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</div><h2>HL Paper 1</h2><div class="question">
<p>What is the standard half-cell potential of copper if the “zero potential reference electrode” is changed from the standard hydrogen electrode to a standard zinc electrode?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2017-09-22_om_15.19.51.png" alt="M17/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/30"></p>
<p>A. –1.1</p>
<p>B. –0.34</p>
<p>C. +0.34</p>
<p>D. +1.1</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Four electrolytic cells are constructed. Which cell would produce the greatest mass of metal at the negative electrode (cathode)?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-11-02_om_13.16.22.png" alt="N11/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ0/31"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the major products of electrolysing concentrated aqueous potassium iodide, KI(aq)?</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_11.32.44.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/31"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which signs for both <em>E</em><sup>θ</sup><sub><span class="s2">cell </span></sub>and Δ<em>G</em><sup>θ<span class="s1"> </span></sup>result in a spontaneous redox reaction occurring under standard conditions?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<div class="column">Which compound forms both hydrogen and oxygen at the electrodes when a concentrated aqueous solution is electrolyzed?</div>
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<div class="column">A. KI<br>B. NaCl<br>C. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><br>D. AgNO<sub>3</sub></div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">An aqueous solution of a metal salt is electrolysed. Which factor will have no effect on the mass of the metal deposited on the negative electrode (cathode), if all other variables remain constant?</p>
<p class="p2">A. Size of metal ion</p>
<p class="p2">B. Relative atomic mass of metal</p>
<p class="p2">C. Current</p>
<p class="p2">D. Charge on metal ion</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider these standard electrode potentials.</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{M}}{{\text{g}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 2.36{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{Z}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Zn(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 0.76{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the cell potential for the voltaic cell produced when the two half-cells are connected?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–1.60 V</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+1.60 V</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>–3.12 V</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+3.12 V</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which are necessary conditions for the standard hydrogen electrode to have an \({E^\Theta }\) of exactly zero?</p>
<p class="p1">I. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Temperature = 298 K</p>
<p class="p1">II. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{]}} = 1{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">III. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({\text{[}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{]}} = 1{\text{ mol}}\,{\text{d}}{{\text{m}}^{ - 3}}\)</p>
<p class="p1"> </p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and II only</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I and III only</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>II and III only</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>I, II and III</p>
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<div class="column"><em>z</em> mol of copper is deposited from CuSO<sub>4</sub> (aq) by a current, <em>I,</em> in time <em>t.</em> What is the amount of silver, in mol, deposited by electrolysis from AgNO<sub>3</sub> (aq) by a current, \(\frac{I}{2}\), in time 2<em>t</em>?</div>
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<div class="column">A. \(\frac{z}{4}\)</div>
<div class="column">B. \(\frac{z}{2}\)</div>
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<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A number of molten metal chlorides are electrolysed, using the same current for the same length of time. Which metal will be produced in the greatest amount, in mol?</p>
<p>A. Mg</p>
<p>B. Al</p>
<p>C. K</p>
<p>D. Ca</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The standard electrode potentials of some half-reactions are given below.</p>
<p> \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.15{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \(\frac{1}{2}{{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(s)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.54{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.77{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>Which of the following reactions will occur spontaneously?</p>
<p>A. Iodine reduces \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\) to \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
<p>B. Iodine reduces \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}\)to \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\)</p>
<p>C. Iodine oxidizes \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}\)to \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}\)</p>
<p>D. Iodine oxidizes \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}\) to \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which combination would electroplate an object with copper?</p>
<p><img style="margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;display: block;" src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_10.07.27.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/30_01"></p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-07_om_10.08.26.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/30_02"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Two cells undergoing electrolysis are connected in series.</p>
<p><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2018-08-08_om_11.27.51.png" alt="M18/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ2/30"></p>
<p>If \(x\)<em> </em>g of silver are deposited in cell 1, what volume of oxygen, in dm<sup>3</sup> at STP, is given off in cell 2?</p>
<p><em>A</em><sub>r</sub>(Ag) = 108; Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 22.7 dm<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup></p>
<p>A. \(\frac{x}{{108}} \times \frac{1}{4} \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>B. \(\frac{x}{{108}} \times 4 \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>C. \(\frac{x}{{108}} \times \frac{1}{2} \times 22.7\)</p>
<p>D. \(\frac{x}{{108}} \times 2 \times 22.7\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The standard electrode potentials for two metals are given below.</p>
<p class="p1">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{3}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Al(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 1.66{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ni(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 0.23{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the equation and cell potential for the spontaneous reaction that occurs?</p>
<p class="p1">\(\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{A.}}}&{2{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}({\text{aq)}} + 3{\text{Ni(s)}} \to {\text{2Al(s)}} + 3{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = 1.89{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{B.}}}&{2{\text{Al(s)}} + 3{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}} \to {\text{2A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}({\text{aq)}} + 3{\text{Ni(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = 1.89{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{C.}}}&{2{\text{A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}({\text{aq)}} + 3{\text{Ni(s)}} \to {\text{2Al(s)}} + 3{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = 1.43{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{D.}}}&{2{\text{Al(s)}} + 3{\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}({\text{aq)}} \to {\text{2A}}{{\text{l}}^{3 + }}({\text{aq)}} + 3{\text{Ni(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = 1.43{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the following standard electrode potentials.</p>
<p> \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Sn(s)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.14{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons \frac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = 0.00{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.77{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>Which species will reduce H\(^ + \)(aq) to H\(_2\) (g) under standard conditions?</p>
<p>A. Fe\(^{2 + }\)(aq)</p>
<p>B. Sn\(^{2 + }\)(aq)</p>
<p>C. Sn(s)</p>
<p>D. Fe\(^{3 + }\)(aq)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What happens during the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous potassium chloride?</p>
<p>I. Reduction takes place at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>II. Hydrogen gas is evolved at the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p>III. The pH of the electrolyte increases.</p>
<p>A. I and II only</p>
<p>B. I and III only</p>
<p>C. II and III only</p>
<p>D. I, II and III</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The standard electrode potentials for three reactions involving copper and copper ions are:</p>
<p> \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{(aq) }}{E^\Theta } = + 0.15{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{{\text{2}} + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Cu(s) }}{E^\Theta } = + {\text{0.34 V}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Cu(s) }}{E^\Theta } = + {\text{0.52 V}}\)</p>
<p>Which statement is correct?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{{\text{2}} + }}\) ions are a better oxidizing agent than \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ions.</p>
<p>B. Copper metal is a better reducing agent than \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ions.</p>
<p>C. \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ions will spontaneously form copper metal and \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{{\text{2}} + }}\) ions in solution.</p>
<p>D. Copper metal can be spontaneously oxidized by \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^{{\text{2}} + }}\) ions to form \({\text{C}}{{\text{u}}^ + }\) ions.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the relative volumes of gas given off at E and F during electrolysis of the two cells in series? Assume all electrodes are inert.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
<p>A. 1:1</p>
<p>B. 1:2</p>
<p>C. 2:1</p>
<p>D. 5:2</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Two half-cells are connected via a salt bridge to make a voltaic cell. Which statement about this cell is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Oxidation occurs at the positive electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is also known as an electrolytic cell.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ions flow through the salt bridge.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It requires a power supply to operate.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which signs are correct for a spontaneous redox reaction?</p>
<p class="p1"><img src="images/Schermafbeelding_2016-08-01_om_19.30.32.png" alt="M15/4/CHEMI/HPM/ENG/TZ1/32"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">An iron rod is electroplated with silver. Which is a correct condition for this process?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The silver electrode is the positive electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">B. The iron rod is the positive electrode.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The electrolyte is iron(II) sulfate.</p>
<p class="p1">D. Oxidation occurs at the negative electrode.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What is the cell potential, in V, of the reaction below?</p>
<p>\[{{\text{I}}_2} + {\text{2}}{{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - } \to {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - } + {{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }\]</p>
<p> \(\frac{1}{2}{{\text{S}}_4}{\text{O}}_6^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {{\text{S}}_2}{\text{O}}_3^{2 - }{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.09{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({{\text{I}}_2}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{2}}{{\text{I}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.54{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>A. \( + 0.63\)</p>
<p>B. \( + 0.45\)</p>
<p>C. \( - 0.45\)</p>
<p>D. \( - 0.63\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products when an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolysed using inert graphite electrodes?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">What is the cell potential, in V, for the reaction that occurs when the following two half-cells are connected?</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Fe(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 0.44{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}_2}{\text{O}}_7^{2 - }({\text{aq)}} + 14{{\text{H}}^ + }({\text{aq)}} + 6{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons 2{\text{C}}{{\text{r}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{7}}{{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O(l)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = + 1.33{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+0.01</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+0.89</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+1.77</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>+2.65</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>In the electrolysis of aqueous potassium nitrate, KNO<sub>3</sub>(aq), using inert electrodes, 0.1 mol of a gas was formed at the cathode (negative electrode).</p>
<p>Which is correct?</p>
<p><img 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"></p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the standard electrode potentials:</p>
<p>\[{\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{{\text{2 + }}}}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Fe(s) }} {E^\Theta } = - {\text{0.45 V}}\]</p>
<p>\[\frac{1}{2}{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq) }} {E^\Theta } = {\text{ }} + {\text{1.36 V}}\]</p>
<p>What is the standard cell potential, in V, for the reaction?</p>
<p>\[{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g)}} + {\text{Fe(s)}} \to {\text{2C}}{{\text{l}}^ - }{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\]</p>
<p>A. \( + {\text{0.91}}\)</p>
<p>B. \( + {\text{1.81}}\)</p>
<p>C. \( + {\text{2.27}}\)</p>
<p>D. \( + {\text{3.17}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Which statement is correct for electroplating an object with gold?</p>
<p class="p1">A. The object must be the negative electrode (cathode).</p>
<p class="p1">B. The negative electrode (cathode) must be gold.</p>
<p class="p1">C. The object must be the positive electrode (anode).</p>
<p class="p1">D. The gold electrode must be pure.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Consider the following standard electrode potentials:</p>
<p class="p2">\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{4 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = + 0.13{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Pb(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 0.13{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p class="p1">What is the value of the cell potential, in V, for the spontaneous reaction that occurs when the two half-cells are connected together?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( - 0.26\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>0.00</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 0.13\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\( + 0.26\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The same quantity of electricity is passed through separate dilute aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and copper(II) sulfate using platinum electrodes under the same conditions. Which statement is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The same volume of oxygen is obtained in both cases.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The same volume of hydrogen is obtained in both cases.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The amount of copper deposited at the negative electrode in the copper(II) sulfate solution is half the amount of hydrogen gas formed at the negative electrode in the sulfuric acid solution.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The pH of both solutions increases as the electrolysis proceeds.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which statement is correct for the overall reaction in a voltaic cell?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">2AgNO<sub>3</sub>(aq) + Ni(s) → 2Ag(s) + Ni(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(aq) <em>E</em> <sup>θ</sup>= +1.06 V</p>
<p>A. Electrons flow from Ag electrode to Ni electrode.</p>
<p>B. Ni is oxidized to Ni<sup>2+</sup> at the cathode (negative electrode).</p>
<p>C. Ag<sup>+</sup> is reduced to Ag at the anode (positive electrode).</p>
<p>D. Ag has a more positive standard electrode potential value than Ni.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">Two electrolytic cells are connected <strong>in series </strong>and the same current passes through each cell. The first cell contains silver electrodes in silver nitrate solution. The second cell contains copper electrodes in copper(II) sulfate solution. In one experiment 1.00 g of silver is deposited in the first cell. What mass of copper, in g, is deposited in the second cell?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{1.00}}{{107.87}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{1.00}}{{63.55}}\)</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{1.00}}{{107.87}} \times \frac{{63.55}}{2}\)</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\(\frac{{1.00}}{{107.87}} \times 63.55\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Which components are used to make the standard hydrogen electrode?</p>
<p>A. \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g), }}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq), Pt(s)}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g), }}{{\text{H}}^ + }{\text{(aq), Ni(s)}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g), H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq), Pt(s)}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{(g), H}}{{\text{O}}^ - }{\text{(aq), Ni(s)}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>A voltaic cell is made by connecting two half-cells represented by the half-equations below.</p>
<p>\[\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{\text{M}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Mn(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 1.19{\text{ V}}} \\ {{\text{P}}{{\text{b}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \to {\text{Pb(s)}}}&{{E^\Theta } = - 0.13{\text{ V}}} \end{array}\]</p>
<p>Which statement is correct about this voltaic cell?</p>
<p>A. Mn is oxidized and the voltage of the cell is 1.06 V.</p>
<p>B. Pb is oxidized and the voltage of the cell is 1.06 V.</p>
<p>C. Mn is oxidized and the voltage of the cell is 1.32 V.</p>
<p>D. Pb is oxidized and the voltage of the cell is 1.32 V.</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>The overall equation of a voltaic cell is:</p>
<p>\[{\text{Ni(s)}} + {\text{2A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} \rightleftharpoons {\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2Ag(s)}}\;\;\;\;\;{E^\Theta } = {\text{1.06 V}}\]</p>
<p>The standard electrode potential for \({\text{N}}{{\text{i}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ni(s)}}\), is \( - 0.26{\text{ V}}\). What is the standard electrode potential for the silver half-cell, \({\text{A}}{{\text{g}}^ + }{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Ag(s)}}\), in V?</p>
<p>A. \( - 1.32\)</p>
<p>B. \( - 0.80\)</p>
<p>C. \( + 0.80\)</p>
<p>D. \( + 1.32\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">The same quantity of electricity was passed through separate molten samples of sodium bromide, NaBr, and magnesium chloride, \({\text{MgC}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\). Which statement is true about the amounts, in mol, that are formed?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The amount of Mg formed is equal to the amount of Na formed.</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The amount of Mg formed is equal to the amount of \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) formed.</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The amount of Mg formed is twice the amount of \({\text{C}}{{\text{l}}_{\text{2}}}\) formed.</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The amount of Mg formed is twice the</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What does <strong>not </strong>affect the mass of products formed in electrolysis of an aqueous solution?</p>
<p>A. Current</p>
<p>B. Duration of electrolysis</p>
<p>C. Initial mass of cathode</p>
<p>D. Charge on the ions</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>Consider the following two standard electrode potentials at 298 K.</p>
<p> \({\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{2}}{{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{Sn(s)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.14{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p> \({\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {{\text{e}}^ - } \rightleftharpoons {\text{F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.77{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>What is the equation and cell potential for the spontaneous reaction that occurs?</p>
<p>A. \({\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Sn(s)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = - 0.91{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>B. \({\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Sn(s)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.91{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>C. \({\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Sn(s)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 0.91{\text{ V}}\)</p>
<p>D. \({\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{3 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{Sn(s)}} \to {\text{2F}}{{\text{e}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}} + {\text{S}}{{\text{n}}^{2 + }}{\text{(aq)}}\) \({E^\Theta } = + 1.68{\text{ V}}\)</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p class="p1">For the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate, which of the following statements is correct?</p>
<p class="p1">A. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cu and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are produced in a mol ratio of 1:1</p>
<p class="p1">B. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are produced in a mol ratio of 1:1</p>
<p class="p1">C. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Cu and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are produced in a mol ratio of 2:1</p>
<p class="p1">D. <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>\({{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}\) and \({{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\) are produced in a mol ratio of 2:1</p>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="question">
<p>What are the products of electrolysis when concentrated calcium bromide solution is electrolysed using graphite electrodes?</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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"></p>
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