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Metabolism HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2889/topic-9-plant-biology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 9 Plant biology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="topic-10-genetics-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 10 Genetics HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2891/topic-11-animal-physiology-hl-paper-1-questions.html">Topic 11 Animal physiology HL Paper 1 questions</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Topic 10 Genetics HL Paper 1 questions <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="2890" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../2876/paper-1-style-exam-questions.html">Paper 1 style Exam questions</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Topic 10 Genetics HL Paper 1 questions</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_1:_Cell_biology">Topic 10: <a class="internal-link" href="https://e.studyib.net/biology/page/472/10-genetics-ahl">Genetics HL</a><a class="internal-link" href="https://e.studyib.net/biology/page/467/05-evolution-"> </a></span> <img alt="" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/polyploid_strawberry.jpg" style="float: right; height: 89px; width: 120px;"></h3> <p><span class="mw-headline">This page contains <strong>multiple choice questions</strong> in the style of Paper 1 of the Biology exams.<br> They test the breadth of your knowledge of the understandings and skills<strong> about HL Genetics</strong>.</span><span class="mw-headline"><br> To spend more time reviewing the topic before answering these questions, use the revision resources.</span></p> <div class="index-list"> <div class="item"> <div class="bg-cover cover-96" onclick="window.location='/biology/page/472/10-genetics-ahl'" style="background-image: url('../../images/10_geneticshl/crossing-over-1.png')" title="10 Genetics AHL"> </div> <div class="content"> <h4 class="head"><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics HL revision resources</a></h4> <p class="body">This is an introduction to the HL genetics and evolution topic. It lists understandings and skills expected for Topic 10 including crossing over, chiasmata, recombinant phenotypes, linked genes, polygenic inheritance, polyploidy and gene pools.</p> </div> </div> </div> <p><span class="mw-headline">Learn from any mistakes. Every question has an examiner's explanation that appears when you check your answers.<span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><img alt="" src="../../images/00_random-images/check-button.png" style="width: 80px; height: 35px;"></span></span></span></span></p> <div class="tib-quiz dyn-quiz" data-pid="2890" data-mtime="1675505944.6405"><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The drawing below shows an image of homologous chromosomes during meiosis and two diagrams drawn by biologists to show chiasmata formed by crossing over.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/crossing_over_sketch2.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 184px;"></p><p>Which of the diagrams A or B shows the most convincing interpretation and why?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A because only one chromatid will cross over from each chromosome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> B because there is only one chiasmata shown.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> B because it clearly shows the chromatids.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A because the centromeres are definitely not touching.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In diagrams of crossing over sister chromatids will be closely aligned, except at the point where crossing over occurs and a chiasma is formed.</p><p>In A the chromatids are close together except where one of the sister chromatids from each chromosome crosses over.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">2</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is a feature of unlinked genes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They show dependent assortment in meiosis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They show independent assortment in meiosis.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They show non-Mendelian ratios in genetic crosses.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are inherited on the same chromosome.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Unlinked genes show independent assortment in meiosis as they are on different chromosomes (but linked genes do not, hence non-Mendelian ratios of phenotypes)</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">3</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>When would a biologist use a chi-squared test?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To assess the goodness of fit of a line of best fit.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> To test for a significant difference between observed data and expected values.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To decide how close the values are to the mean of a set of data.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> To test for a correlation between two variables.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Chi-squared tests are used to calculate if differences between observed and expected frequencies are statistically significant</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">4</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">In a breeding experiment a plant making smooth, green peas is crossed with a plant having green wrinkled seeds. After two generations four phenotypes were visible in the offspring.<p>Which of the following would be considered a "recombinant phenotype"?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Green peas with a wrinkled surface</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Yellow peas with a smooth surface.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Green peas with a smooth surface.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Wrinkled peas with a green surace.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The skill to identify recombinants in crosses involving two linked genes is important.<br>The phenotypes are different from the 'grandparents' in recombinant phenotypes.<br>So greeen peas with a smooth surface are recombinant.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">5</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following is the best definition of a gene pool? </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> All the genes and all their different alleles in an interbreeding population.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All the alleles of a single gene which exist in a population.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All the genes an alleles available in the genomes of two organisms when they mate.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All the chromosomes in the cells of an individual organism.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">6</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the difference between gene pool and genome ?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A gene pool is all the genes in an organism and the genome is the sequence of DNA in an organism.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A gene pool is all the alleles of all the genes in an interbreeding population and a genome is all the genetic material in an organism.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A gene pool is all the alleles of a gene in a population, and a genome is all the genetic material in an organism.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A gene pool is all the DNA in the nucleus, a genome is the DNA in the nucleus and the DNA in mitochondria.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population.<br>It is described as a pool because it is potentially available to all offspring, so long as the population is interbreeding.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">7</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What do homologous chromosomes have in common?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Identical alleles</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Identical DNA molecules</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Identical base sequences</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Identical genes</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Homologous chromosomes contain alleles of identical genes, some alleles and therefore DNA and base pairs will be different</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">8</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A spermatogonium is a cell that divides by meiosis to form four spermatozoa (male gametes).<br>How many chromatids will a human spermatogonium contain at the beginning of prophase I of meiosis?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 46</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 23 pairs</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 23</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 92</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The DNA replicates during the S phase of interphase, before prophase I begins, this forms chromosomes with two chromatids each.<br>The diploid chromosome number of a human is 46 (23 pairs) so there will be 92 chromatids at the beginning of meiosis, as each chromosome has two chromatids.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">9</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which phase of meiosis is shown in the diagram?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/10_geneticshl/telophase_2.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 194px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Anaphase I</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Metaphase II</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Telophase I</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Telophase II</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The image shows 4 sets of chromosomes each surrounded by a nuclear membrane. This is Telophase II of meiosis. Four cells will be formed after cytokinesis.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">10</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following contribute to the unique genetic nature of gametes produced by a mammal?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">I. Mitosis.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">II. Random assortment of pairs of homologous chromosomes in meiosis.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">III. Crossing over in meiosis.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">IV. DNA replication.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> All of the above</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> III only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> II, III only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Random assortment of homologous chromosomes and crossing over contribute to variation in gametes, Mitosis produces clones and DNA replication, without any copying errors, only doubles the amount of DNA.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">11</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Why does polygenic inheritance appear as continuous variation in phenotypes?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Due to the interaction of several alleles of a gene</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Due to the interaction of the environment and a single gene</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Due to many genes being inherited</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Due to the interaction of alleles of several genes on the phenotype.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Polygenic inheritance is a type of inheritance where a number of genes, each of which has its own alleles, contribute to a specific phenotype giving a range of phenotypic appearances</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">12</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which is the best description of continuous variation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Many different phenotypes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A spectrum of phenotypes within extremes</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Environmentally determined inheritance</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A spectrum of characteristics in a phenotype with many intermediate values.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Continuous variation e.g. human skin colour, varies within extremes, has many intermediate values and may also be influenced by the environment</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">13</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>An investigation was carried out into two genes in bean plants. Each gene had two alleles showing simple dominance. The study concluded that the genes were linked. How could the data collected indicate this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The offspring plants had recombinant phenotypes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The ratio of offspring phenotypes was not correct.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The offspring plants had no parental phenotypes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The ratio of offspring phenotypes was significantly different from the expected Mendelian ratio for independent assortment.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>If the outcome does not correspond to a Mendelian ratio, and the number of recombinant phenotypes is lower than expected, the explanation is that they are linked and not independently assorted. The outcome should be test statistically to be sure that there is a significant difference.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">14</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Black hair and long coat in Labradors are dominant traits over cinnamon hair and short coat. If you possessed a black haired long coated female, what mating could be carried out to demonstrate whether she would be true breeding (homozygous for these characteristics?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mate her with several different dogs and predict the outcome.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mate with a male heterozygous for both traits</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mate her with a black-haired long-coat male</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Mate her with a cinnamon short coated male</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Breeding true means that the individual is homozygous. The cross that should be carried out to determine whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous is the backcross with the homozygous recessive traits, this gives the maximum chance of the recessive gene (if present) showing in the phenotype of the offspring</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">15</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What process causes a change in the gene pool over time?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Variation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Differentiation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Hybridisation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Natural selection</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Gene pools change over time due to the natural selection of phenotypes that favour survival, and some phenotypes become less common. So there are more alleles from the successful phenotypes.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">16</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is the effect of evolution on a gene pool?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Gene frequencies change over time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Mutations occur and increase in frequency.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> No effect, the gene pool remains the same.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Allele frequencies change over time.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Alleles of genes with survival value allow breeding success of the individuals possessing them. By the survival of the fittest to breeding age the frequencies of alleles in the population changes over time. Mutation is a source of variation but it is not affected by evolution, nor is the frequency of the mutation as evolution occurs</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">17</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Several populations of the Wood frog (<em><span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="Rana" data-wsc-id="kvzcf4ww4i46becl6" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">Rana</span> <span class="scayt-misspell-word" data-scayt-word="sylvatica" data-wsc-id="kvzcf4wvse8xc25g7" data-wsc-lang="en_GB">sylvatica</span></em>) were studied in the USA. It was found that although they all inhabit the woods and the same lake frogs from different populations do not interbreed. What could be the cause of this?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Natural selection.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Geographical isolation.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Severe weather.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Behavioural isolation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The frog populations occupy the same habitat so are not geographically isolated, but they could have different breeding periods (temporal isolation) or different means of recognition of partners of the same species (behavioural isolation)</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">18</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which type of selection favours the extreme characteristics in a population over the mean of the characteristic?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Directional</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Stabilising</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Natural</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Disruptive</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>In a trait which has extremes (e.g. length of beak), the environmental pressures may favour the extremes (e.g. long and short beak) over the median. This is disruptive selection.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">19</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What is punctuated equilibrium in evolution?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Evolution due to catastrophic change.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Disruptive evolution.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A large multi-species die-off.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Long periods of slow evolution followed by periods of rapid evolution.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Punctuated equilibrium is characterised by periods of stability followed by rapid evolution. The rapid evolution may be due to catastrophic events or die-offs of species.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="label label-default q-number">20</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which of the following contribute to the unique combinations of alleles in gametes ?</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">I Independent assortment in mitosis.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">II Independent assortment in meiosis.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">III Mutation.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px;">IV Segregation.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II, IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> II only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> IV only</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> II, III, IV only</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Mitosis does not contribute to variation in the gamete. Mutations may occur during replication of DNA prior to Meiosis I. Independent assortment and segregation of chromosomes causes variation in the combinations of chromosomes in the gamete</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p>Refresh this page to try a new set of 20 multiple choice questions. The questions will be different next time you visit. 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