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class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../../1252/transport-in-phloem-92-hl.html">Transport in phloem 9.2 HL</a></label></li><li class=""><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../../1253/growth-in-plants-93-hl.html">Growth in plants 9.3 HL</a></label></li><li class="expanded parent selected"><label style="padding-left: 0px"><i class="fa fa-fw"></i><a href="../reproduction-in-plants-94-hl.html">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1254" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../../471/09-plant-biology-ahl.html">09 Plant biology AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Reproduction in plants 9.4 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675507150" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Summary list for 9.4 Reproduction in plants</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about plant reproduction</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Exam style question about drawing an angiosperm flower </a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Multiple choice questions</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-9" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-9"> 9.4 Plant reproduction 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-10" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-10">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/bean_seed_diag-1.jpg" style="float: left; width: 154px; height: 100px;">In this topic the need for flowers and pollination is explored quite simply. The parts of a flower, the processes of pollination and fertilisation as well as seed dispersal and germination are included. The mutualistic relationships between pollinators and flowers is interested to consider as well well as the phytochrome mechanism of stimulating flowering.</div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary using these <strong>9.4 Reproduction in plants</strong> flashcards.</p> <p><span style="border-block: unset; border-inline: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; overflow-inline: unset; overflow-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; block-size: unset; min-block-size: unset; max-block-size: unset; inline-size: unset; min-inline-size: unset; max-inline-size: unset; background: unset; background-blend-mode: unset; border: unset; border-radius: unset; box-decoration-break: unset; -moz-float-edge: unset; display: unset; position: fixed; float: unset; clear: unset; vertical-align: unset; overflow: unset; overflow-anchor: unset; transition: unset; animation: unset; transform: unset; rotate: unset; scale: unset; translate: unset; offset: unset; scroll-behavior: unset; scroll-snap-align: unset; scroll-snap-type: unset; overscroll-behavior: unset; isolation: unset; break-after: unset; break-before: unset; break-inside: unset; resize: unset; perspective: unset; perspective-origin: unset; backface-visibility: unset; transform-box: unset; transform-style: unset; transform-origin: unset; contain: unset; -moz-appearance: unset; -moz-orient: unset; will-change: unset; shape-image-threshold: unset; shape-margin: unset; shape-outside: unset; touch-action: unset; -webkit-line-clamp: unset; columns: unset; column-fill: unset; column-rule: unset; column-span: unset; content: unset; counter-increment: unset; counter-reset: unset; counter-set: unset; opacity: unset; box-shadow: unset; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); filter: unset; mix-blend-mode: unset; font: unset; font-synthesis: unset; visibility: unset; writing-mode: unset; text-orientation: unset; color-adjust: unset; image-rendering: unset; image-orientation: unset; dominant-baseline: unset; text-anchor: unset; color-interpolation: unset; color-interpolation-filters: unset; fill: unset; fill-opacity: unset; fill-rule: unset; shape-rendering: unset; stroke: unset; stroke-width: unset; stroke-linecap: unset; stroke-linejoin: unset; stroke-miterlimit: unset; stroke-opacity: unset; stroke-dasharray: unset; stroke-dashoffset: unset; clip-rule: unset; marker: unset; paint-order: unset; 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-moz-box-align: unset; -moz-box-direction: unset; -moz-box-flex: unset; -moz-box-orient: unset; -moz-box-pack: unset; -moz-box-ordinal-group: unset;"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/518176663/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></span><span style="border-block: unset; border-inline: unset; border-start-start-radius: unset; border-start-end-radius: unset; border-end-start-radius: unset; border-end-end-radius: unset; overflow-inline: unset; overflow-block: unset; overscroll-behavior-inline: unset; overscroll-behavior-block: unset; margin-block: unset; margin-inline: unset; scroll-margin-block: unset; scroll-margin-inline: unset; padding-block: unset; padding-inline: unset; scroll-padding-block: unset; scroll-padding-inline: unset; inset-block: unset; inset-inline: unset; block-size: unset; min-block-size: unset; max-block-size: unset; inline-size: unset; min-inline-size: unset; max-inline-size: unset; background: unset; 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overflow-wrap: unset; word-break: unset; text-justify: unset; text-align-last: unset; text-align: unset; letter-spacing: unset; word-spacing: unset; white-space: pre; text-shadow: unset; text-emphasis: unset; text-emphasis-position: unset; -moz-tab-size: unset; line-break: unset; -webkit-text-fill-color: unset; -webkit-text-stroke: unset; ruby-align: unset; ruby-position: unset; text-combine-upright: unset; text-rendering: unset; -moz-control-character-visibility: unset; text-underline-offset: unset; text-underline-position: unset; text-decoration-skip-ink: unset; cursor: unset; pointer-events: unset; -moz-user-input: unset; -moz-user-modify: unset; -moz-user-focus: unset; caret-color: unset; scrollbar-color: unset; list-style: unset; quotes: unset; -moz-image-region: unset; margin: unset; scroll-margin: unset; outline: unset; -moz-outline-radius: unset; outline-offset: unset; padding: unset; scroll-padding: unset; top: 0px; right: unset; bottom: unset; left: unset; z-index: unset; flex-flow: unset; place-content: unset; place-items: unset; flex: unset; place-self: unset; order: unset; width: unset; min-width: unset; max-width: unset; height: unset; min-height: unset; max-height: unset; box-sizing: unset; object-fit: unset; object-position: unset; grid-area: unset; grid: unset; gap: unset; vector-effect: unset; stop-color: unset; stop-opacity: unset; flood-color: unset; flood-opacity: unset; lighting-color: unset; mask-type: unset; clip-path: unset; mask: unset; x: unset; y: unset; cx: unset; cy: unset; rx: unset; ry: unset; r: unset; table-layout: unset; text-overflow: unset; text-decoration: unset; ime-mode: unset; scrollbar-width: unset; user-select: text; -moz-window-dragging: unset; -moz-force-broken-image-icon: unset; -moz-box-align: unset; -moz-box-direction: unset; -moz-box-flex: unset; -moz-box-orient: unset; -moz-box-pack: unset; -moz-box-ordinal-group: unset;"></span></p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/518176663/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-201" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="201"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-5.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-6.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-201" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-6.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-201" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-201" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-5-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="5"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-201/94reproductioninplants-6-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Summary list for 9.4 Reproduction in plants<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Flowering involves a change in gene expression in the shoot apex which is a response to the length of light and dark periods in many plants</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Outline details of the processes of pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal which are needed for success in plant reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Most flowering plants use mutualistic relationships with pollinators in sexual<br> reproduction.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Methods used to induce short-day plants to flower out of season such as chrysanthemums, use long uninterrupted nights rather than short day</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Skills </strong></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw internal structure of seeds.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Draw half-views of animal-pollinated flowers.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Design of experiments to test hypotheses about factors affecting germination.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main sections of topic 9.4 Reproduction in plants.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.<br> Try to turn the simple mindmap into the detailed mindmap from memory.</p> <div id="carousel-203" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="203"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderlist.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-203" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderlist.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspidersimple.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-203" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspidersimple.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderfull.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-203" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderfull.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-203" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-203" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../../std-galleries/5-203/94plantreprodspiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p><a id="ESQs" name="ESQs"></a>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about plant reproduction<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Explaining the effect of auxin on plant growth is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline the processes of pollination and fertilization in plant reproduction [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <div class="yellowBg"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p><strong>Outline the processes of pollination and fertilization in plant reproduction [4]</strong></p> <p>4 points from these would make a good answer.</p> <ol> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In pollination pollen is transferred from anther to stigma</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Pollen can be carried by pollinators, or by the wind.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Examples of pollinators are insects or birds.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In fertilisation first pollen grains grow a pollen tube down the style</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In fertilisation male and female gamete nuclei join</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Fertilisation occurs in the ovary</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on flower structure. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-5">Exam style question about drawing an angiosperm flower <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Draw your diagram on paper and compare it to the model answer.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Draw a diagram of an animal pollinated flower. (5 marks)</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr></div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer. </p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Draw a diagram of an animal pollinated flower. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/g12_flower_sketch.png" style="width: 300px; height: 220px;"></p> <p>There should be label lines to point exactly to the organ.<br> The labels should not cover the diagram.<br> The drawing of the label must show a realistic position, shape and size of the organ.</p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on pollination and seed dispersal. Click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>The differences between the processes of pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal are an important concept in this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below, on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Compare and contrast pollination and dispersal in Angiosperms. (4 marks</span></b>)<strong>.</strong></span></p> <div class="yellowBg"> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Hint: Compare and contrast requires similarities and differences.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-7">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Compare and contrast pollination and dispersal in Angiosperms. (4 marks</span></b>)<strong>.</strong></span></p> <p>You can use a table to answer this question</p> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left"> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">For Angiosperms to reproduce successfully, they need the male gamete (pollen) to be transferred from the anther to the stigma of a flower by a vector (pollination)</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">(and) The product of germination and growth, the fruit, must be carried away from the parent plant (seed dispersal) in order that the seed can geminate and grow.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Pollination transfers male gametes for fertilisation whereas dispersal moves seeds to areas away from the parent plant for germination and growth</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">In both pollination and dispersal, there can be a variety of living and non- living vectors such as bats and wind (to pollinate flowers or to disperse seeds).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Flowers and fruits are both adapted to their vectors of pollination and dispersal, for example petal colours and hooked fruits.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The relationship between the animal vector and the plant is usually mutualistic.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Though vectors may consume large amounts of pollen or fruits and seeds (sufficient are produced for successful reproduction).</span></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="clear:both;"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-8">Multiple choice questions<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>This is a self marking quiz containing questions covering the topic outlined above.<br> Try the questions to check your understanding.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#8564e086"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="8564e086"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-9"> 9.4 Plant reproduction <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-530-1254" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The image below shows some details of pollination and feeding between humming birds and columbine flowers.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/mutualism.jpg" style="width: 500px; height: 216px;"></p><p>What is the term used to describe this kind of relationship?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Predation</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Mutualism</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Parasitism</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Herbivory</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A relationship where both species benefit is called mutualism.<br>Almost all examples of pollination by animals isi an example of this.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which statement best distinguishes between fertilisation and pollination?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pollination is the transfer of pollen and the fusion of pollen and ovule nuclei. Fertilisation is the process of the zygote growing into a seed.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, fertilisation is the fusion of pollen and ovule nuclei.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pollination is the fusion of pollen and ovule nuclei whereas fertilisation is the transfer of pollen to the stigma.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stigma to anther, fertilisation is the fusion of pollen and ovule nuclei.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Pollination, as the name suggests is the transfer of pollen, from anthers to stigma.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What are the functions of structure A and structure B shown in the photograph of a flower below?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 322px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: receives pollen B: attracts many types of insects</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: receives pollen B: produces pollen</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A: produces pollen B: receives pollen</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: attracts insects B: makes pollen</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A: produces pollen. B: is the where pollen attaches to in pollination.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The diagram below shows a flowering plant and two structures labelled A and B.</p><p>What are the names of these structures?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/flower_qn.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 322px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Filament, B: Stigma</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Ovary, B: Anther</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A: Anther, B: Stigma</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A: Stigma, B: Filament</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The stigma is the surface which receives pollen when insects pass, looking or nectar at the base of the flower.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>What biological process happens in the tip of shoots for plants to begin flowering?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A change in gene expression is triggered.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pollinator species is detected</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fertilization of the ovules</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The length of the stem reaches a threshold</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Flowering is promoted by the length of periods of darkness and light. <br>These are detected by phytochromes.<br>Flowering is stimulated by a change in gene expression caused by phytochromes.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The illustration below shows a flower from a cherry tree.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/cherry_flowerab.jpg" style="width: 294px; height: 382px;"></p><p>Which of the answers correctly give labels for A and B</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A = Ovary B = Stigma</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A = Stigma B = Sepal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A = Stigma B = Ovary</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A = Filament B = Ovary</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The ovary is the part labelled B Ovules will be found inside the ovary.<br>The stigma is the top of the style, it's size and shape is variable between species of flower.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>The success of reproduction in plants depends on four processes. <br>Which of the following answers lists the processes in the correct order.</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Pollination, Fertilisation, Seed dispersal, Germination</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fertilisation, Germination, Pollination, Seed dispersal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Fertilisation, Germination, Pollination, Seed dispersal</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Seed dispersal, Pollination, Germination, Fertilisation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The correct order is pollination, Fertilisation, Seed dispersal germination</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A student has carried out a germination experiment. </p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/germination-percentage.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 211px;"></p><p>The radical can be seen in 19 of the seeds, but not in 3 of them.</p><p>What is the % germination?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 16% germination</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 19% germination</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> 86% germination</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> 90% germination</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>19out of 22 seeds is 19/22*100% = 86%</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In the diagram of a broad bean seed below four structures are labelled.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/seed-drawingabcd.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 164px;"></p><p>Which of the following options correctly labels the parts of the seed?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A=cotyledon, B=seed coat, C=embryo root, D=plumule</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A=embryo shoot, B=seed coat, C=micropyle, D=cotyledon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> A=plumule, B=seed coat, C=radicle, D=cotyledon</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A=plumule, B=cotyledon, C=seed coat, D=radicle</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A=plumule, B=seed coat, C=embryo root/radicle, D=cotyledon are the correct labels.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In an investigation of the factors which influence germination of seeds, a packets of seeds were planted in different conditions of pH, ranging from pH 5 to 8.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/seed_germination_expt2.jpg" style="width: 600px; height: 637px;"></p>The number of seeds germinating was counted and a percentage calculated.<p>Which of the following statements is a conclusion which could be made from the data?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Seeds germinate most quickly at pH7.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> More seeds have germinated in pH6.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Seeds germinate in the range pH6-7</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The optimum pH for germination must be pH6.5.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>100% of seeds in pH 7 and pH 8 have germinated, but some seeds germinated in pH6 and 8 too.</p><p>The seeds in pH7 have the longest roots, suggesting they have germinated more quickly.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In an investigation of the factors which influence germination of seeds, a packets of seeds were planted in different conditions of pH, ranging from pH 5 to 8.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/seed_germination_expt2.jpg" style="width: 400px; height: 424px;"></p>The number of seeds germinating was counted and a percentage calculated.<p>Which of the following statements is a valid limitation of the data?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The experiment should have the same number of seeds in each petri dish.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The seeds are not all exactly the same colour, this may affect the results.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> It is not necessary to have the seeds so neatly lined up, it's a waste of time.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Seeds have not been planted in the same number, density is different, which may affect results.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>It is possible that the density of the seeds could affect germination, as more seeds might require more water, for example. This is a valid limitation.<br>The experiment should have the same number, is not a limitation, it's a suggestion of improvement.<br>Lining up the seeds may control some factor, and the colour of the seeds is unlikely to have any effect, although it may indicate genetic differences between seeds. Difficult to control.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In an investigation of the factors which influence germination of seeds, a packets of seeds were planted in different conditions of pH, ranging from pH 5 to 8.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../../images/09_plants/seed_germination_expt2.jpg" style="width: 250px; height: 265px;"></p>The number of seeds germinating was counted and a percentage calculated.<p>Why is it necessary in this experiment to calculate the percentage of seeds germinating?</p><hr class="hidden"></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A percentage will give more information for comparison.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Seeds are not planted in equal numbers so converting to per hundred can show trends.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Seeds are not planted in equal number so percentages are needed to show what would happen to missing seeds.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> A percentage is always a more precise way to compare.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation">If each dish had 20 seeds, then the number of seeds germinating would be a good comparison. Because pH6 has more seeds than pH7 we can't compare simple number. Percentages will estimate what would be expected if there were 100 seeds in each petri dish.</div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A short day plants flower when the nights are long.<br>Phytochrome pigments regulate this response.</p><p>What happens to Pfr when it is placed in darkness and how does this affect short day plants?<br> </p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Pfr is converted in the darkness to Pr </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr is converted in the darkness to florigen.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr is formed in the darkness from Pr</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr remains in the plant unchanged in darkness</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Exposure to light causes Pr to be converted to Pfr but in the darkness, the Pfr is converted to Pr. Pfr inhibits short day plants from flowering. </p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A short day plants flower when the nights are long and the days are short.<br>Phytochrome pigments regulate this response.</p><p>How does Pfr affect flowering in short day plants when the days are long?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr is converted in the daytime to Pr which inhibits flowering in short day plants</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr is formed in the darkness short nights and promotes flowering in short day plants</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Pfr is formed in the long days and stimulates flowering in short day plants</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Pfr remains in the plant and inhibits flowering. </label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>A short day plant is also a long night plant. In fact it is the long night which stimulates flowering</p><p>Exposure to light causes Pr to be converted to Pfr <br>Pfr inhibits short day plants from flowering, so as days are long there is lots of Pfr</p><p>Pfr is converted to Pr in darkness. But during seasons with long days (summer) there always remains some Pfr in the plant.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <h3 id="header-10">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675507150" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-866-1254"><p><strong>An investigation was carried out to determine whether red or blue wavelengths of visible light affect the rate of germination of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds. </strong></p><p>Drag and drop the correct word into the gap to outline the variables of an investigation into germination.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">aerobic</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">energy</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">radicle</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">humidity</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Age</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Number</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">absorbed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Independent</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">intensity</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Temperature</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">Volume</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">light</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Independent"> <span class="review"></span> variable:</p><p>Wavelength of <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="light"> <span class="review"></span>.</p><p>Dependent variable:</p><p>Time in hours of the emergence of the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="radicle"> <span class="review"></span> on germination.</p><p>Controlled variables:</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Number"> <span class="review"></span> of seeds in each condition.</p><p>Light <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="intensity"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Temperature"> <span class="review"></span> (affects enzyme activity).</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Volume"> <span class="review"></span> of water (is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="absorbed"> <span class="review"></span> by the seed).</p><p>Oxygen (for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="aerobic"> <span class="review"></span> respiration).</p><p> <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="Age"> <span class="review"></span> of seeds (older seeds may be less viable).</p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>Explanation: A variable must be able to be measured, the dependent variable is not germination but the time taken to germinate.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. 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