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href="../1158/translation-73-hl.html">Translation 7.3 HL</a></label></li></ul></div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <button class="btn btn-default btn-block text-xs-center" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-feedback" style="margin-bottom: 10px"><i class="fa fa-send"></i> Feedback</button> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9" id="main-column"> <h1 class="page_title"> Transcription 7.2 HL <a href="#" class="mark-page-favorite pull-right" data-pid="1157" title="Mark as favorite" onclick="return false;"><i class="fa fa-star-o"></i></a> </h1> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="../../../biology.html"><i class="fa fa-home"></i></a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><a href="../469/07-nucleic-acids-ahl.html">07 Nucleic acids AHL</a><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right divider"></i></li><li><span class="gray">Transcription 7.2 HL</span></li> <span class="pull-right" style="color: #555" title="Suggested study time: 30 minutes"><i class="fa fa-clock-o"></i> 30'</span> </ol> <article id="main-article"> <style type="text/css">ol.breadcrumb { margin-bottom: 0 }</style><div id="toc-1675505969" class="toc"><a href="#" class="toc-switcher" title="Show table of contents"><small><i class="fa fa-reorder"></i> Table of contents <span class="pull-right"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></span></small></a><ol><li><a href="#header-1" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-1">Revision summary list for topic 7.2 Transcription</a></li><li><a href="#header-2" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-2">Mindmaps</a></li><li><a href="#header-3" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-3">Exam style question about gene expression</a></li><li><a href="#header-4" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-4">Model answer </a></li><li><a href="#header-5" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-5">Model answer</a></li><li><a href="#header-6" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-6">Model answer</a><ol></ol></li><li><a href="#header-7" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-7"> 7.2 Transcription HL 1/1 </a></li></ol><li><a href="#header-8" class="scroll-to" data-target="header-8">Drag and drop activities</a></li></div><div class="intro-card" readonly="false"><img class="intro-image" readonly="true" src="../../images/03_genetics/dna_profiles-1.jpg" style="width: 381px; height: 340px;"> <div class="content" readonly="true"> <div class="text">This topic includes some of the more difficult details about the process of transcription of mRNA from DNA. The way that splicing of mRNA to remove introns can also make different mature mRNA molecules leads to an increase in the number of proteins which can be made by a gene. Other factors affecting gene expression are also considered, e.g. methylation and the role of proteins.</div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-turquoise"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Key concepts</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Learn and test your biological vocabulary <a href="http://quizlet.com/460437266/72-transcription-flash-cards/" target="_blank">using these 7.2 Transcription </a>flashcards.</p> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" src="https://quizlet.com/460437266/flashcards/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-yellow"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Essentials</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - good revision for all students.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-154" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="154"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img0.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-154" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img0.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-154" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-154" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-154" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img3.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-154" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-154" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img0-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-154/img3-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>These slides summarise the essential understanding and skills in this topic. <br> They contain short explanations in text and images - great revision.</p> <p>Read the slides and look up any words or details you find difficult to understand.</p> <div id="carousel-210" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="210"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4.jpg"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg" data-fancybox="gallery-210" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5.jpg"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-210" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-1-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-2-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-3-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="3"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-4-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="4"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-210/112movement-5-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-violet"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Summary</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-1">Revision summary list for topic 7.2 Transcription<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">The direction of Transcription is in a 5’ to 3’ direction as RNA polymerase adds the 5´ end (phosphate) of the free RNA nucleotide to the 3´ end of the growing mRNA molecule.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Transcription is partly regulated by Nucleosomes in eukaryotes.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Eukaryotes modify mRNA after transcription.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA. E.g. methylation.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">Gene expression is affected by the environment of a cell and of an organism.</li> </ul> <div class="yellowBg"> <p class="liWithoutP"><u>Skills</u></p> <ul> <li class="liWithoutP">Awareness that the promoter region is an example of non-coding DNA.</li> <li class="liWithoutP">The skill to analyse changes in the DNA methylation patterns in connection with gene expression.</li> </ul> </div> <hr class="hidden-separator"> <h3 id="header-2">Mindmaps<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>These diagram summaries cover the main details of topic 3.5 Genetic modification.<br> Study them and draw your own list or concept map, from memory if you can.</p> <div id="carousel-159" class="dynamic-gallery carousel slide" data-id="159"><div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"><div class="item active"><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderlist.png" data-fancybox="gallery-159" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderlist.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspidersimple.png" data-fancybox="gallery-159" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspidersimple.png"></a></div><div class="item "><a class="fancy" href="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderfull.png" data-fancybox="gallery-159" title="" data-caption=""><img alt="" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderfull.png"></a></div></div><a class="left carousel-control" href="#carousel-159" role="button" data-slide="prev"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-left"></i></a><a class="right carousel-control" href="#carousel-159" role="button" data-slide="next"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i></a></div><ol class="std-carousel-indicators"><li data-index="0"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderlist-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="1"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspidersimple-thumb128.jpg"><li><li data-index="2"><img title="Click to view" src="../../../std-galleries/5-159/72transcriptionspiderfull-thumb128.jpg"><li></li></ol> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Exam style questions</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <h3 id="header-3">Exam style question about gene expression<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Explaining the control of gene expression, methylation and promoter regions is an important skill from this topic.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain how nucleosomes, promoters and methylation can control of gene expression in eukaryotes. [4]</strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>....................................................................................... ............................................................................ </strong></p> <p><strong>.</strong></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-4">Model answer <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Explain what 'gene expression' is and why it is useful.</strong></p> <p>a. <span style="color:#FF0000;">Gene expression is the production of specific mRNA molecules which guide the production of polypeptides.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">b. Most of the genes in cells are turned off. They are turned off during differentiation which therefore involves changes in gene expression.</span></p> <p><strong>Then detail each of the molecules mentioned.</strong></p> <p>c. <span style="color:#FF0000;"><strong>Transcription factors</strong> can increase or decrease transcription of mRNA by affecting the binding of RNA polymerase.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">d. <strong>Nucleosomes</strong> limit access of transcription factors to DNA which can activate or silence genes.</span></p> <p><span style="color:#FF0000;">e. <strong>Methylation</strong> of DNA seems to control gene expression, as highly methylated genes are not expressed.</span></p> </div> </section> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the regulation of transcription</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This question requires knowledge of the factors affecting gene expression like the question above.<br> This time there are no clues given about the different methods of regulation and the causes could be external to the cell.</p> <p>Write your answer on paper and compare it to the model answer</p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline three causes of change in the regulation the production of polypeptides. (6 marks).</strong></p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr> <p><em>Examiner hint: Outline - give a summary of the main points, using correct terminology. Examples gain credit. </em></p> </div> <p>Click the + icon to see a model answer.</p> <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-5">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Outline three causes of change in the regulate the production of polypeptides. (6 marks).</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The regulation of transcription controls polypeptide production in cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">A promoter is a sequence of DNA where transcription begins, that can be used to switch on or switch off transcription.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">An example of when gene expression is switched on or off is during the differentiation of stem cells.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">DNA can be wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes to regulate transcription.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Nucleosome formation can prevent the binding of transcription factors to the DNA.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Environmental influences can affect gene expression in an organism.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">For example, phytochromes can turn on the expression of genes for flowering in plants.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The methylation of DNA can also inhibit gene expression, stopping protein synthesis, translation and transcription.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Other relevant examples could also gain a mark.</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-has-colored-body panel-expandable panel-has-border panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading"> <div> <p>Extra exam question on the modification of mRNA - - click to open.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>mRNA is modified after transcription. This has an effect on translation.</p> <p>Answer the question below on a piece of paper, then check your answer against the model answer below.</p> <p><strong>Describe how modification of mRNA after transcription can affect the polypeptide chain produced by translation. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p> </p> <div class="yellowBg"> <p> </p> <hr> <hr> <hr> <hr><em>Examiner hint: Describe requires detail. Read the question carefully. It is about mRNA modification and the subsequent effect of the modification on translation.</em></div> Click on the "+" icon to see a model answer. <button class="btn btn-xs bg-turquoise showhider"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-plus"></i></button><section class="hiddenbox hidden"> <h3 id="header-6">Model answer<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <div class="yellowBg"> <p><strong>Describe how modification of mRNA after transcription can affect the polypeptide chain produced by translation. (5 marks)</strong></p> <p>Use the correct terminology for the modification and then describe the effect.</p> <ul> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Transcribed mRNA contains introns and exons.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Introns are removed (from the mRNA translated from the DNA base sequence).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;"><span style="color:#FF0000;">The base sequence in the introns is not translated.</span></span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The exons are then spliced together.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Splicing of exons produces the mature mRNA base sequence</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">The mature mRNA base sequence is translated into the polypeptide sequence.</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Exons can be spliced together in different sequences (alternative splicing).</span></li> <li><span style="color:#FF0000;">Alternate splicing increases the number of polypeptide chains that can be made from one gene.</span></li> </ul> <p><em>Examiner hint. Capping and polyadenylation of mRNA do not affect the polypeptide chain produced from the mature mRNA, so are not included in the mark scheme</em></p> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-green"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Test yourself</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>This quiz contains multiple choice questions covering the understandings and skills in this topic.</p> <br><a class="btn btn-primary btn-block text-center" data-toggle="modal" href="#af384b04"><i class="fa fa-play"></i> START QUIZ!</a><div class="modal fade modal-slide-quiz" id="af384b04"> <div class="modal-dialog" style="width: 95vw; max-width: 960px"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header slide-quiz-title"> <h4 id="header-7"> 7.2 Transcription HL <strong class="q-number pull-right"> <span class="counter">1</span>/<span class="total">1</span> </strong> <small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h4> </div> <div class="modal-body p-xs-3"> <div class="slide-quiz" data-stats="5-388-1157" style="opacity: 0"> <div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>RNA polymerase adds an RNA nucleotide to a growing mRNA molecule during transcription.</p><p>In which direction does this happen?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> RNA polymerase adds the 5' end of an RNA nucleotide to the 3' end of the growing mRNA molecule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> RNA polymerase moves from the 5' to the 3' end of the template strand.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> RNA polymerase adds the 3' end of an RNA nucleotide to the 5' end of the growing mRNA molecule.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> RNA polymerase adds the 5' end of the mRNA molecule to the 3' end of the nucleotide.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The direction of Transcription is in a 5’ to 3’ direction as RNA polymerase adds the 5´ end (phosphate) of the free RNA nucleotide to the 3´ end of the growing mRNA molecule.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In eukaryotes DNA is often found associated with proteins, as shown in the diagram.<br>What is ithe name and function of these structures?</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/07_nucleic_acids/nucleosomes.jpeg" style="width: 328px; height: 161px;"></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Chromosomes involved in DNA replication.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Nucleosomes involved in production of protein.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Nucleosomes involved in the regulation of transcription.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Ribosomes involved in translation.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Transcription is partly regulated by the presence of nucleosomes in eukaryotes. <br>Their structure has two turns of DNA around each core of 8 histone proteins.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In eukaryote cells molecules of mRNA leave the nucleus and attach to ribosomes.<br>Which of the following can happen to them during this time?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They can be attached to nucleosomes.</label><label class="radio"></label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They can be unzipped.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> They can be spliced and modified.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They can be lengthened.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Eukaryotes modify mRNA after transcription, introns are removed and the exons can be spliced in a variety of ways.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question">It has been found that eukaryotic organisms can produce more than one protein from a single gene.<p>How could this be possible?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Golgi apparatus can modify the mRNA proteins.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> some mRNA molecules are circular, some linear. </label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> mRNA can mutate.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> mRNA processing after transcription can produce more than one different mRNA molecule.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Splicing of mRNA increases the number of different proteins an organism can produce. Several different mRNA molecules can exist after RNA processing because exons are spliced in different ways.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In some parts of DNA there are proteins bound to the molecule. In some cases this also methylation. What is thought to be the function of these extra molecules?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> These molecules help the DNA to fold.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Proteins regulate gene expression.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They are enzymes, which break the DNA into fragments.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> They guide the ribosome subunits to attach to the DNA.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Gene expression is regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA. - (eg. methylation)</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>A study of a gene responsible for the formation of red anthocyanin pigment in Maize plants found that plants homozygous in the gene for pigmentation developed bright red color when exposed to sun light and when the light was covered the bright red phenotype was not observed.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/07_nucleic_acids/red_maize.jpeg" style="width: 385px; height: 168px;"></p><p>Which of the following points best explain this situation?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The anthocyanin pigment is controlled by two genes.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The expression of the anthocyanin gene is affected by a promoter.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The anthocyanin pigment is affected by the environment.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The expression of the anthocyanin gene is affected by the environment.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Gene expression can be affected by the environment of a cell and of an organism. In this case the light intensity affects expression of the anthocyanin gene causing the ed colour.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>Which explanation best describes why the promoter region is 'non-coding DNA'?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> The promoter region is not transcribed into mRNA.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The promoter region contains more pyramidine bases.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> The promoter region has many Adenine nucleotides.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> DNA bases or the promoter region are transcribed into mRNA.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>Awareness that the promoter region is an example of non-coding DNA. It is not transcribed into mRNA used to build a protein, but it is involved in the <strong>control</strong> of gene expression.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p>In research geneticists were able to compare methylation in genes thought to be linked with drought tolerance in rice. This graphs shows the methylation levels found.</p><p><img alt="" src="../../images/07_nucleic_acids/methylation_graph2.jpeg" style="width: 350px; height: 382px;"></p><p>What can be concluded from this data about the correlation between methylation patterns and drought tolerance?</p></div><div class="q-answer"><p><label class="radio"><input class="c" type="radio"> Higher methylation seems associated with drought tolerance.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Lower methylation % in drought tolerant plants ed.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Methylation seems to have no effect on drought tolerance.</label></p><p><label class="radio"><input type="radio"> Higher methylation seems associated with drought sensitivity.</label></p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p>The skill to analyse changes in the DNA methylation patterns in connection with gene expression.</p><p>The diagram shows the general principal that more methylation is found in the drought tolerant rice.<br>There is no evidence that this is the cause, nor which genes are specifically involved.</p></div><div class="slide-q-actions"><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer slide-quiz-actions"> <div class=""> <div class="pull-left pull-xs-none mb-xs-3"> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-prev"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Prev </button> </div> <div class="pull-right pull-xs-none"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-results" style="display: none"> <i class="fa fa-bar-chart"></i> Check Results </button> <button class="btn btn-default d-xs-none btn-next"> Next <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </button> <button class="btn btn-default btn-xs-block text-xs-center btn-close" data-dismiss="modal" style="display: none"> Close </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="header-8">Drag and drop activities<small class="toc-back-button"><a href="#" class="scroll-to" data-target="toc-1675505969" title="Back to table of contents"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up gray"></i></a></small></h3> <p>Test your ability to construct biological explanations using the drag and drop questions below.</p> <div class="tib-quiz" data-stats="5-901-1157"><p>Modification of pre-mRNA is an important process in producing mature mRNA for translation.</p><p>Drag and drop the correct words or phrase into the gap to outline mRNA modification.</p><div class="label label-default q-number">1</div><div class="exercise shadow-bottom"><div class="q-question"><p> </p><p class="gap-drop"> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true"> nuclear pore</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sequence</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">modified</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">alternative</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">transcription</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">anti-sense</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">increasing</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">transcribed</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">spliced</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">introns</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">sense</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">exons</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">pre-mRNA</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">mature</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">replication</span> <span class="q-text-draggable draggable" draggable="true">cosplicing</span></p></div><div class="q-answer"><p>mRNA is <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="transcribed"> <span class="review"></span> from the DNA <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="anti-sense"> <span class="review"></span> strand.</p><p>The mRNA formed directly from the DNA base <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="sequence"> <span class="review"></span> is known as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="pre-mRNA"> <span class="review"></span> and is not ready for translation and needs to be <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="modified"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p>This pre-mRNA contains introns and <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="exons"> <span class="review"></span> . The <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="introns"> <span class="review"></span> are removed and the exons <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="spliced"> <span class="review"></span> together to produce <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="mature"> <span class="review"></span> mRNA ready for translation.</p><p>The introns can be spliced in different sequences, known as <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="alternative"> <span class="review"></span> splicing. These alternatives will translate into polypeptides with amino acid chains in different positions, <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="increasing"> <span class="review"></span> the variety of polypeptides that the cell can produce.</p><p>The mature mRNA leaves the nucleus via the <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c=" nuclear pore"> <span class="review"></span> to travel to a ribosome for <input type="text" style="height: auto;" data-c="transcription"> <span class="review"></span> .</p><p> </p></div><div class="q-explanation"><p><em>mRNA transcribed from the DNA base sequence of a gene is modified before transcription.</em></p></div><div class="actions"><span class="score" data-score="0"></span><button class="btn btn-default btn-sm btn-xs-block text-xs-center check"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><div class="totals"><span class="score"></span><button class="btn btn-success btn-block text-center check-total"><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i> Check</button></div></div><hr> <div class="panel panel-fucsia"> <div class="panel-heading"><a class="expander pull-right" href="#"><span class="fa fa-plus"></span></a> <div> <p>Just for fun</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <div> <p>Everyone needs a bit of fun while they revise. Try this <a href="http://quizlet.com/460437266/match" target="_blank">Transcription card match game.</a></p> <p>Can you reach the leader board?</p> <ul> </ul> <p style="text-align: center"><iframe height="500" sandbox="allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation" src="https://quizlet.com/460437266/match/embed?i=xxmo&x=1jj1" style="border:0" width="100%"></iframe></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-footer"> <div> <p>text</p> </div> </div> </div> <ul> </ul> <div class="page-container panel-self-assessment" data-id="1157"> <div class="panel-heading">MY PROGRESS</div> <div class="panel-body understanding-rate"> <div class="msg"></div> <label class="label-lg">Self-assessment</label><p>How much of <strong>Transcription 7.2 HL</strong> have you understood?</p><div class="slider-container text-center"><div id="self-assessment-slider" class="sib-slider self-assessment " data-value="1" data-percentage=""></div></div> <label class="label-lg">My 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