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class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2898/paper-2-questions-topic-5-evolution.html">Paper 2 questions Topic 5 Evolution</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../462/01-cell-biology.html">01 Cell biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../486/introduction-to-cells-11.html">Introduction to cells 1.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../606/ultrastructure-of-cells-12-.html">Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../607/membrane-structure-13-.html">Membrane structure 1.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../575/membrane-transport-14-.html">Membrane transport 1.4 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../608/the-origin-of-cells-15.html">The origin of cells 1.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../609/cell-division-16.html">Cell division 1.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../463/02-molecular-biology.html">02 Molecular biology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../577/molecules-to-metabolism-21.html">Molecules to metabolism 2.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../578/water-22.html">Water 2.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../600/carbohydrates-lipids-23.html">Carbohydrates & Lipids 2.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../601/proteins-24.html">Proteins 2.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../585/enzymes-25.html">Enzymes 2.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../602/structure-of-dna-and-rna-26.html">Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../603/dna-replication-transcription-translation-27.html">DNA Replication, transcription, translation 2.7</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../604/respiration-28.html">Respiration 2.8</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../605/photosynthesis-29.html">Photosynthesis 2.9</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../465/03-genetics-sl.html">03 Genetics SL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../790/genes-31-.html">Genes 3.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../791/chromosomes-32.html">Chromosomes 3.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../792/meiosis-33.html">Meiosis 3.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../793/inheritance-34.html">Inheritance 3.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../794/genetic-modification-35.html">Genetic Modification 3.5</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../466/04-ecology-.html">04 Ecology </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../795/species-and-communities-41-.html">Species and communities 4.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../796/energy-flow-42.html">Energy flow 4.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../797/carbon-cycle-43-.html">Carbon Cycle 4.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../798/climate-change-44.html">Climate change 4.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../467/05-evolution-.html">05 Evolution </a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../799/evidence-for-evolution-51-.html">Evidence for evolution 5.1 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../800/natural-selection-52.html">Natural selection 5.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../801/classification-of-biodiversity-53-.html">Classification of biodiversity 5.3 </a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../802/cladistics-54.html">Cladistics 5.4</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../468/06-human-physiology.html">06 Human physiology</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../579/digestion-absorption-61.html">Digestion & absorption 6.1</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../580/blood-system-62.html">Blood system 6.2</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../591/defence-against-disease-63.html">Defence against disease 6.3</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../592/gas-exchange-64.html">Gas exchange 6.4</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../593/neurones-and-synapses-65.html">Neurones and synapses 6.5</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../594/hormones-and-reproduction-66.html">Hormones and reproduction 6.6</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1160/nucleic-acids-71-hl.html">Nucleic acids 7.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1157/transcription-72-hl.html">Transcription 7.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../470/08-metabolism-ahl.html">08 Metabolism AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1195/metabolism-81-hl.html">Metabolism 8.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1196/cell-respiration-82-hl.html">Cell respiration 8.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1197/photosynthesis-83-hl.html">Photosynthesis 8.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1251/transport-in-xylem-91-hl.html">Transport in xylem 9.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1254/reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../472/10-genetics-ahl.html">10 Genetics AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1341/meiosis-101-hl.html">Meiosis 10.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1342/inheritance-102-hl.html">Inheritance 10.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1343/gene-pools-and-speciation-103-hl.html">Gene pools and speciation 10.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><a class="expander" href="#" style="font-size: .9em"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-caret-right"></i></a><a href="../473/11-animal-physiology-ahl.html">11 Animal physiology AHL</a></label><ul class="side-nav level-1"><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2063/antibody-production-vaccination-111-hl.html">Antibody production & vaccination 11.1 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1345/movement-112-hl.html">Movement 11.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1346/kidney-and-osmoregulation-113-hl.html">Kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 14px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../1347/sexual-reproduction-114-hl.html">Sexual reproduction 11.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2824/option-a-neurobiology.html">Option A - Neurobiology</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="option-b-biotechnology.html">Option B - Biotechnology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2853/option-c-ecology.html">Option C - Ecology</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../2854/option-d-human-physiology.html">Option D Human physiology</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Option B - Biotechnology <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="2852" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i> Home</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Option B - Biotechnology</span></li> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505760" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">B1 Microbiology: organisms in industry</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">B2 Biotechnology in agriculture</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">B3 Environmental protection</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">B4 Medicine - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">B5 Bioinformatics - HL</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Exam style question on B1</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Extra exam style question on B1</a></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Exam style question on B2</a></li><li><a href="#header-11" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-11">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-12" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-12">Exam style question on B3</a></li><li><a href="#header-13" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-13">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-14" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-14">Exam style question on B4</a></li><li><a href="#header-15" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-15">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-16" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-16">Exam style question on B5</a></li><li><a href="#header-17" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-17">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-18" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-18">Drag and drop activities</a></li></ol></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><span style="color:#FF0000;"></span><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/12_options/bioreactor.png" style="width: 100px; height: 98px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This page gives outline details of the content of Option B for SL & HL. There are revision questions and lists of student skills required.</div> <div class="text">Helpful for revision. Student can check their understanding and prioritise areas for revision.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>A set of flashcards to help revise a few important terms from this option.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/716831156/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p class="liWithoutP">This section explains the details which students are required to know.</p> <p class="liWithoutP">There are understandings, skills and suggestions for revision questions.</p> <h3 id="header-1">B1 Microbiology: organisms in industry<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Microorganisms are metabolically diverse organisms used in industry because they are small and have a fast growth rate.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Useful metabolite production in industry can be optimized by pathway engineering of genetic and regulatory processes in microorganisms..</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Large-scale metabolite production by microorganisms takes place in fermenters.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Batch fermentation is used to produce penicillin, in deep-tank batch fermentation.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Fermentation by continuous culture is used to produce citric acid by <em>Aspergillus niger </em>(used as a flavouring or preservative.)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Microorganisms in fermenters become limited by their own waste products.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Probes are used to monitor conditions within fermenters.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Conditions are maintained at optimal levels for the growth of the microorganisms being cultured.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Biogas is produced by bacteria and archaeans from organic matter in fermenters.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>What are the qualities of microorganisms which make them so useful for lab production of their metabolites?</li> <li>What id 'pathway engineering' and how can this help production of substances like citric acid?</li> <li>If you need to make a lot of something using microorganisms what are the key components you need in your fermenters?</li> <li>What is the difference between batch fermentation and continuous culture?</li> <li>How is <em>Aspergillus</em> used to produce citric acid?</li> <li>How can conditions in a fermenter be maintained at optimum conditions for microorganism growth?</li> <li>What is Biogas?</li> <li>What are the potential benefits of biogas generation?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Students should understand how to carry out Gram staining of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Students should carry out experiments with known safe bacteria, showing zone of inhibition of bacterial growth by bactericides.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Students should have experience of production of biogas in a small-scale fermenter.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-2">B2 Biotechnology in agriculture<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Transgenic organisms produce proteins not naturally in the proteome of the species.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Increased crop yield can be achieved using genetic modification to overcome an unfavourable environmental factor.<br> E.g. Use of tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid of <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em> to introduce glyphosate resistance into soybean crops.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Novel products can be produced using genetically modified crop plants.<br> E.g. bulk production of Hepatitis B vaccine in tobacco plants and Amflora potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em>) rich in amylopectin for paper and glue industries.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Target genes can be identified using bioinformatics: <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The target gene is linked to other sequences that control its expression.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">An open reading frame is a significant length of DNA, enough to code for a polypeptide chain, from a start codon to a stop codon.Skill: Identification of an open reading frame (ORF).</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Genetically modified, recombinant DNA must be inserted into the plant cell and taken up by its chromosome or chloroplast DNA.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Whole plants, leaf discs or protoplasts can be used.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Recombinant DNA can be inserted by direct physical methods (electroporation, microinjection and biolistics/gunshot), chemical methods (calcium chloride and liposomes) or indirectly by vectors, such as <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em> and tobacco mosaic virus.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Successful uptake is indicated using marker genes</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>What is a proteome?</li> <li>If a new gene from another species in added to the genome of a GMO what difference might this lead to in the cells of the organism?</li> <li>What are some of the potential benefits to agriculture of GMOs?</li> <li>How do biologists use bioinformatics to identify the genes which may be useful in producing GMO crops?</li> <li>What methods can be used to insert recombinant DNA into an organism?</li> <li>Which parts of the plant can be used to insert the new genes?</li> <li>How do biologist know that the genes have been successfully taken up by the organisms?</li> <li>Name three examples of GMO crops</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Students will be able to evaluate data on the environmental impact of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-3">B3 Environmental protection<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Bioremediation combined with physical and chemical clean up procedures can used in response to pollution incidents.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Microorganisms are used in bioremediation. because they can metabolize some pollutants.<br> E.g. Degradation of benzene by halophilic bacteria such as <em>Marinobacter</em>.<br> Degradation of oil or conversion of methyl mercury into elemental mercury by <em>Pseudomonas</em></li> <li class="liWithoutP">Cooperative aggregates of microorganisms can form biofilms and use quorum sensing.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Biofilms possess emergent properties and are highly resistant to antimicrobial agents.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Biofilms can cause environmental problems. e.g. clogging and corrosion of pipes, transfer of microorganisms in ballast water, or contamination of surfaces in food production.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Biofilms can be useful in trickle filter beds for sewage treatment</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Bacteriophages are used in the disinfection of water systems.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Question(s) </strong></p> <ul> <li>Pollution incidents can be treated using physical and chemical methods and what other techniques, using microbes.</li> <li>List three pollutants which can be metabolised by microorganisms.</li> <li>What roles could <em>Pseudomonas</em> species play in bioremediation?</li> <li>Describe how quorum sensing can lead to the formation of biofilms.</li> <li>List two examples of environmental damage caused by biofilms.</li> <li>Explain how biofilms are cultivated in the trickle beds of sewerage treatment works.</li> <li>What role could bacteriophages play in water treatment.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills ( can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Evaluation of data or media reports on environmental problems caused by biofilms.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-4">B4 Medicine - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The detection of its genetic material or its antigens can identify infection by a pathogen. For example PCR can be used to detect influenza virus strains.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Genetic markers and DNA microarrays can be used to detect predisposition to a genetic disease.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">A disease can be detected by the presence of metabolites in blood and urine.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Tracking experiments are used to gain information about the localization and interaction of a desired protein. For example; using luminescent probes to track tumour cells.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Biopharming uses genetically modified animals and plants to produce proteins (e.g. antithrombin for therapeutic use.)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Viral vectors can be used in gene therapy. For example; the treatment of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Questions</strong></p> <ul> <li>What signs of a virus could be detected in the human body even when it can't be seen in a microscope or grown in a petri dish?</li> <li>apart from DNA what other biochemical signals could reveal the presence of a pathogen?</li> <li>For what reasons is biopharming an advantageous way to produce proteins?</li> <li>The delivery of genes to specific cells is important in gene therapy. How do viruses help this process?</li> </ul> </div> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills (can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Describe Pavlov’s experiments into reflex conditioning in dogs.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explain of how inheritance and learning both contribute to birdsong acquisition.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments and relate these to the chances of survival or reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Relate reflex arc structure to the pain withdrawal reflex of the hand.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Label a diagram of the pain withdrawal reflex, including a receptor cell, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron and effector.</li> </ul> </div> <h3 id="header-5">B5 Bioinformatics - HL<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The amount of data stored in databases is increasing exponentially, providing easy access to information.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">BLAST searches identify similar DNA sequences in different organisms.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sequence alignment software can be used to compare DNA sequences from different organisms <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">BLASTn allows nucleotide sequence alignment</li> <li class="liWithoutP">BLASTp allows protein alignment.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="liWithoutP">Model organisms can be used to study gene function. e.g. Knockout technology can determine gene function in mice.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Newly identified DNA sequences can be compared with sequences where the function is known in other organisms using databases.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">In phylogenetics software is used to construct simple cladograms and phylograms of related organisms using DNA sequences & multiple sequence alignment.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">EST is an expressed sequence tag that can be used to identify potential genes.</li> </ul> <div class="blueBg"> <p><strong>Revision Questions </strong></p> <ul> <li>What can yu find by using a BLAST search?</li> <li>Why are protein sequences sometimes more useful than nucleotide sequences?</li> <li>Knockout technology replaces functioning genes, but what is the purpose of doing this?</li> <li>List three uses of databases of DNA sequences.</li> </ul> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills (can you ...)</strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Skill: Discovery of genes by EST data mining.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Explore chromosome 21 in databases (for example in Ensembl)</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Sequence alignment of related proteins such as hemoglobin and myoglobin could be investigated.</li> </ul> </div> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on B1</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-6">Exam style question on B1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="box"> <p><strong>Outline the process of penicillin production in a fermenter. [3]</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="box"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline the process of penicillin production in a fermenter. [3]</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The inside of fermenter is sterilized.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Penicillin making fungus is added to fermenter.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nutrients are added so the fungus can grow.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">When the fungus runs out of nutrients it produces penicillin.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Be sure to explain each point in enough detail to include a structure and what happens to it.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-8">Extra exam style question on B1<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Fermentation is a process using microorganisms to produce products</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>The diagram shows a fermenter used for aerobic batch fermentation. Use the diagram to answer the questions.</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: In a structured question, use brief, precise sentences.</em></p> <p><strong><img alt="" src="../../images/richard/option/distiller-f.jpg" style="width: 256px; height: 247px;"></strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>Define aerobic fermentation. (1 mark)</strong> <hr></li> <li><strong>Explain why the conditions in the fermenter must be optimal. (2 marks)</strong> <hr></li> </ol> <p style="margin-left:18.0pt;"><strong>Explain the importance of the following parts of the fermenter in achieving an efficient process (1 mark each)</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>The motor and paddles.</strong> <hr></li> <li><strong>The buffer inlet.</strong> <hr></li> <li><strong>The sensory probes</strong> <hr></li> <li><strong>The water jacket</strong> <hr></li> <li><strong>The nutrient inlet</strong> <hr></li> </ol> </div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-9">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>The diagram shows a fermenter used for aerobic batch fermentation. Use the diagram to answer the questions.</strong></p> <ol> <li><strong>Define aerobic fermentation. (1 mark)</strong></li> </ol> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">A fermentation process that requires oxygen/uses aerobic respiration</span></p> <p> 2. <strong>Explain why the conditions in the fermenter must be optimal. (2 marks)</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Optimal conditions to achieve the maximum amount of product</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">Optimal conditions to achieve maximum oroduct </span>In the shortest time</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">Optimal conditions for maximum fermentation rate.</span></p> <p style="margin-left:18.0pt;"><strong>Explain the importance of the following parts of the fermenter in achieving an efficient process (1 mark each)</strong></p> <p><strong>1. The motor and paddles.</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To keep the mixture homogeneous/to continually mix nutrients and microbes.</span></p> <p><strong>2. The buffer inlet.</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To maintain the optimum pH for the process/to neutralise acid or alkaline waste products.</span></p> <p><strong>3. The sensory probes</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To provide input (to software) for the control of conditions/addition of nutrients/maintenance of pH/temperature</span>.</p> <p><strong>4. The water jacket</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To remove heat produced from respiration.</span></p> <p><strong>5. The nutrient inlet</strong></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">To input nutrients as they are depleted/used</span></p> <p><em>The diagram of a fermenter could be used in a question to explain how microbial fermentation produces products</em></p> </section> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on B2</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="header-10">Exam style question on B2<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Crop plant genetic modification is an important concept in this topic</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Discuss how transgenic crop plants may improve crop production and the ethical issues of their use. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: There are two parts to this question and both must be answered to achieve full marks. Examples should be used.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-11">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Discuss how transgenic crop plants may improve crop production and the ethical issues of their use. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Transgenic organisms contain one or more genes from a different organism.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Improvement in crop production</em></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The production of novel proteins (by a crop plant).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Golden rice was transgenically modified to produce vitamin A. GM tobacco produces hepatitis B vaccine (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Resistance to pests</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Corn has been modified to produce CRY protein (Bt toxin) which resists the insect pest, corn borer. (other relevant example).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Reduction of use of pesticides/variety of pesticides needed.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">GM crops have more resistance to herbicides.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Herbicide use does not cause crop yields to be reduced.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Improvement in environmental resistance (decrease of water usage).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Maize has been modified to be resistant to drought (by the cold shock protein) (other relevant example).</span></li> </ul> <p>Maximum 4 marks, other relevant examples can be used.</p> <p><em>Ethical issues</em></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Gene flow of transgenes can occur from transfer of pollen between species..</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Transfer of pollen can result in gene flow of transgenes into wild populations.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Gene flow of herbicide resistance could produce herbicide resistant weed plants.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Gene flow of insect resistance could cause ecological imbalance by favouring certain populations.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Possible human resistance to GM crops as a food source.</span></li> </ul> <p>Maximum 2 marks, other relevant examples can be used.</p> </section> <div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on B3</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-12">Exam style question on B3<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Bioremediation is an increasingly important means for dealing with pollution.</p> Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Discuss the importance of biofilms in bioremediation. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint, discuss requires detail including in the case of examples.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="box"> <h3 id="header-13">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Model answer</strong></p> <p><strong>Discuss the importance of biofilms in bioremediation. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A biofilm is a colony (of one or more microbes) that adheres to and coats a surface.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The biofilm consists of the microorganism(s) and the matrix secreted by the organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The biofilm is stable/resistant to chemicals/increased resistance to stress.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The matrix gives emergent properties to the microorganisms/properties the organism does not have growing outside a biofilm/enhances the properties of the microorganism.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Microbes can reproduce very quickly/microbial colonies have rapid metabolism.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Microbes may have the ability to metabolise pollutants.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Biofilms are used in sewage treatment.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Biofilms in sewage treatment digest organic matter in wastewater.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Biofilms can remove of soluble heavy metal compounds from water/canmetabolise soluble heavy metal compounds into insoluble compounds (that can be removed from the water).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Biofilms can metabolise petroleum products from oil spills or wells.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Examiner hint: restrict your answer to biofilms.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on B4</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-14">Exam style question on B4<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Biotechnology can be used to detect and diagnose disease</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Outline 3 ways in which biotechnology can diagnose disease caused by pathogens. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Outline means give the main points.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="box"> <h3 id="header-15">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline 3 ways in which biotechnology can diagnose disease caused by pathogens. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The genetic material/DNA or RNA can be detected (by biochemical methods).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The presence of antigen or antibody markers <span style="color:#FF0000;">(by biochemical methods).</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">(The genetic material/DNA or RNA or the presence of antigen markers) are specific to the pathogen.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">(The genetic material/DNA or RNA or the presence of antigen or antibody markers are) specific to the pathogen making the tests very accurate.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">ELISA test is a test for antibodies/antigens.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The ELISA test uses antibody capture molecules.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">If present. the antigen binds to the capture molecule and causes an observable reaction/colour change.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The PCR test is a test for pathogen RNA/DNA.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">RNA is converted to cDNA. </span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">DNA is amplified/to form sufficient quantities (for testing).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Primer sequences specific to pathogen DNA are reacted with the sample to give a visible reaction/colour change.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Testing for metabolites is not used for pathogenically caused disease.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default panel-expandable"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style question on B5</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-16">Exam style question on B5<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>The use of databases in bioinformatics are of considerable importance in research.</p> <p>Answer the question on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="dottedBox"> <p><strong>Outline how bioinformatics and databases can be used in biological research. (6 marks)</strong></p> <p><em>Examiner hint: Outline means give the most important points.</em></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-17">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Model answer</strong></p> <p><strong>Outline how bioinformatics and databases can be used in biological research. (6 marks)</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Bioinformatics uses software/computing to compare DNA or protein sequences.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Databases are shared accessible information.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The information in databases increases/grows extremely quickly (as information is shared).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Sequence alignment software/BLAST allows for comparison of (protein/DNA) sequences between organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Databases of DNA/protein sequences allow comparison of genes between species.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLASTn sequencing allows comparison of base sequence in (fragments of) DNA.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLASTn sequencing allows comparison of genes between organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLASTp sequencing allows comparison of amino acid sequences in proteins.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLASTp sequencing can indicate protein function/presence in particular organisms.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLASTx searches for the DNA/RNA base sequences of a protein amino acid sequence/translated sequence/open reading frame of DNA.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLAST searching can be applied to medical research for causes/cures for disease.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">BLAST sequencing can look for evolutionary relationships/be used in cladistics/phylogenetics.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>It is better to distinguish between blast n, p and x</em></p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-18">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505760" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop question below.</p> <p> </p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-936-2852"><p><span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:">B1 Microbes have a wide range of metabolic activities</span>.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Detritivores</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Cyanobacteria</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Penicillium</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inorganic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">organic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Saprotrophs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Photoautotrophs</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Yeast</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Heterotrophic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inorganic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">industry</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pathogens</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Photoautotrophs"> <span class="review"></span> utilise light energy to produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="organic"> <span class="review"></span> carbon compounds from inorganic carbon. Example - <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Cyanobacteria"> <span class="review"></span> </p><p>Chemoautotrophs can use <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inorganic"> <span class="review"></span> energy sources to produce organic carbon compounds from inorganic . Example - Nitrobacter</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Saprotrophs"> <span class="review"></span> utilise the organic compounds in dead animal and plant remains to respire and release inorganic compounds into the soil. Example – <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Penicillium"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Heterotrophic"> <span class="review"></span> microbes utilise organic carbon compounds for respiration. Example – <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Yeast"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>This diversity of metabolic activity make microbes important in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="industry"> <span class="review"></span> and the environment.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Microbes and Archaea have a vast range of metabolic activities to allow survival in diverse niches. This has been exploited by man in industry.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-937-2852"><p>B2 Open reading frames delineate genes.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">data base</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">DNA</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">gene</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stop</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">stop</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">amino acids</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">polypeptide</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">triplet</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>An open reading frame is a length of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="DNA"> <span class="review"></span> from a start codon (ATG) to one of the three <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stop"> <span class="review"></span> codons (TAA, TAG, TGA). The bases in between (and the start codon) code for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="amino acids"> <span class="review"></span> . When a DNA sequence is elucidated, the scientists search the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="data base"> <span class="review"></span> for base sequences without <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="stop"> <span class="review"></span> codons that are long enough to code for a <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="polypeptide"> <span class="review"></span> and therefore could be a complete <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="gene"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Genes have start and stop codons where transcription begins and ends.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-938-2852"><p>B3 Viruses can be used to remove biofilms that form in water systems.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">throughout</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">bacteria</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">removing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">killing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">reducing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">naturally</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">specific</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">viruses</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pathogens</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pathogenic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">predators</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">expanding</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Biofilms can form <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="naturally"> <span class="review"></span> inside water and waste water pipes, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="reducing"> <span class="review"></span> the diameter of the pipes, causing corrosion and possibly harbouring <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pathogenic"> <span class="review"></span> bacteria.</p><p>Bacteriophages are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="viruses"> <span class="review"></span> that are pathogens of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="bacteria"> <span class="review"></span> . If bacteriophages <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="specific"> <span class="review"></span> to the bacteria in the biofilm are introduced to the pipes, they infect the bacteria <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="throughout"> <span class="review"></span> the film and are effective in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="removing"> <span class="review"></span> the film. If human <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pathogens"> <span class="review"></span> are present in a biofilm, bacteriophages specific to the pathogen can be introduced into the water flow <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="killing"> <span class="review"></span> the pathogens in the biofilm.</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p> </p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-939-2852"><p>B4 Blood and urine can be tested for excess levels of metabolites leading to diagnosis of inherited diseases.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">non-functional</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">catalyse</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">therapy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mutations</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">poisons</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">completion</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">enzymes</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">block</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> toxic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">intermediate</span> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Genes code for the polypeptide <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="enzymes"> <span class="review"></span> that <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="catalyse"> <span class="review"></span> metabolic pathways.</p><p>Most inherited diseases are caused by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mutations"> <span class="review"></span> in single genes that produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="non-functional"> <span class="review"></span> enzymes preventing <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="completion"> <span class="review"></span> of a metabolic pathway. This leads to a failure of the metabolic pathway, causing a build up of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="intermediate"> <span class="review"></span> metabolites that can be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" toxic"> <span class="review"></span> and have debilitating effects on the individual.</p><p>Early diagnosis can lead to various forms of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="therapy"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Mutated genes cannot be replaced in the cells of an individual but metabolite testing can lead to diagnosis.</p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-940-2852"><p>B5 <span calibri="" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:107%;
font-family:">Conserved metabolic pathways</span> are investigated in animal and microbe models.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genetically</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">preserved</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">new</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">inherited</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">humans</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">models </span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">range</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">conserved</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">common</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">genes</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>Many metabolic pathways are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="common"> <span class="review"></span> across a very wide <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="range"> <span class="review"></span> of organisms. These are controlled by enzymes coded for by <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genes"> <span class="review"></span> which are virtually identical across species and are known as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="conserved"> <span class="review"></span> genetic sequences.</p><p>A number of laboratory organisms are <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="genetically"> <span class="review"></span> manipulated to investigate the mutations that can occur in these conserved pathways and may be responsible for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="inherited"> <span class="review"></span> metabolic disorders. These organisms are useful as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="models "> <span class="review"></span> as the pathways are very similar to those found in <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="humans"> <span class="review"></span> .</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p> </p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <p> </p> <hr class="thin"> <div id="modal-feedback" class="modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <h4 class="modal-title">Feedback</h4> <button type="button" class="close hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-dismiss="modal" 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