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4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Energy flow 4.2 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="796" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Energy flow 4.2</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505959" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for topic 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about energy flow in ecosystems</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7"> 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems quiz 1/1 </a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8"> 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems (2) 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/energy_flow.jpg" style="float: left; width: 119px; height: 100px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic is all about the way that energy from sunlight is trapped by photosynthesis and then passed from organism to organism in a food web. We can call this the transfer of energy within food webs. Being able to describe the path taken by the energy as well as interpreting food web diagrams and pyramid of numbers are skills required.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems using these flashcards.</p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/266228030/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-65" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="65"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide2.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-65" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide2.JPG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide5.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-65" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide5.JPG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide3.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-65" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide3.JPG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide6.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-65" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide6.JPG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide7.JPG" data-fancybox="gallery-65" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide7.JPG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-65" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-65" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide6-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-65/slide7-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for topic 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li>Ecosystems get a continuous supply of energy from sunlight.<img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/05ecology/energy_flow.jpg" style="height: 101px; width: 120px; float: right;" title="Image D Faure 2013"></li> <li>Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in carbon compounds, e.g. glucose.</li> <li>Chemical energy in carbon compounds flows through food chains by means of feeding.</li> <li>Energy released from carbon compounds by respiration is used in living organisms and is eventually converted to heat which is lost from ecosystems.</li> <li>Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy.</li> <li>The length of food chains is restricted by energy losses as is the biomass of higher trophic levels.</li> <li>Biomass in terrestrial ecosystems diminishes with energy along food chains due to loss of carbon dioxide, water and other waste products, such as urea.</li> <li>Inorganic nutrients are cycled within ecosystems and their supply is finite. This is in contrast to energy.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li>Show energy flow using pyramids of energy. Pyramids of energy should be drawn to scale and should be stepped, not triangular. The terms producer, first consumer and second consumer and so on should be used, rather than first trophic level, second trophic level.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-117" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="117"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspiderlist.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-117" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspiderlist.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspider.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-117" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspider.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-117" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-117" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-117/42energyflowspider-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about energy flow in ecosystems<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The skill of understanding how to draw a pyramid of biomass is important in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Use the data in the table below to draw a pyramid of energy for the river ecosystem. [3] </strong></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/pyramidofenergy_qn_dig.jpg" style="width: 589px; height: 587px;"></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Use the data in the table below to draw a pyramid of energy for the river ecosystem. [3] </strong></p> <p>How to draw the graph is explained in the video below.</p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Marking points: </span></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Scale is appropriate and uses half the page or more, </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">the plotting is accurate, </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">the pyramid bars are correctly labelled.</span></li> </ul> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper" style="position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;padding-top:30px;height:0;overflow:hidden;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/qp1NItwiQSs?rel=0" style="position: absolute;top: 0;left: 0;width: 100%;height: 100%;" width="640"><br> </iframe></div> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on food chains - - - click the + to open it -- ></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires understanding of the transfer of energy between the levels of a food chain.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and then check it with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"><strong>Explain why food chains are limited in length. (4 marks)</strong><br> <br> .............................................................. ........................................................<br> .............................................................. ........................................................<br> .............................................................. ........................................................<br> .............................................................. ........................................................<br> <br> <em>Examiner hint: Explain asks </em>for a detailed account including reasons or causes.</div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain why food chains are limited in length. (4 marks)</strong> </p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Chemical energy flows from one level of the food chain to the next level.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Only approximately 10% of the available chemical energy passes from one level to the next.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Most of the energy lost between levels is as heat.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Biomass becomes less at each level due to loss of energy.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Populations decrease at each level of the food chain.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"> Food chains rarely have more than 5 trophic levels.</span></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-6"><a id="mcqs" name="mcqs"></a>Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>A quiz containing of questions for the topic Energy flow, 4.2</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#5c8514b3"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="5c8514b3"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-7"> 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems quiz <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-237-796" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In most food webs the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next is usually about 10%.</p><p>What effect is this discovery likely to have on food chains?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Food chains will become shorter and shorter.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Food chains will be shorter than three trophic.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Food chains will become longer and longer.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Food chains will be limited to no more than five trophic levels.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The loss of energy and biomass from trophic level to trophic level is considered to prevent food chains from becoming any longer. Four trophic levels is common, and five can exist. It is rare to have a food web made of chains longer than five trophic levels.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In ecology a pyramid of energy is often used to show the flow of energy in an ecosystem.</p><p>What does the unit kJ/m<sup>2</sup>/yr represent in such a diagram?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The rate of flow of energy standardised for 1m<span tabindex="-1"><sup data-widget="footnotemarker">2</sup><span style="background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5);background-image:url(https://www.e.studyib.net/ckeditor/plugins/widget/images/handle.png)"><img draggable="true" height="15" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"></span></span></label> of ecosystem in a year.</p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The amount of energy in organisms of each trophic level harvested over a year in 1 m<sup>2</sup> of ecosystem.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy trapped from sunlight in 1m<sup>2</sup> of the ecosystem in a year.<span tabindex="-1"><span ckeditor="" handle.png="" https:="" images="" plugins="" style="background: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5) url(" widget="" www.e.studyib.net=""><img draggable="true" height="15" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"></span></span></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The amount of energy in an organism of each trophic level, adjusted to represent 1 m<sup>2</sup> of size per year.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Samples would be taken several times over the year to find the all the organisms in a 1m<span tabindex="-1"><sup data-widget="footnotemarker">2</sup><span style="background:rgba(220,220,220,0.5);background-image:url(https://www.e.studyib.net/ckeditor/plugins/widget/images/handle.png)"><img draggable="true" height="15" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" title="Click and drag to move" width="15"></span></span> quadrat.<br>The energy contained in the biomass of these organisms will be measured (or calculated)<br>kilojoules are the units of energy.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the source of energy in ecosystems?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The energy is continuously supplied during the day as sunlight.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy comes from the inorganic nutrients.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy is recycled with the inorganic nutrients.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy is usually released from rocks and soil.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The sun provides energy to ecosystems, continuously, and it is trapped in organic molecules by photosynthesis. Inorganic nutrients are recycled by decomposers but when they are reabsorbed into plants they don't contain very much energy.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram shows the pyramid of energy for a simplified food chain in a tropical rainforest.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/pyramid_energy3.png" style="width: 400px; height: 264px;"></p><p>What can be said about the percentage of energy passed from one trophic level to the next in this food chain?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 10% of the energy at each trophic level is passed to the next tropic level.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 11% of the energy in the producers is passed to the primary consumers.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It varies from 1350 to 10 in different trophic levels.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A greater percentage of energy is transferred between the higher trophic levels.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>As energy is lost from each organism through respiration only about 10% of the energy gets passed to the next trophic level. It is not always 10% exactly. In fact in this example it is never 10% exactly, but close to this number.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This diagram shows a simple model of energy flow.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/foodweb_fish_redblobs.png" style="width: 400px; height: 222px;"></p><p>Which of the organisms could be called "secondary consumers"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Small phytoplankton and small zooplankton.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Large zooplankton and fish.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Large zooplankton and small zooplankton.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Large phytoplankton and large zooplankton.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Producers are photosynthetic, primary consumers eat producers, and secondary consumers eat primary consumers. The situation is complicated this this model, because the large zooplankton could be described as a primary consumer or a secondary consumer, because it eats large phytoplankton.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>This diagram shows a simple model of energy flow in an ecosystem?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/foodweb_fish_redblobs.png" style="width: 400px; height: 222px;"></p><p>In this model the bacteria look like a producer.<br>What would we need to know to decide if the bacteria was a producer or a saprotroph?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Whether the bacteria used sunlight as a source of energy or dead organic material.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> What size the bacteria was.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> What type of small zooplankton consume the bacteria.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Can the bacteria make energy.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Decomposers take energy from dead organic material, and bacteria can behave as a saprotroph when it decomposes detritus. Bacteria can also be photosynthetic, e.g. blue/green bacteria.<br>If the bacteria can use sunlight to make organic molecules, then the are producers.</p><p>No organisms can "make energy". Beware of this phrase, it is a common mistake.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A woodland ecosystem is shown in the food web diagram below.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/04_ecology/foodweb_small.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 290px;"></p><p>How does energy enter this ecosystem?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The energy enters as sunlight used in photosynthesis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy is recycled by the decomposers, not shown in the diagram.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy enters as glucose used in respiration.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The energy is made by the plants.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Energy enters almost all ecosystems as sinlight in photosynthesis. This is the role of producers.<br>A very few organisms can use inorganic molecules as a source of energy.</p><p>Glucose is used in the process of respiration. It is eventually lost to the ecosystem in the form of heat.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <p>A second quiz containing more questions for the topic Energy flow, 4.2 </p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#8fbdbc46"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="8fbdbc46"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-8"> 4.2 Energy flow in ecosystems (2) <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-614-796" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In which form is energy lost from ecosystems?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Light</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Evaporation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Heat</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Faeces</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The majority of heat present in organisms is lost to the environment as heat. Much of this is generated as a by-product of respiration.<br>Faeces contains energy but it is not lost to the ecosystem because it is used by <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="saprotrophs" data-wsc-id="kul6kd921ewt9xko9" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">saprotrophs</span>. Evaporation is not a form of energy.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which energy transformation cannot be carried out by living organisms?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Light to chemical</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Heat to chemical</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chemical to heat</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chemical to mechanical</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Respiration converts the chemical energy in glucose, fats or proteins to ATP and heat. When the ATP is utilised its energy is lost as heat.<br>Heat cannot be concentrated and utilised by living organisms in their metabolism, although some animals do absorb some heat to warm their bodies.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following forms of energy can be the primary energy source for an ecosystem I heat II light III chemical IV electrical?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> II,III only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All of the above</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I,II,III only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Most ecosystems depend upon light energy as a primary source but some can use chemical energy (particularly <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Arcaeans" data-wsc-id="kul6ke1g4qvwl8vtb" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Arcaeans</span> living in extreme environments such as thermal vents, deep sea)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How can energy be lost between successive levels of a food chain? I Excretion II <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Egestion" data-wsc-id="kul6ke60njpawhwmq" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Egestion</span> III Body heat cooling IV Death and decay</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> III only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> All of the above</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> III, IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II, III only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Energy lost at one level of a food chain is not available for the next level. Heat, <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="egestion" data-wsc-id="kul6kefvivroof20o" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">egestion</span>, death and decay and excretion represent loss of energy from each level not available to the next level</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Energy flows into and out of an organism at the second <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6l9245x8mu6bx3" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level of an ecosystem. How is this inflow and outflow of energy most accurately represented?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Inflow organic chemical energy<br> Outflow Respiration</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Inflow Inorganic chemical energy<br> Outflow undigested material</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Inflow organic chemical energy<br>Outflow Heat, undigested material.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Inflow Inorganic chemical energy<br> Outflow Heat</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In the second <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6oa8gt0w2vc387" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level the energy enters in the form of consumption of nutrients from plant material. <br>While heat is lost to the environment, and undigested material is lost to decomposers.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Energy is lost from each level of a food chain. Which statement is a consequence of this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Predators are larger than their prey</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> There are no predators of carnivores</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The population of organisms at the second <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6keohu03ir7mkt" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span></label> level will be less that the first <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6keogfmae7plhg" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level</p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Food chains are limited in the number of <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kejv1v3s8dokr" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span></label> levels</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Each successive <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kfdaoqzykfc4u" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level in a food chain has less energy availability due to loss so chains are limited in length. Populations at each level depend upon energy available and also on size (e.g. insects feeding from a tree)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What trends in the biomass of organisms and the energy available are seen in food chains?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Biomass decreases, energy available increases at successive levels in a food chain</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Biomass and energy available both decrease at successive levels in a food chain</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are negatively correlated</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Biomass and energy available both increase at successive levels in a food chain</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Energy lost at one level of a food chain is not available for the next level so the biomass of organisms at each level will decrease.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>At which <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kestbdbwsanzf" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level would humans obtain the maximum amount of energy, to support a human population?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 2nd <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kf0jzwjcuj6vu" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span></label> level</p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 1st <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kewy38yb8reey" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span></label> level</p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 3rd <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kf4yibyg4xiti" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span></label> level</p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All levels</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Eating plant material (2nd <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kgm5u0wcv12b8" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level) gives the maximum amount of energy for a population - every level above the 2nd contains less energy because at each <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6kgm30dbxkzmpx" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level energy is lost to the environment.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is a definition of the biomass of a population?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The total mass of of living tissue in an organism at a certain time</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The total mass of of living tissue in a population at a certain time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The total mass of of living tissue in a community at a certain time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The number of organisms in a population at a certain time.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Biomass refers to the mass of living tissue in a population.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How could the biomass of a population at the second <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6s6yrtz7qkn169" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level be measured?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Estimate the population size and either research an average mass or measure the mass of the organisms.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Capture and release a representative number of organisms and estimate the population size.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Capture all the organisms and weigh them.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Estimate the population size.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>An estimate is taken from a representative sample. From this an estimate of the size of the population is made and then a measure of the mass or the sample captured.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How does energy pass from one <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6w6f9vy8sin9qt" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level to the following <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="trophic" data-wsc-id="kul6w6f80w75n64ru" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">trophic</span> level?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Storage</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Digestion</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Respiration</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Feeding and assimilation</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Feeding passes chemical energy up the food chain when it is assimilated.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Recycling of inorganic substances can be on a global or local scale. Which of the following are recycled on a global scale? I Energy II Carbon III Oxygen IV Water.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II, IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> II,III, IV only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Carbon dioxide, oxygen and water are recycled, energy cannot be recycled.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following substances are recycled within the ecosystem? I Oxygen II Calcium III Water IV Carbon?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I,II,IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> All of the above</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I,IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> IV only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>All the chemical elements utilised in ecosystems are recycled.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-9">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505959" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-881-796"><p>Energy flow through ecosystems is an important concept.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word into the box to summarise energy flow through an ecosystem.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cannot</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">50%</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">chemical</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">producers</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">apex</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">detritivores</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">next</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">10%</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">basis </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">respired</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">light</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">excretion</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">heat</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">previous</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">predators</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Primary <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="producers"> <span class="review"></span> transduce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="light"> <span class="review"></span> energy to chemical energy as the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="basis "> <span class="review"></span> of the food chain.</p><p>Consumers then ingest <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="chemical"> <span class="review"></span> energy at the succeeding levels of the food chain. Most of the energy consumed by an organism is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="respired"> <span class="review"></span> and lost as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="heat"> <span class="review"></span>. The remaining loss is due to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="excretion"> <span class="review"></span> or as undigested material (not assimilated). Only the energy present in the organism when it is consumed passes to the next level, the rest of the energy goes to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="detritivores"> <span class="review"></span> and saprotrophs.</p><p>Energy flow through a food chain shows the amount of energy passing from one level of a food chain to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="next"> <span class="review"></span> . Usually only about <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="10%"> <span class="review"></span> (maximum 20%) of the energy available passes from one level to the next.</p><p>Energy <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cannot"> <span class="review"></span> be recycled and is eventually lost from the ecosystem as heat .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Producers convert light to chemical energy which then passes up the food chain to eventually be lost to the ecosystem as heat.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div 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