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class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label 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plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> 08 Metabolism AHL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="470" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">08 Metabolism AHL</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505758" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis (Higher level)</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">8.1 Metabolism</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">8.2 Respiration</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">8.3 Photosynthesis</a></li></ol></div><h3 id="header-1"><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_8:_Metabolism.2C_cell_respiration.2C_and_photosynthesis"><img alt="" src="../../images/02_molecules/respiration.png" style="float: right; width: 200px; height: 130px;">Topic 8: Metabolism, cell respiration, and photosynthesis (Higher level)</span><small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><span class="mw-headline">This is an introduction to the HL Metabolism topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 7 including; extra details of enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, cell respiration and photosynthesis.</span> Helpful for revision.<br> Detailed revision notes, activities and questions can be found on each of the sub-topic pages</p> <ul> <li>8.1 Metabolism</li> <li>8.2 Cell respiration</li> <li>8.3 Photosynthesis</li> </ul> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <p>This pages gives outline details of the content of the topic together with essential questions and student skills and applications.</p> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-2">8.1 Metabolism<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Metabolic pathways</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">A chain or a cycle of enzyme-catalysed reactions makes a metabolic pathway.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.</li> </ul> <p><u>Competitive inhibitors</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Competitive inhibitors for example in medicine - ethanol and Fomepizole used as competitive inhibitors for antifreeze poisoning.</li> </ul> <p><u>Non-competitive inhibitors</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Non-competitive inhibitors. E.g. Drugs for treatment of malaria.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">End-product inhibition can control metabolic pathways - e.g. In the pathway that converts threonine to isoleucine.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The use of databases to identify potential new anti-malarial drugs. In the ER role play: students will have seen this</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In the Enzyme inhibition experiment students will calculate and plot rates of reaction from raw experimental results.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">They will also distinguish different types of inhibition from graphs at specified substrate concentration.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-3">8.2 Respiration<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Introduction to reactions in respiration</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Cell respiration involves:</li> <li class="liWithoutP">the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">the phosphorylation of molecules which makes them less stable.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">decarboxylation removes a carbon atom from a molecule</li> </ul> <p><u>Glycolysis & the Krebs cycle</u></p> <ul> <li>Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm giving a small net gain of ATP(without the use of oxygen.)</li> <li>Aerobic cell respiration converts the pyruvate by decarboxylation and oxidation, into an acetyl compound.</li> <li>In the link reaction acetyl is attached to coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.</li> <li>In the Krebs cycle, <ul> <li>the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide.</li> <li>reduced NAD and FAD (NADH+H<sup>+</sup> and FADH<sup>+</sup>) carry energy released by oxidation reactions to the cristae of the mitochondria.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><u>The electron transport chain & Mitochondrion structure.</u></p> <ul> <li>the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping.</li> <li>oxygen is the final electron acceptor.</li> <li>In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP.</li> <li>Oxygen binds with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient and resulting in the formation of water.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted its function. Annotate a diagram of a mitochondrion to show these adaptations</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Active mitochondria have been studies using electron tomography - images.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">students will be able to identify where decarboxylation and oxidation reactions occur in diagrams of the pathways of aerobic respiration.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"><strong>Guidance:</strong></li> <li class="liWithoutP">The names of the intermediate compounds in gylcolysis and the Krebs cycle are not required.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="hidden"> <ul> </ul> <hr class="hidden"> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-4">8.3 Photosynthesis<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Light-dependent reactions </u></p> <ul> <li>Happen in the thylakoid membranes and in the space inside them.</li> <li>Reduced NADP (NADPH<sub>2</sub>) and ATP are produced in the light-dependent reactions.</li> <li>Light absorbed by photosystems generates excited electrons.</li> <li>Photolysis of water generates electrons for use in the light-dependent reactions.</li> <li>Excited electrons are transfered between carriers in the thylakoid membranes.</li> <li>Excited electrons from Photosystem II are used to generate a proton gradient.</li> <li>ATP synthase in the thylakoids generates ATP using the proton gradient.</li> <li>Excited electrons from Photosystem I are used to reduce NADP to NADPH<sub>2</sub>.</li> </ul> <p><u>Light-independent reactions </u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Take place in the stroma.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">RuBP carboxylase enzyme catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate using "reduced NADP" (NADPH<sub>2</sub>) and ATP.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP and produce carbohydrates.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is regenerated using ATP.</li> </ul> <p><u>Chloroplast structure </u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to its function in photosynthesis.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">to recognise details of Calvin’s experiment to elucidate the carboxylation of RuBP.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">to be able to annotate a diagram showing the adaptations of a chloroplast to its function.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <hr class="thin"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><br><ul class="resources"><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/glycolysis.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic covers the way enzyme pathways form a cell's metabolism and specific examples of these pathways. The action of enzymes and their substrates is required, competitive and non-competitive inhibitors as well as calculating rate of reaction.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/02_molecules/respiration-1.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1196/cell-respiration-82-hl.html">Cell respiration 8.2 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic looks at the details of glycolysis, the link reaction and the krebs cycle. The structure of mitochondria is related to its function and the amazing process of chemiosmosis is outlined leading to the production of water and ATP.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/08_resp_photosn/chloroplast_tem_big_labelled.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1197/photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic covers the tricky details of the light dependent and light independent reaction of photosynthesis. 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