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</div><h2>SL Paper 2</h2><div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>List <strong>two</strong> factors that could cause an increase in the size of an animal population.</p>
<p>1. ..................................................................<br>2. ..................................................................</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how overpopulation of a species in a given environment may lead to evolution.</p>
<div class="marks">[4]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a. natality / increased birth rate;<br>b. immigration;<br>c. extra food/water / breeding sites;<br>d. expanding habitat;<br>e. lack of predators/disease/parasites / reduced death rate;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a. more are born than can survive;<br>b. there is variety/variability in the offspring;<br>c. competition for resources / struggle for survival / selection pressure;<br>d. only the most able/adapted survive / survival of the fittest;<br>e. the survivors reproduce and pass on genes;<br>f. genes of less able/adapted are eliminated / change in the gene pool;<br>g. natural selection occurs;</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most of the candidates obtained both marks. Expanding habitat was hardly mentioned.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many candidates failed to receive points because they often wrongly implied the following: "..competition between species", "survival of the fittest species".<br><br></p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br><div class="specification">
<p>The graph shows a sigmoid population growth curve.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The table summarizes the genome size of several organisms.</p>
<p><img 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" alt></p>
</div>
<div class="specification">
<p>The figure shows a pedigree chart for the blood groups of three generations.</p>
<p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAALQAAABsCAYAAADDoJhwAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAAwiSURBVHhe7Z17bBTHHcd/japKUEc8BEECWrs1/IFTCjWC4CQEaFzAPNoURQQSKKiBYmgLOCDRGEgVGUigAUNI7ERJVJAhPKoWUwgWjxQIsSkgHFMUIhkqwNgEKhnkEIGaCq73nZvBx7G799y7ndnfR1rd7ux6b++3X8/85jevbwWCEMMYwkPyk2GMgAXNGAULmjEKFjRjFCxoxihY0IxRsKAZo2BBM0bBgmaMIqGWwj45P5B7qeX8xQtyLz1cv36d6uvr6bPg1tbWRtu2fEiDHxtCuX36UL9+/ehH/fvTgAED5NWpgW3nLgkLOtUGdOOedty+fZs2bdxEb6xaRbPnzqEnhw2jbt26Ue/evcWLunXrFp04fpz27N4trv9DaWnKXg7bzmUg6HjJzc6Re6nDjXta0djYGBg5fHhg9apVgdbWVplqT11dXWDypEni+uDLkqmJo7PtmpubM2q7WPCVoBsaGsT3wNDxgJcxd84csSX7YvxouyWlpSmxXSz4plLY0tJCJfPnU9XWD6mgoECmxkaHDh3o7YoKsY/i1m8ka7vlK1aI/bTYTgo7LnTMZZBLVO/cKY8SAzkMilzkVonCtkvcdrGQ4hz6Ln1dv4HG5RTQ3Oqm4JHiG7pSXUI/ziuhXVe+kWnp49y5c/Tv8+fpF888I1NClZulS5bQls2bZUo7SA/fcA3ugdxmxWuv0esrV8or3QHPtqu6WnxnplG2GzV6tEx5kFieN122S7GgH6Ks/GlUNr8n7S8tp91SvHev7KXlpf+kJ1eW0ISe3xFp6SSYu9CLs2bJoxDBnEKEmv64dJmonYeDdDB48OBg7f17osZe9LNRouhVRS723QLPtnBBCb2ydKlMyRzKdhCkHbW1teJ515WXyxRr0mE7d1yOmycC5WPyAv2LdwZa/ncpUF08NLR/R563wM1iE/eOrJWjklJZUSmKwcjiFNeHp6G4DE/bXFWVcBEcy+9UlShci6hMNGK5Z6Lg3tEiGohkqOdFJMSJZGwXC+5UCrMG0a8XP0tUs4qWFi+mZUeGUtmysdQzA1VQ5AYI+Hft2lWmhNL27a2hgscLaNJzk2nb1q3yjDXBlyQ+H+nRQ3yi0eDkyZNiP9WgtEAJMXXaNPHcwZcvz6QfK9tFgmtOHj9Bv5k9W1y7+++h+LMdbtoOuNewcreJdv32OVpY8whN3VhJr4zo6ejf4J41B/bLo9Rx6dIlOnzo0L2aNoBP/MH779M/Dh8Wfh/cifAaPJ4lktFji+5FOvA3mzZuvO+esRLNdurZPqqpEUV58cxZdKL+lKOo0mm7SN6pfIeOHD5EW7dvv+/Z7VyUZGwXC9+Wn6nn1jW6cPGr4M5XdPKzFroVFHRW6Iwt+KGxglxs8gvPyyN7bty4QV26dJFHIWD0fnl5oiKj+GjPnvtCUosWL6anC58WL/Xa1avC18YLe2HqVHmFO8BfR6kBQeTn54u0o598cl+F1op02S4cVAZ3bN9GL86cKY6Lxo4VdsI/YmFhoUhLO8LxiJPoPtuNwKm1EwO5Y14P/O3Pvw/0z54YKD91Q56zJl4/MNbr4YPCv1OgYQB/Cz9Vbcr/U74i9iP9POVvA9wTf5cITs+tGi8iN/ioTuCaeIj1+kjbRaJsGbk5PW8ytosFF7xahO6qaNl6ot+tmE2//NUiKiu6Qm8tqaL6r9sDeekCfQzgLyM3AZ8ePSp8PRR5aitbvlycq9m7V3xa0dx8mXpIH/rs55+LDjipZv++feLZ4D6obc26cuGjnj59Wl6VPvr27Xuf7SJBqQZXzOp57UJ4sB0iR64hhR0X+C+0407LzsCcfnmBsWtPBG46pEXidE8r4rkeuQxyE+TA+LsDBw7IM+2gv4HKgVUuo3JwpCNNNfuq+yWC3XOrSAqiAJHg+51yNbt72hHP9Xa/1c6W6negRLMiGdvFQmoFfScUossd82bg1M3wGN1/Ay07Fzi6Hm6+FBgdgkBICa6EVRgKRaE6h8/ITYWjcB0EhheXCHbPjWfEOatng8jtzoF02C4S2MTumSBmq+9I1naxoG3TdzzXw4AwZCqaXfFy8TIThW3nXgwaZCAynH4QMShfv150sIlsFYwHREVQ83dqBjaNcNsl08KXNttJYceFbrmMAkU3fLhorVlWoOhFTpXI34bjR9vBZ06F7WLBV4IGeDHxFKEoclWFMRUvhG3nLr5wOcJBwwiKUPT6Qk+6Y8eOWYalULyiIWVcUZE4RutXr169xL5f0cF2CTd9u0E84+KiNSHHAl4IYqloOUP8FwM8gToePmIkTfj5hJS+DLaduyQkaC+QipcSDnKVYBEp9tEY49RdUndMth0L2oeYbDvf+dCM2bCgGaNgQTNG4SkfGr6dG/jd10ZorbGxkS5euEBffnmV/rJjB82bP4++m5Uleg2aFI70nKBTLT4/Vx7RzL9j+w7RCR8DGkaNGiVE3L1793vixjl0i523YEHcc254EgjaK3ihFc0UVHMzer7Z9dJT4FrVXTbatV6HBW0gqoka3TXjQY3KSVcztRtwpdAw0IKHMZNVW7aIESfxUDynWIwPXPTSS7ajVLwOC9og4DMveflleve99xKu6KG/Rv6gQfTWhg0yRS+0qRTiZWH0swKVm+zs7KhNrX6qFGJKgYcfznIcmY4c/D/XrjmOIkfujI5F+MeIN5fPNNoIWs2fEQkGab6xZo2tqP0iaPzDD8kfRGe+OOv4D/7TESOo6eIl+uuuaseJyNEhH1EQuCE6oZ3LgZHFECi2I7WfilHJDQ0N8qx/wfIQmFHfSczInSFmzMmBEeZODHvqKRHS0w2tfWin2YT8xvlz5+kncmIaOzCFA0q0cePH07sVlY7D0WBbxKeTGXaVCbQTNGa4VNPcws/DCxo4cKA86w0wh0a6owSYNwR1CjsgXogYc+YpeznNQwLQx1l1C9UF7XxoCFhNT4V5i68FKzgYRWHnD+KefmDI0Mfo1bIy20ocfGJMeat8bFQg4VJgfj87kGlMnzFDr4ohBO0VnBpB0EiA85GNBRi4ic2OTDSsoMUt3kaNZIn2nWgJhC0iN6dJXzLxO5JF+zh0Tk4OXW9tlUf+BZ2MMM2WFSjdMD0XIhuqQo0NQ6UwjMqOutpa6tixozzSA+0E/fHBj0XxiQ3FJvzC8RMmyLP+5Ye5ubR/v/WUurDZ93OyH3DLJk+ZIsYAWlX8VJpuPfG0ETRyCoSbUPnBhNnYsI/JAd2e4lYHUNFDCNMqcgE7lVosb4HQHGza1NQkU9rBxOWY1lc7pOvhCeDTpRo37hmNTPme6FyEeTCSBT3uYDcde95p70Mz7UyfMV2E4tCAkgzLgrn5q8vLtIzzs6ANAuE49L+YNuV52/mZo4F6CdDVjWNBGwZixlgvBjH7gwcPytTowPdG3PnMmX+JvjG6woI2EAylQj+XD4K5NUTqNPs/hIyI0bMTJ4rQn1NHLx3wXEuhG9i1PrqFl1rY4E+/uW6daFF9/IknxGKiAD3pkBsjMqIWSNKtq6gVnhK0KXixyRg58eXLl8XgWKD6k5sg4nBY0C6gZR8IQ2AfmjEKFjRjFFq6HPAH13o4tHSsrk5M7NK5c2eZ4i1QMYy2Mq2uaCloNBqgo/+CkhKZ4i3a2tqoU6dO8shbxLJ+t85oK2g3F0A3GdNtxz40YxQsaMYoWNCMUbCgGaNgQTNGwYJmjIIFzRgFC5oxChY0YxQsaMYoWNCMUbCgGaNgQTNG4anedqYMks0EbLsQnhN0qg3oxj29CNsuBLscjFGwoBmjYEEzRsGCZoxCm0ohRnqHryQL8h59lFeSlbDtQmiTQ7e2topVnLDsAmbvxz5m2Fy0cKG2C62nC1/ZDjm0V3CabR8z4uN8+Mz4zc3NIs1pJadMzOCfCdh2IbT2oXkl2cQx1XbaCVqHlWS9ih9sp3UOjbWovzh7loJFqUxhYsVY20nXwxPE6wcCL64kmwnYdiG0j0Nj3W9eSTYxTFyFVztBh68k+6fVq8VKqLySbGxE2s7EVXi1aVjBUr2VFRXyqJ0RI0dSYWGhPHoQbljxl+20EXSisKATR0fbae9DM0w4LGjGKFjQjFGwoBmj8Fyl0A38Uil0A91s5ylBM0yysMvBGAULmjEKFjRjFCxoxihY0IxRsKAZgyD6PwEa15WimzuQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt></p>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Identify the phases labelled X and Y.</p>
<p>X:</p>
<p>Y:</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Outline how fossil records can provide evidence for evolution.</p>
<div class="marks">[2]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Outline a structural difference between the chromosomes of <em>Helicobacter pylori </em>and <em>Homo sapiens</em><span style="font-family: ArialMT; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: ArialMT; font-size: medium;">.</span></span></p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p align="LEFT">Deduce the percentage of adenine in <em>Oryza sativa </em>if the proportion of guanine in that organism is 30 %.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Deduce the possible phenotypes of individual X.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px; padding-right: 20px;">
<p>Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance.</p>
<div class="marks">[1]</div>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Markscheme</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>X: plateau phase</p>
<p>Y: exponential growth / log phase</p>
<p><em>(both needed)</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>a. the sequence in which fossils appear matches the expected sequence of evolution;</p>
<p>b. comparisons with fossils and living organisms (morphology) shows change in characteristics from an ancestral form / <em>OWTTE</em>;</p>
<p><em>Vestigial organs and homologous structures are acceptable answers.</em></p>
<p>c. fossils of extinct species show that (evolutionary) change has occurred;</p>
<p>d. fossils can be dated with radioisotopes / geological depth/strata indicates (relative) age/date of organism;</p>
<p>e. can yield DNA for molecular clock analysis;</p>
<p>f. example of any of the above can earn one mark (<em>eg</em>: reptiles follow amphibians);</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>genotype is the genetic make-up/set of alleles (of an organism) while phenotype is the characteristics (expressed/shown in an organism)</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>chromosome from bacteria has no protein associated/naked DNA / bacteria is circular, H. sapiens is linear / (chromosomes of) H. sapiens are much bigger/have <span style="text-decoration: underline;">many</span> more base pairs than bacteria</p>
<p><em>N.B.: </em><em>Answer must refer to "chromosomes" not genomes of the two organisms.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>20 %</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A, B, AB and O</p>
<p><em>All four phenotypes must be shown to award the mark.</em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>allele I<sup>A </sup>and the allele I<sup>B </sup>are (co)dominant as they are both expressed in the heterozygote/AB type blood / <em>OWTTE </em></p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<h2 style="margin-top: 1em">Examiners report</h2>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Well prepared candidates could state ‘plateau phase and exponential growth or log phase’. A surprising number reversed the answers, probably due to carelessness.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">a.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>There were many convoluted answers without substance. Most gained the marks by stating that fossils can be compared with living organisms with an example.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">b.</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Most managed to give a reasonable explanation of genotype and phenotype.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Many missed the word 'chromosomes' in the stem. The knowledge of naked v proteins or circular v linear was expected from the core. Using the data it was expected that the candidates could state that the human chromosomes were <span style="text-decoration: underline;">much</span> bigger (divide by 46) or that there were many more base pairs as there was about 3 X 10<sup>3 </sup>difference.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(ii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>Considering that everyone on the IB diploma course studies maths at some level, a surprising number left (iii) blank or gave answers that did not make sense.</p>
<div class="question_part_label">c(iii).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A pleasing number were able to state that all 4 blood groups were possible in (i), and most had a reasonable attempt at explaining codominance in part (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(i).</div>
</div>
<div class="question" style="padding-left: 20px;">
<p>A pleasing number were able to state that all 4 blood groups were possible in (i), and most had a reasonable attempt at explaining codominance in part (ii).</p>
<div class="question_part_label">d(ii).</div>
</div>
<br><hr><br>