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href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Blood system 6.2 <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="580" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Blood system 6.2</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/06_humans/heart_100x100-1.png" style="width: 570px; height: 579px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">In the blood system topic students learn how to sketch the diagram of a heart, label heart chambers and blood vessels, distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries, describe the cardiac cycle, the control of the heart rate and the causes and consequences of occlusion. </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary for 6.2 Blood System using these flashcards </p> <p><iframe frameborder="0" height="420" scrolling="no" src="https://quizlet.com/213066814/flashcards/embed" width="100%"><br> </iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-49" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="49"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cstitleblood.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cstitleblood.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csstructurebloodvessels.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csstructurebloodvessels.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csheartdiagram.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csheartdiagram.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cscardiac-cycle.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cscardiac-cycle.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcartery.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcartery.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcvein.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcvein.PNG"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcstudenthintarteryvein.PNG" data-fancybox="gallery-49" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcstudenthintarteryvein.PNG"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-49" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-49" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cstitleblood-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csstructurebloodvessels-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/csheartdiagram-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/cscardiac-cycle-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcartery-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcvein-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="6"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-49/ktcstudenthintarteryvein-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Summary list for 6.2 Blood system</h3> <ul> <li>Arteries carry blood at high pressure from the ventricles of the heart to the tissues of the body.</li> <li>Arteries have muscle cells and elastic fibres in their walls.which maintain blood pressure between ventricle contractions.</li> <li>Capillaries carry blood through tissues and have permeable walls to allow exchange between tissue cells and the blood.</li> <li>Veins carry blood at low pressure from the tissues to the atria of the heart.</li> <li>Valves in veins and the heart prevent back-flow.</li> <li>There is a separate circulation for the lungs.</li> <li>The sinoatrial node (SA node) initiates heart beat</li> <li>The SA node is made of specialised muscle cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker.</li> <li>The sinoatrial node sends out an electrical signal which is propagated through the walls of the atria and ventricles.</li> <li>The heart rate is controlled by impulses brought to the heart through two nerves from the medulla of the brain.</li> <li>Epinephrine (adrenalin) increases the heart rate.</li> </ul> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li>Outline your knowledge of William Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of the blood with the heart acting as the pump.</li> <li>Interpret pressure changes in the left atrium, left ventricle and aorta during the cardiac cycle.</li> <li>Link causes and consequences of occlusion of the coronary arteries.</li> <li>Identify arteries, capillaries or veins from the structure of their walls.</li> <li>Recognise the four chambers and valves of the heart and the blood vessels connected to it in a dissected heart or in diagrams of heart structure.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3>Mindmaps</h3> <p>This diagram summaries the main sections of topic 6.2.<br> Test if you can draw something like these concept maps from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-111" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="111"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystem.png" data-fancybox="gallery-111" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystem.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspider.png" data-fancybox="gallery-111" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspider.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-111" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspiderlist.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-111" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-111" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystem-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspider-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-111/62bloodsystemspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> <h3>Revision Exercise - Whiteboards</h3> <p><span class="fa fa-pencil" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);"></span> Do you really need to revise but you don't feel like copying out all your notes?<br> Want something quicker and more effective? All you need is a small whiteboard and pen.</p> <p>Instead of laboriously writing out all of your notes (particularly diagrams!) try sketching. This technique is not only faster than writing on paper but also allows you to easily make changes, rub things out or add things you may have forgotten.<br> Doesn't have to be that neat either! But don't forget to take a picture of all of your whiteboard "pages".<br> They can be useful revision notes to come back to later! Check out two examples below..</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <p><img alt="" height="252" src="../../images/06_humans/heart_whiteboard1.jpg" width="360"> <img alt="" height="255" src="../../images/06_humans/bloodvessels_whiteboard1.jpg" width="363"></p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3>Exam style question about pressure changes in the heart</h3> <p>Explaining the flow of blood through the heart and the opening and closing of valves is an important skill in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p>The image shows a diagram of the heart in one stage of the cardiac cycle.</p> <p><img alt="" height="307" src="../../images/06_humans/heart_model.jpg" width="425"></p> <p><strong>Outline how the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the heart causes different pressures of blood in different chambers leading to blood flow and valve movements in this heart [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3> Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline how the contraction and relaxation of muscles in the heart causes different pressures of blood in different chambers leading to blood flow and valve movements in this heart [4]</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The atria muscles are contracting increasing the pressure of the blood in the atria.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The high blood pressure in atria causes the atrio-ventricular valves to open.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">The blood is flowing from the atria into the ventricles where the blood pressure is lower</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Low pressure in the ventricles results in the semi-lunar valves being closed.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on arteries and veins.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question tests an understanding of the structure and function of arteries and veins.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer with the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>The diagram shows a cross section of an artery and a vein.</strong></p> <p><strong><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.2-artery-and-vein.jpg" style="width: 120px; height: 120px;"></strong></p> <p><strong>Label the image with an X to identify which vessel is an artery giving one reason. (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <p><b><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%; font-family:">Explain how the structure of the artery is related to its function in the circulatory system. (4 marks) </span></b></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p>Examiner hints:</p> <p><em>Identify- give an answer from several possibilities</em></p> <p><em>Explain includes reasons</em></p> </div> <p>Click the + to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Label the image with an X to identify which vessel is an artery giving one reason. (2 marks)</strong></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/6.2-a-labelled.jpg" style="width: 118px; height: 114px;"></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thick, muscular wall</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Smaller lumen than vein</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>Explain how the structure of the artery is related to its function in the circulatory system. (4 marks) </strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Arteries transport blood at high pressure away from the heart.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thick muscular layer to maintain and withstand the pressure.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Thick elastic layer to expand and contract to maintain (pulsar) flow.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">No valves as pressure ensures one way flow.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Small lumen as flow speed is high and aids in maintaining pressure.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>In structured questions, use phrases and brief sentences.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on valves in veins and arteries</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>There are veins at regular intervals in veins and only in two arteries.</p> <p>Answer the question on paper and compare your answer to the model answer.</p> <p><strong>Explain why there are valves in the following blood vessels.</strong></p> <p><strong>i At regular intervals in all veins. (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <p><strong>ii At the point where the aorta leaves the heart (aortic valve) (2 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Hint - explain why means give a reason</em></p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3>Model answer</h3> <p><strong>Explain why there are valves in the following blood vessels (4 marks)</strong></p> <p><strong>i At regular intervals in all veins. (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Veins carry blood at low pressure</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Valves prevent backflow of blood (due to gravity/low pressure).</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ii At the point where the aorta leaves the heart (aortic valve) (2 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">There is very high pressure of blood in the aorta (aortic arch)</span>.</li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The aorta is elastic and contracts to maintain the high pressure.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The contraction (high pressure) could cause backflow of blood from the aorta to the ventricle.</span></li> </ul> <p> </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#4e1cf60e"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="4e1cf60e"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 class="modal-title" style="width: 100%;"> 6.2 Blood and circulatory system <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> </h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-230-580" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>T<img alt="" height="305" src="../../images/06_humans/vein_qn.png" style="float: right;" width="366">he image shows a model of a vein.</p><p>The layers are shown as well as blood cells and a valve.</p><p>Which label points to the muscle layer of the vein?</p><hr class="hidden-separator"><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Layer B is the muscle layer. C is the endothelium, and D is the valve.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>An artery and a vein can be seen in the image.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/artery_vein.png" style="width: 319px; height: 200px;"></p><p>Which row in the table below correctly describes<br>differences between arteries and veins?</p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="200" width="450"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Artery</strong></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Vein</strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"> </td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Muscle layer</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Lumen</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Muscle layer</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;"><strong>Lumen</strong></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong> A </strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">large thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;"> small</td><td style="text-align: center;">large thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">small</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong> B</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">medium thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">medium</td><td style="text-align: center;">small thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">very small</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong> C</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">very large thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">medium</td><td style="text-align: center;">medium thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">large</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><strong> D</strong></td><td style="text-align: center;">medium thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">small</td><td style="text-align: center;">very large thickness</td><td style="text-align: center;">medium</td></tr></tbody></table><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> A</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> B</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input class="c" type="radio"> C</label></p><p><label class="radio" style=" float: left; margin-right: 40px; "><input type="radio"> D</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The muscle layer is the thickest layer in both artery and vein, but arteries have a thicker muscle layer than veins, and also a thicker outer layer rich in elastic fibres.</p><p>The order of size of the terms used in the table, starting with the biggest is; very large, large, medium, small, very small</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The control of heart rate involves several body systems.</p><p>Which of the following can increase heart rate?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">I: Nerve impulses from the medulla of the brain</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">II: Depolarization of the heart atria muscle cells</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">III: Release of the hormone leptin</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">IV: Release of the hormone epinephrine</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I and II</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> I, II and IV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> I and IV</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II and IV</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart, it's activity can be increased using nerves impulses from the brain, and by the release of the hormone epinephrine (adrenalin)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>he heart is said to be myogenic. Which part of the heart is responsible for creating the heart's natural electrical rhythm?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The conducting tissues in the heart</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The AV node in the ventricle walls.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The sinoatrial node in the atria.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The valves in the heart.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The sinoatrial node (SA node) sends out an electrical signal in a regular rhythm which stimulates the contraction of the atria then the ventricles.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p><img alt="" src="../../images/06_humans/circulation.png" style="width: 200px; height: 189px; float: right;">The image shows a simplified diagram of the human circulatory system.</p><p>It shows the general layout of circulation to and from the heart.</p><p>What do the blue and red vessels represent?</p><hr class="hidden-separator"><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blue = Veins & Red = Arteries</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blue = Oxygenated blood & Red = deoxygenated blood</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Blue = Arteries & Red = Veins</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Blue = deoxygenated blood & Red = oxygenated blood.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The human circulation is a double circulation. The blood is pumped twice.</p><p>Blue represents deoxygenated blood and red represents deoxygenated blood.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>How is a heart beat initiated in the heart?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A group of specialized nerve cells in the left atrium send out an electrical signal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A group of specialized muscle cells in the right atrium send out an electrical signal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A group of specialized muscle cells in the left atrium send out an electrical signal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A group of specialized nerve cells in the right atrium send out an electrical signal</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The SA node is made from a group of specialised muscle cells. This is found in the right atrium wall.</p><p>Cardiac muscle is special in that it can conduct electrical impulses as well as contracting.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Why do arteries have thick muscular walls and elastic fibres?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the arteries blood is at low pressure.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> In arteries blood is at high pressure</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In the veins blood is at low pressure.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> In veins blood is at high pressure</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The arteries receive blood from the heart. When the ventricles contract the blood pressure rises and becomes pressurised, stretching the arteries which need strong thick walls to resist this pressure.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of veins?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They have thin walls a large lumen and valves.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They have thick walls a large lumen and elastic fibres.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They have thick walls with elastic fibres and valves.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They have thin walls a small lumen and valves.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The role of veins is to return the blood to the heart. The pressure is quite low, and valves prevent the back flow. The lumen is large and the walls are quite thin because there is no need to withstand high pressure.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Drag and drop activities</h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-898-580"><p>The heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker but the rate can be increased or decreased depending upon the needs of the body.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct word or phrase into the gap to describe the control of the heart rate.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increase</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increased</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pacemaker</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">normal heart rate</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">slow</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cardiovascular centre</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">accelerans</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">fear</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">ventricles</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sinoatrial node</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">contraction</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">involuntarily</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">contraction</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">right</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">voluntarily</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">left atrium</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">epinephrine</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Heart muscle is myogenic, it contracts without stimulation. The heart has a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pacemaker"> <span class="review"></span> in the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="right"> <span class="review"></span> atrium which generates the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="normal heart rate"> <span class="review"></span> at approximately 72 beats per minute without nervous or hormonal control.</p><p>The pacemaker, the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sinoatrial node"> <span class="review"></span> , initiates the heart beat and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="contraction"> <span class="review"></span> of the heart muscle starting from the right atrium, passing through the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="left atrium"> <span class="review"></span> and then to the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="ventricles"> <span class="review"></span> causing <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="contraction"> <span class="review"></span> of the heart muscle in the correct sequence.</p><p>The rate of the heartbeat can be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increased"> <span class="review"></span> or decreased <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="involuntarily"> <span class="review"></span> by the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="cardiovascular centre"> <span class="review"></span> of the medulla oblongata in the hind brain utilizing the vagus nerve to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="slow"> <span class="review"></span> the heart (rest) and the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="accelerans"> <span class="review"></span> nerve to <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increase"> <span class="review"></span> the heart rate (exercise).</p><p>The hormone, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="epinephrine"> <span class="review"></span> , which is released in a stress or <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="fear"> <span class="review"></span> situation to stimulate the “fight or flight” response also increases the heart rate.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>The heart beat is controlled by the sinoatrial node pacemaker but the rate can be increased or decreased by nerves and hormones to suit the needs of the body.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This is a little bit of fun. 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