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class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa 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class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> 07 Nucleic acids AHL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="469" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">07 Nucleic acids AHL</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505758" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Topic 7: Nucleic acids (Higher level)</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">7.1 DNA structure and replication</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">7.2 Transcription</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">7.3 Translation</a></li></ol></div><h3 id="header-1"><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_7:_Nucleic_acids"><img alt="" height="147" src="../../images/03_genetics/dna.png" style="float: right;" width="168">Topic 7: <a class="new" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=IB_Biology/Nucleic_acids&action=edit&redlink=1" title="IB Biology/Nucleic acids (does not exist)">Nucleic acids (Higher level)</a></span><small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><span class="mw-headline">This is an introduction to the HL Nucleic acids topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 7 including; extra details of DNA structure and replication, transcription and gene expression as well as translation. Helpful for revision.</span><br> Detailed revision notes, activities and questions can be found on each of the sub-topic pages:</p> <ul> <li>7.1 DNA structure and replication</li> <li>7.2 Transcription and gene expression</li> <li>7.3 Translation <hr class="hidden-separator"></li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-2">7.1 DNA structure and replication<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_7:_Nucleic_acids"><img alt="IB Biology: DNA structure - Extras for HL students" class="left" height="166" src="../../../ib/biology/images/nucleosome.jpg" style="max-height: 120px; max-width: 220px; float: right;" title="IB Biology: DNA structure - Extras for HL students" width="166"></span><u>DNA structure</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Part of DNA supercoiling are structures called Nucleosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">DNA structure gives a clue to the mechanism of DNA replication.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Non-coding regions of DNA have other important functions, limited to regulators of gene expression, introns, telomeres and genes for tRNAs.</li> </ul> <p><u>DNA replication (in prokaryotes only)</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">DNA polymerase enzymes can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of a primer.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Continuous DNA replication occurs on the leading strand and discontinuous on the lagging strand.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">A complex group of enzymes do DNA replication including; helicase, DNA gyrase, single strand binding proteins, DNA primase and DNA polymerases I and III.</li> </ul> <p><u>Crossing over</u></p> <ul> <li>DNA replication makes a second chromatid in each chromosome in interphase before meiosis.</li> <li>Crossing over exchanges pieces of DNA between non-sister homologous chromatids and forms new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes formed in meiosis.</li> </ul> <ul> </ul> <ul> </ul> <ul> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">See that Rosalind Franklin’s and Maurice Wilkins’ X-ray diffraction work gave evidence for helix and two strands in DNA structure.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Awareness that the <a href="http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/sangerseq.html" target="_blank">Sanger method of base sequencing</a> uses nucleotides containing dideoxyribonucleic acid (DNA with deoxyribose missing 2 oxygen molecules) to stop DNA replication at a specific base which allows sequencing using fluorescent markers and computers. (Sanger chain termination. Video <a href="http://dnalc.org/view/15479-Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing-3D-animation-with-narration.html" target="_blank">here)</a></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Awareness that in DNA profiling <a href="http://dnalc.org/view/15102-Using-tandem-repeats-for-DNA-fingerprinting-Alec-Jeffreys.html" target="_blank">Tandem repeats</a> are used as these vary greatly from person to person.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Ability to analyse of results of the<a href="../../../olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio21.swf::Hershey%20and%20Chase%20Experiment" target="_blank"> Hershey and Chase experiment</a> providing evidence that DNA is the genetic material.<a href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/hershey.php" target="_blank">(This is a nice graphic)</a></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse of molecular visualizations of the association between protein and DNA in a nucleosome</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-3">7.2 Transcription<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The direction of Transcription is in a 5’ to 3’ direction as RNA polymerase adds the 5´ end (phosphate) of the free RNA nucleotide to the 3´ end of the growing mRNA molecule.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Transcription is partly regulated by Nucleosomes in eukaryotes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Eukaryotes modify mRNA after transcription.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA. - eg. methylation</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gene expression is affected by the environment of a cell and of an organism.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/hl_topics/dna_hl/transcription_hl.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 96px; float: right;"><strong>Skills</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Awareness that the promoter region is an example of non-coding DNA.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The skill to analyse changes in the DNA methylation patterns in connection with gene expression</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 id="header-4"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/translation_ribo_sqr.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 100px; float: right;">7.3 Translation<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505758" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><u>Three stages of translation</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Initiation is the assembly of the components (large and small ribosome subunits, mRNA and tRNA molecules) that carry out the process.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle on a ribosome where tRNA binds to the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl) and E (exit) sites in turn. Polypeptide molecule is produced.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">(examples of start and stop codons not needed)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Termination of translation is followed by disassembly of the components.</li> </ul> <p class="liWithoutP"><img alt="" src="../../../ib/biology/images/flickr_cc_commercial_ok/hl_topics/protein_structure.png" style="width: 100px; height: 100px; float: right;" title="Image: D Faure 2013"><u>Ribosomes</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.</li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <hr class="hidden">The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilised by hydrogen bonding.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilised by interactions between R groups. (Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. and may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="thin"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><br><ul class="resources"><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/07_nucleic_acids/simple-dna-replication.jpeg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></h4><p class="body">The basics of DNA structure and DNA replication were covered in the SL topic so this topic looks at some extra details including, the 3' and 5' ends of the two antiparallel strands and further details about the enzymes responsible for DNA replication.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/03_genetics/dna_profiles.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic includes some of the more difficult details about the process of transcription of mRNA from DNA. The way that splicing of mRNA to remove introns can also make different mature mRNA molecules leads to an increase in the number of proteins.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/07_nucleic_acids/ribosome_assembly_small.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></h4><p class="body">This topic includes some interesting and difficult details about the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes. 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