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class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label 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plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2852/option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> 05 Evolution <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="467" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">05 Evolution </span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_5:_Evolution_and_biodiversity"><img alt="" src="../../images/05_evolution/red_bird_unsplash.png" style="float: right; width: 200px; height: 177px;">Topic 5: <a class="new" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=IB_Biology/Evolution_and_biodiversity&action=edit&redlink=1" title="IB Biology/Evolution and biodiversity (does not exist)">Evolution and biodiversity</a></span></h3> <p><span class="mw-headline"> This is an introduction to the evolution and biodiversity topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 5 including the evidence for evolution, natural selection, classification and cladistics. Helpful for revision.<br> Detailed revision notes, activities and questions can be found for each of the sub-topic pages: </span></p> <ul> <li>5.1 Evidence for evolution</li> <li>5.2 Natural selection</li> <li>5.3 Classification of biodiversity</li> <li>5.4 Cladistics <hr class="hidden-separator"></li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <h3>5.1 Evidence for evolution<span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_5:_Evolution_and_biodiversity"><img alt="" class="Left" src="../../images/05_evolution/squiggle_bird_huge_beak.png" style="float: right; width: 150px; height: 98px;"></span></h3> <ul> <li>A change in the heritable characteristics of a species is evolution.</li> <li>Evidence for evolution comes from <ul> <li>the fossil record.</li> <li>Selective breeding of domesticated animals</li> <li>"Adaptive radiation" can explain similar structures with different functions.</li> <li>Isolated populations can produce separate species by divergent evolution.</li> <li>Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li>Describe how the dark bark leads to the development of melanistic insects in polluted areas.</li> <li>Compare and contrast the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles.</li> <li>Describe how each limb structure is adapted to each different method of locomotion.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3><img alt="" class="left" src="../../images/05_evolution/finch_beaks-1.jpg" style="float: right; width: 200px; height: 201px;" title=" Image CC from Flickr">5.2 Natural selection</h3> <ul> <li>Natural selection requires; <ul> <li>variation in adaptations within a species.</li> <li>overproduction of offspring</li> <li>best adapted individuals have better survival rates</li> <li>so they reproduce more and pass on successful adaptations to offspring.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Variation within a species can be caused by Mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction.</li> <li>Adaptations are advantageous characteristics of an individual for it's way of life.</li> <li>More offspring are produced by the best adapted individuals while less well adapted individuals die or produce fewer offspring.</li> <li>Adaptations / characteristics are passed on to offspring (inheritance).</li> <li>Natural selection increases the frequency of the better adaptations and decreases the frequency of other characteristics. This leads to changes in characteristics within the species</li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse data about the changes in beak lengths of finches on Daphne Major.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Understood how the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs by natural selection.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3><img alt="" src="../../images/05_evolution/classification_butterflies.jpg" style="float: right; width: 200px; height: 201px;">5.3 Classification of biodiversity</h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The binomial system of scientific names is used across the world. It was agreed by biologists at a series of congresses,</li> <li class="liWithoutP">When a species is discovered it is given a scientific (binomial) name.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">All organisms are classified into three domains; Archaea (called archaeans), eubacteria (bacteria) and eukaryote (eukayotes). (Viruses are not classified as living)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Eukaryotes are classified into the main taxa: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">This natural classification helps identification of species and the prediction of shared characteristics by related species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence about evolution appears.</li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p>Classify one plant and one animal species from domain to species level.</p> </li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p>Remember and recognise the main features of:</p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p>bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.(including vascular tissue</p> </li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p>porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and chordata.</p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p>birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish.</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP"> <p class="liWithoutP">Construct a dichotomous key for use in identifying specimens.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="blueBg"> <h3 class="liWithoutP">5.4 Cladistics</h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Evidence for species of a clade can be <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">the base sequences of a gene or</li> <li class="liWithoutP">the amino acid sequence of a protein.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">There is a gradual accumulation of differences and a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clades.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Traits can be analogous (due to convergent evolution) or homologous (inherited from a common ancestor).</li> </ul> <div class="box"> <p><u>Skills</u> (can you ....)</p> <ul> <li> <p>Interpret and deduce relationships from cladograms including humans and other primates.</p> </li> <li> <p>Appreciate that in the light of new evidence some cladograms are changed.</p> </li> <li> <p>For example the reclassification of the figwort family using evidence from cladistics.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <hr class="thin"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-12"><br><ul class="resources"><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/05_evolution/cladogram.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></h4><p class="body">Cladistics is the study of the family relationships between different classification groups. A clade is a group containing all the descendants of an ancestor species. Understanding the evidence used to build cladograms is also required.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/05_evolution/classification_butterflies-1.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></h4><p class="body">Classification helps biologists wherever they are to group organisms into species sharing similar characteristics and share their ideas with others. A basic understanding of the main grouping and their basic features is covered in this topic.</p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/05_evolution/red_bird_unsplash-1.png"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></h4><p class="body">There are different types of evidence which support the theory of evolution, from fossils to selective breeding. This topic covers a range of evidence and some of the concepts related to inheritance, natural selection and evolution. </p></div></li><li class="resource-item"><div class="img-container"><img class="thumb thumb-cover" src="../../images/05_evolution/finch_beaks.jpg"></div><div class="media-body"><h4 style="font-size: 19px;"><a class="text-normal" href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></h4><p class="body">Natural selection increases the frequency of successful adaptations in a species and it relies on variation in the features as well as overproduction of offspring, a struggle for survival and survival of the fittest.</p></div></li></ul></div></div> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span 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