><li>mouse: 16</li><li>lizard: 35</li><li>frog: 62</li><li>shark: 79</li></ul><p>Which of the animals is thought to have shared a common ancestor most recently with humans?</p><ul style="font-size:12px"></ul><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> frog</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> mouse</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> horse</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> lizard</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The number of differences correlates to the time when the species diverged.<br>The smaller the number the most recent divergence.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">Which of the statments below best describes analogous structures (analogous traits)?<hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Structures which perform the same function but which have evolved separately.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Stuctures with a different evolutionary origin and a different function.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Structures which have a similar structure but a different function.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Structures which have evolved from a common ancestor</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Analogous traits have evolved from different origins but perform the same function.<br>(due to convergent evolution)<br>For example, a fly wing and a bat wing.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.<br>What type of new evidence has been used recently?</div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Features visible in electron microscopes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> New methods of thinking about cladograms.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> DNA sequences and the order of amino acids in proteins.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Changes in the theory of evolution.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Sometimes cladograms, or classifications, are changed in the light of new evidence, such as DNA sequences, or amino acids .</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3>Drag and drop quiz</h3> <p>This exercise will help you to explain classification methods.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-877-802"><p>Biologsts classify organisms into taxa and investigate evolutionary relationships. There are different methods for achieving this, morphological or biochemical.</p><p>These animals have wings (two only in the adult phase), how important is this in classifying them into taxa?</p><p style="text-align: center;"><br><img alt="" height="148" src="../../images/richard/p1000565.jpg" width="148"><img alt="" height="149" src="../../images/richard/5.3-butterfly.jpg" width="180"><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/5.3-mantis.jpg" style="width: 165px; height: 146px;"></p><p>Humans and chimps share about 98.8 percent of their DNA. Humans and domestic cats share about 90% of their DNA.</p><p>How important is this fact in classifying humans chimpanzees and domestic cats into taxa?</p><p>Drag and drop the correct term or phrase into the gap to outline natural classification and cladistics.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">base</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">divergence</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">greater</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Convergent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">less</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">physical </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">different</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ancestor</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">amino</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">evolutionary</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">structures</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">reclassification</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Divergent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">declassification</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sequences</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Natural classification can be based on <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="physical "> <span class="review"></span> features (morphology) or cladisitics based on DNA <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="base"> <span class="review"></span> or protein <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="amino"> <span class="review"></span> acid <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sequences"> <span class="review"></span> . These two methods do not always concur.</p><p>Natural classification taxa based on physical similarities do not indicate <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="evolutionary"> <span class="review"></span> relationships, cladograms show the most probable evolutionary <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="divergence"> <span class="review"></span> from a common <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ancestor"> <span class="review"></span> based on differences in DNA base or amino acid sequences.</p><p>The <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="greater"> <span class="review"></span> the difference in base or amino acid sequences, the further apart the organisms will be placed on a cladogram.</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Convergent"> <span class="review"></span> evolution may give rise to similar <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="structures"> <span class="review"></span> , giving a morphological similarity for organisms that arose from <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="different"> <span class="review"></span> evolutionary pathways.</p><p>Analysis of cladograms has led to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="reclassification"> <span class="review"></span> of some species.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Cladistics is a form of classification base on DNA and protein analysis that demonstrates evolutionary divergence.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this <a href="http://quizlet.com/419004634/match" target="_blank">Cladistics card matching game.</a> Can you reach the leader board?</p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/419004634/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="802"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Cladistics 5.4</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My notes</label> <textarea name="page-notes" class="form-control" rows="3" placeholder="Write your notes 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